Effects of Capsicum Oleoresin Supplementation on Lactation Performance, Plasma Metabolites, and Nutrient Digestibility of Heat Stressed Dairy Cow
by
, ,
Zhigao An
1
,
Xinxin Zhang
1,
Shanshan Gao
1,
Di Zhou
1,
Umair Riaz
1,2,
Mohamed Abdelrahman
1,3,
Guohua Hua
1,4 and
Liguo Yang
1,4,* 1
National Center for International Research on Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction (NCIRAGBR), College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
2
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
3
Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assuit University, Asyut 71515, Egypt
4
Hubei Engineering Research Center in Buffalo Breeding and Products, Wuhan 430070, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2022, 12(6), 797; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12060797
Submission received: 2 February 2022
/
Revised: 19 March 2022
/
Accepted: 21 March 2022
/
Published: 21 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New and Potential Feedstuffs and Additives in Livestock)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Heat stress has significant adverse effects on the lactation performance of dairy cows. Therefore, novel feed additives that alleviate heat stress are continuously being researched and developed to deal with this predicament. On this basis, the effects of Capsicum oleoresin supplementation on the lactation performance, rectal temperature, plasma metabolites, and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows were studied. The results showed that the dietary addition of Capsicum oleoresin could improve dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk quality, and reduce the rectal temperature of dairy cows. Furthermore, Capsicum oleoresin supplementation also alters plasma metabolites. In summary, Capsicum oleoresin could effectively be used as a feed additive to relieve heat stress in dairy cows.
Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) supplementation on the dry matter intake, milk performance, plasma metabolites, and nutrient digestibility of dairy cows during the summer. Thirty-two lactating Holstein dairy cows (n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups. The CAP was dissolved in water and added to the total mixed ration with graded levels of CAP (0, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg of dry matter). The trial period consisted of seven days for adaptation and thirty days for sampling. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLM procedure SAS. The linear and quadratic effects were tested. The milk yield, milk fat, and milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with the dietary addition of CAP (p < 0.05). The dry matter intake increased linearly in the 20CAP group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat yield, and milk fat to milk protein ratio increased quadratically (p < 0.05), while the rectal temperature decreased quadratically (p < 0.05). Serum total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids increased linearly (p < 0.05); glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate tended to increase quadratically with the dietary addition of CAP (p = 0.05). Meanwhile, CAP supplementation did not affect the milk protein yield, blood concentration of triglyceride, insulin, lipopolysaccharide, immunoglobulin G, or heat shock protein 70 expression level (p > 0.05). In addition, nutrient digestibility was comparable among groups (p > 0.05). These findings indicated that CAP supplementation could enhance the lactation performance of dairy cows during the summer.
1. Introduction
Heat stress is one of the most critical environmental stressors during hot and humid environments in the dairy cattle industry [1]. Previous studies have reported the negative effect of heat stress on the health and lactation performance of dairy cows [2,3,4]. In terms of milk yield, heat stress is primarily responsible for a reduction in milk production of approximately 15–27.6% [5,6]. The dairy industry loses 1.2 billion USD per year due to heat stress and consequent decreased milk production from lactating cows in the USA, and global climate change increases economic losses [7]. In addition, heat stress negatively affects the lipid metabolism in dairy cows, leading to an increased incidence of nutrition-related metabolic diseases [8]. The temperature–humidity index (THI) is the indicator of environmental parameters, in which dairy cows live [9]. Lactating dairy cows enter a mild state of heat stress when THI reaches over 72 [10]. Although some cooling systems (shade, fans, sprinklers, etc.) at dairy farms partially alleviate heat stress [11,12], new strategies are still needed to maintain dairy cows’ physiological, metabolic adaptation and milk yield performance.
Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-noneneamide) is the source of spicy-aromatic compounds in the capsicum genus and the active ingredients in Capsicum oleoresin. Dietary capsaicin can increase food intake by directly acting on the neurons [13] and stimulate the secretion of digestive juices [14] in the digestive tract. The dietary intake of capsaicin reportedly improved feed efficiency in chickens [15], pigs [16,17], goats [18], sheep [19], beef [20], and dairy cows [21,22,23]. Capsaicin supplementation could improve milk production as a result of enhanced fat metabolism in dairy cows [22]. Meanwhile, capsaicin could be involved in body temperature regulation. Vasodilation and increased blood flow were reported as potential effects on account of the stimulating neurons by capsaicin [24,25].
