Antibody Banding Patterns on the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) Assay Clearly Discriminate Viable Cysticercosis in Naturally Infected Pigs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Sources
2.2. Statistical Analysis
2.3. Ethics Statement
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total (N = 513) | Study Site | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tumbes (n = 326) | Huancayo (n = 83) | Piura (n = 104) | |||
Age (months) | |||||
Median (IQR) | 9 (13) | 7 (15) | 24 (24) | 8 (3) | 0.001 |
≤8 months | 237 (46.2) | 176 (54.0) | 8 (9.6) | 53 (51.0) | 0.001 |
>8 months | 276 (53.8) | 150 (46.0) | 75 (90.4) | 51 (49.0) | |
Sex | 0.027 | ||||
Female | 260 (50.7) | 176 (54.9) | 39 (47.0) | 42 (40.4) | |
Male | 253 (49.3) | 147 (45.1) | 44 (53.0) | 62 (59.6) | |
EITB Results | |||||
Positive | 324 (63.2) | 187 (57.4) | 79 (95.2) | 58 (55.8) | 0.001 |
GP50 | 321 (62.6) | 184 (56.4) | 79 (95.2) | 58 (55.8) | |
GP42-39 | 204 (39.8) | 86 (26.4) | 77 (92.8) | 41 (34.9) | |
GP24 | 189 (36.8) | 80 (24.5) | 77 (92.8) | 32 (30.8) | |
GP21 | 56 (10.9) | 0 (0.0) | 47 (56.6) | 9 (8.7) | |
GP18 | 59 (11.5) | 0 (0.0) | 48 (57.8) | 11 (10.6) | |
GP14 | 46 (9.0) | 1 (0.3) | 36 (43.4) | 9 (8.7) | |
GP13 | 71 (3.8) | 6 (1.8) | 50 (60.2) | 15 (14.4) | |
Num. of bands | |||||
Median (IQR) | 1 (3) | 1 (2) | 6 (4) | 1 (3) | 0.001 |
0 | 189 (36.8) | 139 (42.6) | 4 (4.8) | 46 (44.2) | 0.001 |
1 | 119 (23.2) | 101 (31.0) | 2 (2.4) | 16 (15.4) | |
2 | 19 (3.7) | 9 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (9.6) | |
3 | 108 (21.1) | 71 (21.8) | 20 (24.1) | 17 (16.4) | |
4+ | 78 (15.2) | 6 (1.8) | 57 (68.7) | 15 (14.4) | |
Infection outcomes | |||||
Num. of pigs with viable cysts * | 106 (20.7) | 18 (5.5) | 76 (91.6) | 12 (11.7) | 0.001 |
Num. of pigs with degenerated cysts * | 55 (10.7) | 31 (9.5) | 13 (15.7) | 11 (10.7) | 0.271 |
Num. of pigs with any cysts * | 130 (25.4) | 39 (12.0) | 76 (91.6) | 15 (14.6) | 0.001 |
Num. of pigs with viable cysts/ | 106/130 | 18/39 | 76/76 | 12/15 | 0.001 |
Num. of pigs with any cysts * | (81.5) | (46.2) | (100.0) | (80.0) | |
Num. of pigs with degenerated | 55/130 | 31/39 | 13/76 | 11/15 | 0.001 |
cysts/Num. pigs with any cysts * | (42.3) | (79.5) | (17.1) | (73.3) | |
Num. of viable cysts per pig † | |||||
Median (IQR) | 137 (951) | 2 (53) | 841 (900) | 109 (2131) | 0.001 |
Num. of degenerated cysts per pig ‡ | |||||
Median (IQR)) | 4 (13) | 3 (7) | 3 (5) | 26 (72) | 0.021 |
Class Description | N | Num. of Reactive Bands | Banding Patterns † | n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1 EITB-negative or only positive for the GP50 band (GP50 antigen family) | 308 | 0 1 | 0000000 1000000 | 189 (61.4) 119 (38.6) |
Class 2 Positive for antigens of the GP50 family (GP50 band), and the T24/42 family (GP42-39 and GP24 bands), but negative for 8-kDa antigens (GP21, GP18, GP14, and GP13) | 127 | 2 2 3 | 0110000 1100000 1110000 | 3 (2.4) 16 (12.6) 108 (85.0) |
Class 3 Positive for the GP50 and T24/42 antigen families, as well as GP13 (8-kDa antigen family), and at least positive for 8-kDa antigens GP18 and GP14 | 22 | 4 5 5 | 1110001 1110011 1110101 | 17 (77.3) 2 (9.1) 3 (13.6) |
Class 4 Positive for the GP50 and T24/42 antigen families, as well as 8-kDa antigens GP21 and GP18 | 55 | 5 6 6 7 | 1111100 1111101 1111110 1111111 | 4 (7.3) 8 (14.6) 3 (5.5) 40 (72.7) |
Characteristics | Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | Class 4 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 308 | n = 127 | n = 22 | n = 55 | ||