The present study hypothesized that CAP may: (1) increase feed intake; (2) increase lipid mobilization and the glucose level in plasma; (3) decrease the rectal temperature; (4) improve lactation performance; and (5) positively affect nutrient digestibility. Therefore, the specific intentions of the present study are to understand the potential effects of CAP on blood chemistry, milk performance, and rectal temperature in dairy cows under heat stress.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experimental Design
This experiment was conducted at a commercial dairy farm in Hubei, China, in July 2019. Thirty-two lactation Holstein cows (milk yield, 26.0 ± 2.60 kg/d; DIM, 150 ± 20.3 d; and body weight, 657 ± 93.3 kg, at the beginning of the experiment) were enrolled in this experiment and randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/group). The experiment lasted thirty days after seven days of CAP adaptation. The four experimental groups included a control group (0 mg CAP/kg dry matter) and three treatment groups, which were given 20, 40, and 80 mg CAP/kg of dry matter (DM). The CAP (MY1098, 10.0% capsaicin; Tianxu Food Additive Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) was dissolved in water and added to the total mixed ration (TMR) before feeding. The TMR was formulated according to NRC [26], and the ingredients and nutritional level are shown in Table 1. All the cows were fenced into four groups and housed with sprinklers and two rows of fans in the barn. The fans were activated throughout the experiment. When the ambient temperature reached 22 °C, the sprinklers were activated for 40 s every 5 min. Cows were kept in line with the same cooling system, and had free access to freshwater and a diet with 10% refusal. The cows were milked twice a day at 12-h intervals (5 a.m. and 5 p.m.).
2.2. Sampling and Analyses
The individual dry matter intake (DMI) was measured by weighting the feed offered and refused once a week, and the dietary sample was collected weekly and frozen at −20 °C. Then, it was dried for 48 h at 65 °C and crushed, through a 1 mm sieve for use in the analysis of dry matter (DM) ([27]; method 945.15), crude protein (CP) ([27]; method 984.13), ether extract (EE) ([27]; method 920.29), ash ([27]; method 942.05), and acid-insoluble ash (AIA) [28]. The content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (using α-amylase and sodium sulfite) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was analyzed, as described by Van Soest et al. [29]. Calcium and phosphorus were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy [30] and spectrophotometry ([27]; method 991.25), respectively. Soluble-carbohydrate was analyzed as described in the work of McDonald and Henderson [31].
The temperature and relative humidity were recorded three times a day (8 a.m., 2 p.m., and 8 p.m.) using a temperature and humidity recorder (COS–04, Peoplesoft Measurement and Control Technology Co., Ltd., Shandong, China), and the THI was calculated using the method of NRC [32]:THI = (1.8 × temperature °C + 32) − [(0.55 − 0.0055 × relative humidity %) × (1.8 × temperature °C − 26)]. The rectal temperature (RT) was measured at 2 p.m. using a mercury thermometer at the end of the experiment. The milk yield was measured weekly. Individual milk samples (50 mL) were collected at 5 a.m. and 5 p.m., mixed according to the actual production by volume at the end of the experiment and preserved by adding potassium dichromate. The milk composition was measured using a milk composition analyzer (CombiFoss FT+, Shanghai Jinmai Instrument Equipment Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) for dairy herd improvement (DHI) in Hubei.
The fecal samples (200 g) were collected individually from the rectum in the final week for 3 days every 8 h [33], then mixed with feces from each dairy cow and stored at −20 °C. Nitrogen was fixated by 10% 3 mol/L sulfuric acid based on the weight after the collection. Then, it was dried at 65 °C, crushed, and passed through a 1 mm sieve to measure organic matter (OM), CP, NDF, ADF, and AIA, as indicated above. AIA was used as an internal marker to estimate nutrient digestibility based on the concentration of AIA in the feed and feces [34].
At 2 p.m., blood serum was collected via the coccygeal vein of d 30, centrifuged for 15 min at 3000× g at room temperature and preserved at −20 °C until further analysis. The serum was analyzed for glucose (Glu) and total cholesterol (TC) (Bs-420 Automatic Biochemical Analyzers, Mindray Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China). Moreover, serum was used for β-hydroxybutyric acid (β-HB), immunoglobulin G (IgG), triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70), and insulin measurements using anELISA kit (Jiyinmei Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China)
2.3. Statistical Analysis
Measurements of DMI, milk yield, and milk composition were analyzed with repeated measures using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2005). The DMI records, milk yield, and milk composition were measured before the experiment and were saved as covariates and autoregressive in the covariance structure, using PROC MIXED. The fixed effects in the model included the treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction. The variance for each cow was used as the random effect. Data for RT, digestibility, and plasma measurements were analyzed using PROC GLM. All data are expressed as covariate-adjusted least squares means. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to test the significance of differences among means, and orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to further divide the repetition effects into linear and quadratic effects. Standard errors of the mean were reported, and differences between treatments were considered statistically at p < 0.05 and tendency at 0.05 ≤ p < 0.10.
3. Results
3.1. THI and Determination of Heat Stress
The mean of THI (Table 2) was 77.8 to 83.9 during the experimental period. This indicated that dairy cows were under moderate heat stress for the most part based on THI levels (72 ≤ THI < 82; [10,35]). The average RT of dairy cows, as shown in Table 3, was 39.99 ± 0.24 °C in the control group. Therefore, it was suggested that dairy cows in each group were heat stressed during the experiment. The RT of dairy cows decreased quadratically with the dietary addition of CAP under heat stress, which was the lowest at 39.25 ± 0.28 °C in the 20 CAP group (p < 0.05).
3.2. DMI
3.3. Milk Yield and Milk Composition
The milk yield in cows supplemented with 20 mg/kg of DM was higher than that of the control and other treatment groups during the experiment, as presented in Figure 2. The milk yield increased linearly (p < 0.05) with the increasing addition of CAP. The diet addition of CAP linearly increased the milk fat and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) (p < 0.05). A significant quadratic effect was detected for 4% fat corrected milk (4%FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM), whereby a maximum was reached under the 20CAP treatment (p < 0.05). In addition, CAP quadratically increased milk fat yield and the fat to protein ratio, which was highest in the 40CAP treatment (p < 0.05). There was no effect on milk protein and milk protein yield with the increasing addition of CAP (Table 3).
3.4. Blood Indicators
As shown in (Table 4), the blood indicators Glu and β-HB had a quadratic trend with CAP addition (p = 0.05). The concentrations of NEFA were decreased linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing levels of CAP. The concentrations of TC linearly increased with the increasing addition of CAP (p < 0.05). There was no difference in TG, insulin, LPS, IgG, and HSP-70 with the increasing addition of CAP.
3.5. Diet Nutrient Digestibility
The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF showed no significant variation in p > 0.05 among groups regarding the dietary addition of CAP (Table 5).
4. Discussion
Heat stress is a great challenge for the global dairy industry, especially at low latitudes with long periods of hot weather. RT increases with increased environment temperature during heat stress and negatively correlates with DMI in dairy cows [36,37,38]. In this study, RT decreased quadratically with the increasing addition of CAP in the diet, while the average THI reached 77.8–83.9. It has been suggested that capsaicin causes hypothermia via heat loss, increased skin surface temperature or perspiration in mice and rats, and in humans via oral intake [39,40,41]. The quadratic decrease in RT in this experiment may have a similar reason, despite the fact that HSP-70 did not differ between groups. Unfortunately, we did not measure the surface temperature of dairy cows.
In the present study, DMI increased linearly in the 20CAP group, which increased the energy intake of dairy cows. It is probable that the decrease in RT leads to a linear increase in the DMI of the 20CAP group due to heat stress moderated by CAP in this research. On the other hand, high concentrations of CAP reduced the DMI and eating speed in dairy cows due to its irritation; meanwhile, CAP may partially degrade in the rumen [20,42,43]. Therefore, there was no RT drop-off with a high CAP diet concentration in dairy cows, while RT was increased.