Study site | 0.001 | ||||
Tumbes | 240 (77.9) | 80 (63.0) | 6 (27.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
Huancayo | 6 (2.0) | 20 (15.7) | 10 (45.4) | 47 (85.4) | |
Piura | 62 (20.1) | 27 (21.3) | 6 (27.3) | 8 (14.6) | |
Age (months) | 0.001 | ||||
Median (IQR) | 7 (9) | 10 (12) | 12 (18) | 24 (24) | |
≤8 months | 181 (58.8) | 50 (39.4) | 4 (18.2) | 2 (3.6) | 0.001 |
>8 months | 127 (41.2) | 77 (60.6) | 18 (81.8) | 53 (96.4) | |
Sex | |||||
Female | 159 (51.6) | 69 (54.3) | 10 (45.4) | 22 (40.0) | 0.316 |
Male | 149 (48.4) | 58 (45.7) | 12 (54.6) | 33 (60.0) | |
Infection outcomes | |||||
Num. of pigs with viable cysts ** | 2 (0.7) | 35 (27.6) | 16 (72.6) | 53 (96.4) | 0.001 |
Num. of pigs with degenerated cysts ** | 13 (4.2) | 19 (15.0) | 8 (36.4) | 15 (27.3) | 0.001 |
Num. of pigs with any cysts ** | 15 (4.9) | 44 (34.7) | 17 (77.3) | 54 (98.2) | 0.001 |
Num. of pigs with viable cysts/ | 2/15 | 35/44 | 16/17 | 53/54 | 0.001 |
Num. of pigs with any cysts ** | (13.3) | (79.6) | (94.2) | (98.2) | |
Num. of pigs with degenerated cysts/ | 13/15 | 19/44 | 8/17 | 15/54 | 0.001 |
Num. of pigs with any cysts ** | (86.7) | (43.2) | (47.1) | (27.8) | |
Num. of viable cysts per pig † | |||||
Median (IQR) | 1 (ND) | 100 (286) | 123 (969) | 1000 (900) | 0.001 |
Num. of degenerated cysts per pig ‡ | |||||
Median (IQR) | 1 (5) | 3 (6) | 5 (8) | 1 (75) | 0.083 |
Characteristics | Bivariate Model | Multivariate Model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
Age (months) | ||||
≤8 months | Ref. | Ref. | ||
>8 months | 15.85 (5.14 to 48.88) | <0.001 | 6.04 (3.26 to 11.18) | <0.001 |
Sex | ||||
Female | Ref. | |||
Male | 1.14 (0.87 to 1.50) | 0.334 | ||
EITB banding pattern classes ** | ||||
Class 1 | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.10) | <0.001 | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.14) | <0.001 |
Class 2 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Class 3 | 7.01 (2.29 to 21.49) | 0.001 | 5.63 (1.20 to 26.41) | 0.028 |
Class 4 | 69.66 (8.60 to 546.39) | <0.001 | 47.99 (6.75 to 341.01) | <0.001 |
Degenerated cysts | ||||
Negative | Ref. | Ref. | ||
Positive | 6.58 (1.91 to 22.72) | 0.003 | 2.22 (0.68 to 7.26) | 0.187 |
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Arroyo, G.; Lescano, A.G.; Gavidia, C.M.; Lopez-Urbina, T.; Ara-Gomez, M.; Gomez-Puerta, L.A.; Bustos, J.A.; Jayashi, C.M.; O’Neal, S.E.; Gonzalez, A.E.; et al. Antibody Banding Patterns on the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) Assay Clearly Discriminate Viable Cysticercosis in Naturally Infected Pigs. Pathogens 2024, 13, 15. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens13010015
Arroyo G, Lescano AG, Gavidia CM, Lopez-Urbina T, Ara-Gomez M, Gomez-Puerta LA, Bustos JA, Jayashi CM, O’Neal SE, Gonzalez AE, et al. Antibody Banding Patterns on the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) Assay Clearly Discriminate Viable Cysticercosis in Naturally Infected Pigs. Pathogens. 2024; 13(1):15. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens13010015
Chicago/Turabian StyleArroyo, Gianfranco, Andres G. Lescano, Cesar M. Gavidia, Teresa Lopez-Urbina, Miguel Ara-Gomez, Luis A. Gomez-Puerta, Javier A. Bustos, Cesar M. Jayashi, Seth E. O’Neal, Armando E. Gonzalez, and et al. 2024. "Antibody Banding Patterns on the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot (EITB) Assay Clearly Discriminate Viable Cysticercosis in Naturally Infected Pigs" Pathogens 13, no. 1: 15. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pathogens13010015