The present study showed a linear increase in milk yield, yet a quadratic increase in ECM and 4%FCM, as a result of the dietary addition of CAP. This seems to be due to the decline in RT and change in DMI that caused the relief of heat stress and restriction in energy intake. The dietary addition of CAP increased linearly for the milk fat and quadratically for the milk fat yield, while milk protein was not affected, which is different from a previous study of dairy cows [44]. Meanwhile, the fat-to-protein ratio of milk showed a linear increase with the addition of CAP, similar to that of milk fat. It has been documented that there is a decrease in milk protein concentration, although no effect on milk fat in heat stress [45].
Contrary to previous studies [46], dietary CAP quadratically increased glucose in blood, while insulin was not affected, which reported that the triglyceride mobilization blocked with insulin was increased and the NEFA was unvaried at low glucose levels under heat stress [37]. In this experiment, NEFA decreased linearly and β-HB increased quadratically with the addition of CAP, indicating that the energy dilemma was improved due to CAP. Furthermore, some studies have suggested that capsaicin increased lipolysis and mitigated the adverse effects of NEB by increasing the oxidation of fat [47,48]. Thus, CAP promoted the NEFA oxidation and led to a quadratic increase in glucose and β-HB in serum in the present study. TG did not change in the same context as the previous study [49]. Therefore, it seems that the dietary addition of CAP may have promising potential for improving energy intake and use among heat-stressed dairy cows. Additionally, the linear increase in MUN was due to the change in DMI.
There was no significant variation in IgG and LPS in a different group of CAP addition in the present study. Several studies have revealed that heat stress increased intestinal permeability [50,51], despite some studies not supporting these findings [52]. Additionally, it is widely believed that rumen barrier function to increase energy intake is impaired under high concentrate diets [53,54]. It is a common nutritional strategy employed during heat stress, including in the present study. These factors all add to the adverse effects of heat stress. This research suggests that other factors may influence IgG or LPS entering the blood from other sites in the alimentary canal.
In the present study, there was no difference in the apparent digestibility among the CAP groups. This is similar to previous research [49]. Previous studies reported that rumen fermentation was altered and the acetate-to-propionate ratio was reduced [44], and CAP increased total volatile fatty acids in dairy cows [23]. Meanwhile, capsaicin can be used as an antimicrobial agent on account of its inhibitory effect on a variety of bacteria [55,56]. Thus, it was indicated that there are no adverse effects on nutrient digestibility based on the dietary addition of CAP.
5. Conclusions
There were beneficial effects on dry matter intake, rectal temperature, and milk performance due to the dietary supplementation of CAP in the present study. During the summer, the optimal CAP additive amount was 20 mg/kg of dry matter for dairy cows in this research.
Author Contributions
Z.A., X.Z., S.G. and D.Z. conceived and designed the experimental data curation. Z.A. wrote the manuscript. U.R. and M.A. contributed to animal arrangement and sample collection. G.H. and L.Y. revised the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA: CARS-36.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The animal use involved in the experimental protocols has been approved by the Huazhong Agricultural University Animal Care and Use Committee (HZAUCA-2018-006).
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- Carabano, M.-J.; Logar, B.; Bormann, J.; Minet, J.; Vanrobays, M.-L.; Diaz, C.; Tychon, B.; Gengler, N.; Hammami, H. Modeling heat stress under different environmental conditions. J. Dairy Sci. 2016, 99, 3798–3814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- West, J.W. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 2003, 86, 2131–2144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nardone, A.; Ronchi, B.; Lacetera, N.; Ranieri, M.S.; Bernabucci, U. Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livest. Sci. 2010, 130, 57–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gernand, E.; König, S.; Kipp, C. Influence of on-farm measurements for heat stress indicators on dairy cow productivity, female fertility, and health. J. Dairy Sci. 2019, 102, 6660–6671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wheelock, J.; Rhoads, R.; VanBaale, M.; Sanders, S.; Baumgard, L. Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2010, 93, 644–655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Vries, A.; Risco, C.A. Trends and seasonality of reproductive performance in Florida and Georgia dairy herds from 1976 to 2002. J. Dairy Sci. 2005, 88, 3155–3165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Key, N.; Sneeringer, S.; Marquardt, D. Climate change, heat stress, and US dairy production. USDA-ERS Econ. Res. Rep. 2014, 175. [Google Scholar]
- Baumgard, L.H.; Rhoads Jr, R.P. Effects of heat stress on postabsorptive metabolism and energetics. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2013, 1, 311–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bianca, W. Relative importance of dry-and wet-bulb temperatures in causing heat stress in cattle. Nature 1962, 195, 251–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cowley, F.; Barber, D.; Houlihan, A.; Poppi, D. Immediate and residual effects of heat stress and restricted intake on milk protein and casein composition and energy metabolism. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 2356–2368. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gao, S.; Guo, Z.; Baumgard, L.; Ma, L.; Bu, D. Cooling ameliorates decreased milk protein metrics in heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2021, 104, 12139–12152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shiao, T.; Chen, J.; Yang, D.; Lee, S.; Lee, C.; Cheng, W. Feasibility assessment of a tunnel-ventilated, water-padded barn on alleviation of heat stress for lactating Holstein cows in a humid area. J. Dairy Sci. 2011, 94, 5393–5404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zafra, M.A.; Molina, F.; Puerto, A. Effects of perivagal administration of capsaicin on post-surgical food intake. Auton. Neurosci. 2003, 107, 37–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsu, C.-L.; Yen, G.-C. Effects of capsaicin on induction of apoptosis and inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 1730–1736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karadas, F.; Pirgozliev, V.; Rose, S.; Dimitrov, D.; Oduguwa, O.; Bravo, D. Dietary essential oils improve the hepatic antioxidative status of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 2014, 55, 329–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jarupan, T.; Rakangthong, C.; Bunchasak, C.; Poeikhampha, T.; Kromkhun, P. Effect of Colistin and Liquid Methionine with Capsaicin Supplementation in Diets on Growth Performance and Intestinal Morphology of Nursery Pigs. Int. J. Pharm. Med. Biol. Sci. 2018, 7, 46–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biggs, M.E.; Kroscher, K.A.; Zhao, L.D.; Zhang, Z.; Wall, E.H.; Bravo, D.M.; Rhoads, R.P. Dietary supplementation of artificial sweetener and capsicum oleoresin as a strategy to mitigate the negative consequences of heat stress on pig performance. J. Anim. Sci. 2020, 98, skaa131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kholif, A.; Matloup, O.; Morsy, T.; Abdo, M.; Elella, A.A.; Anele, U.; Swanson, K. Rosemary and lemongrass herbs as phytogenic feed additives to improve efficient feed utilization, manipulate rumen fermentation and elevate milk production of Damascus goats. Livest. Sci. 2017, 204, 39–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cunha, M.G.; Alba, D.F.; Leal, K.W.; Marcon, H.; Souza, C.F.; Baldissera, M.D.; Paglia, E.B.; Kempka, A.P.; Vedovatto, M.; Zotti, C.A. Inclusion of pepper extract containing capsaicin in the diet of ewes in the mid-lactation period: Effects on health, milk production, and quality. Res. Soc. Dev. 2020, 9, e46791110020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodríguez-Prado, M.; Ferret, A.; Zwieten, J.; Gonzalez, L.; Bravo, D.; Calsamiglia, S. Effects of dietary addition of capsicum extract on intake, water consumption, and rumen fermentation of fattening heifers fed a high-concentrate diet. J. Anim. Sci. 2012, 90, 1879–1884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, J.; Harper, M.; Giallongo, F.; Bravo, D.; Wall, E.; Hristov, A.N. Effects of rumen-protected Capsicum oleoresin on immune responses in dairy cows intravenously challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J. Dairy Sci. 2017, 100, 1902–1913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, J.; Harper, M.; Melgar, A.; Räisänen, S.; Chen, X.; Nedelkov, K.; Fetter, M.; Ott, T.; Wall, E.; Hristov, A. Dietary supplementation with rumen-protected capsicum during the transition period improves the metabolic status of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2021, 104, 11609–11620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grazziotin, R.; Halfen, J.; Rosa, F.; Schmitt, E.; Anderson, J.; Ballard, V.; Osorio, J. Altered rumen fermentation patterns in lactating dairy cows supplemented with phytochemicals improve milk production and efficiency. J. Dairy Sci. 2020, 103, 301–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bratz, I.N.; Dick, G.M.; Tune, J.D.; Edwards, J.M.; Neeb, Z.P.; Dincer, U.D.; Sturek, M. Impaired capsaicin-induced relaxation of coronary arteries in a porcine model of the metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol. 2008, 294, H2489–H2496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hopps, J.J.; Dunn, W.R.; Randall, M.D. Vasorelaxation to capsaicin and its effects on calcium influx in arteries. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2012, 681, 88–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Council, N.R. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- AOAC International. Official Method 990.12 for Aerobic Plate Count in Foods. In Official Methods of Analysis; Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Wshington, DC, USA, 1995. [Google Scholar]
- Van Keulen, J.; Young, B. Evaluation of acid-insoluble ash as a natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. J. Anim. Sci. 1977, 44, 282–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Soest, P.v.; Robertson, J.; Lewis, B. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 1991, 74, 3583–3597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brooks, I.; Luster, G.; Easterly, D. A procedure for the rapid determination of the major cations in milk by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Atom. Absorpt. Newsl. 1970, 9, 93–94. [Google Scholar]
- McDonald, P.; Henderson, A. Determination of water—Soluble carbohydrates in grass. J. Sci. Food Agric. 1964, 15, 395–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Council, N.R. A Guide to Environmental Research on Animals; National Academies: Washington, DC, USA, 1971. [Google Scholar]
- Molavian, M.; Ghorbani, G.; Rafiee, H.; Beauchemin, K. Substitution of wheat straw with sugarcane bagasse in low-forage diets fed to mid-lactation dairy cows: Milk production, digestibility, and chewing behavior. J. Dairy Sci. 2020, 103, 8034–8047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foley, A.E.; Hristov, A.; Melgar, A.; Ropp, J.; Etter, R.; Zaman, S.; Hunt, C.; Huber, K.; Price, W. Effect of barley and its amylopectin content on ruminal fermentation and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2006, 89, 4321–4335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armstrong, D. Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci. 1994, 77, 2044–2050. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Umphrey, J.; Moss, B.; Wilcox, C.; Van Horn, H. Interrelationships in lactating Holsteins of rectal and skin temperatures, milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, body weight, and feed efficiency in summer in Alabama. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84, 2680–2685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rhoads, M.; Rhoads, R.; VanBaale, M.; Collier, R.; Sanders, S.; Weber, W.; Crooker, B.; Baumgard, L. Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92, 1986–1997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tao, S.; Rivas, R.M.O.; Marins, T.N.; Chen, Y.-C.; Gao, J.; Bernard, J.K. Impact of heat stress on lactational performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 2020, 150, 437–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Inagaki, H.; Kurganov, E.; Park, Y.; Furube, E.; Miyata, S. Oral gavage of capsaicin causes TRPV1-dependent acute hypothermia and TRPV1-independent long-lasting increase of locomotor activity in the mouse. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 206, 213–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kobayashi, A.; Osaka, T.; Namba, Y.; Inoue, S.; Lee, T.H.; Kimura, S. Capsaicin activates heat loss and heat production simultaneously and independently in rats. Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 1998, 275, R92–R98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ludy, M.-J.; Mattes, R.D. The effects of hedonically acceptable red pepper doses on thermogenesis and appetite. Physiol. Behav. 2011, 102, 251–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oh, J.; Bravo, D.; Wall, E.; Hristov, A. Rumen disappearance of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 2016, 94, 801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castillo-Lopez, E.; Rivera-Chacon, R.; Ricci, S.; Petri, R.M.; Reisinger, N.; Zebeli, Q. Short-term screening of multiple phytogenic compounds for their potential to modulate chewing behavior, ruminal fermentation profile, and pH in cattle fed grain-rich diets. J. Dairy Sci. 2021, 104, 4271–4289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- da Silva, R.B.; Pereira, M.N.; de Araujo, R.C.; de Rezende Silva, W.; Pereira, R.A.N. A blend of essential oils improved feed efficiency and affected ruminal and systemic variables of dairy cows. Transl. Anim. Sci. 2020, 4, 182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shwartz, G.; Rhoads, M.; VanBaale, M.; Rhoads, R.; Baumgard, L. Effects of a supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2009, 92, 935–942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chen, X.; Nedelkov, K.; Oh, J.; Harper, M.; Wall, E.; Felix, T.; Hristov, A. Effect of a blend of artificial sweetener and capsicum on productive performance and blood chemistry in growing lambs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 2019, 258, 114308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Janssens, P.L.; Hursel, R.; Martens, E.A.; Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S. Acute effects of capsaicin on energy expenditure and fat oxidation in negative energy balance. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e67786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, L.L.; Yan Liu, D.; Ma, L.Q.; Luo, Z.D.; Cao, T.B.; Zhong, J.; Yan, Z.C.; Wang, L.J.; Zhao, Z.G.; Zhu, S.J. Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 channel prevents adipogenesis and obesity. Circ. Res. 2007, 100, 1063–1070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Oh, J.; Giallongo, F.; Frederick, T.; Pate, J.; Walusimbi, S.; Elias, R.; Wall, E.; Bravo, D.; Hristov, A. Effects of dietary Capsicum oleoresin on productivity and immune responses in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98, 6327–6339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koch, F.; Thom, U.; Albrecht, E.; Weikard, R.; Nolte, W.; Kuhla, B.; Kuehn, C. Heat stress directly impairs gut integrity and recruits distinct immune cell populations into the bovine intestine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 10333–10338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hall, D.M.; Buettner, G.R.; Oberley, L.W.; Xu, L.; Matthes, R.D.; Gisolfi, C.V. Mechanisms of circulatory and intestinal barrier dysfunction during whole body hyperthermia. Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol. 2001, 280, H509–H521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eslamizad, M.; Albrecht, D.; Kuhla, B. The effect of chronic, mild heat stress on metabolic changes of nutrition and adaptations in rumen papillae of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2020, 103, 8601–8614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.H.; Xu, T.-T.; Liu, Y.-J.; Zhu, W.-Y.; Mao, S.-Y. A high-grain diet causes massive disruption of ruminal epithelial tight junctions in goats. Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2013, 305, R232–R241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, R.; Zhu, W.; Mao, S. High-concentrate feeding upregulates the expression of inflammation-related genes in the ruminal epithelium of dairy cattle. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 2016, 7, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Orndorff, B.; Novak, C.; Pierson, F.; Caldwell, D.; McElroy, A. Comparison of prophylactic or therapeutic dietary administration of capsaicin for reduction of Salmonella in broiler chickens. Avian Dis. 2005, 49, 527–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, X.; Tang, H.; Zheng, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, Y. Study on antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts from different capsicum cultivars. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2012, 13, 2514. [Google Scholar]
Figure 1.
Change in average dry matter intake (DMI) throughout the study period in dairy cows that were fed a basal diet (control) or a basal diet supplemented with 20 (20CAP), 40 (40CAP), or 80 (80CAP) mg of CAP/kg of dry matter. Bars indicate the standard errors. Linear effect, p = 0.01; week effect, p < 0.01; week x treatment effect, p = 0.24. * indicates linear effect (p < 0.05).
Figure 1.
Change in average dry matter intake (DMI) throughout the study period in dairy cows that were fed a basal diet (control) or a basal diet supplemented with 20 (20CAP), 40 (40CAP), or 80 (80CAP) mg of CAP/kg of dry matter. Bars indicate the standard errors. Linear effect, p = 0.01; week effect, p < 0.01; week x treatment effect, p = 0.24. * indicates linear effect (p < 0.05).
Figure 2.
Change in milk yield throughout the study for cows fed a basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with 20 (20CAP), 40 (40CAP), or 80 (80CAP) mg of CAP/kg of dry matter. Bars indicate the standard error. Different letters (a, b) indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05).
Figure 2.
Change in milk yield throughout the study for cows fed a basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with 20 (20CAP), 40 (40CAP), or 80 (80CAP) mg of CAP/kg of dry matter. Bars indicate the standard error. Different letters (a, b) indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05).
Table 1.
Ingredient and chemical composition of the diet during the experiment (DM basis).
| Ingredients | Content (%) | Nutritional Level | Content (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corn silage | 19.63 | CP | 16.79 |
| Alfalfa hay | 16.80 | NDF | 31.48 |
| Cottonseed, whole | 6.28 | ADF | 11.32 |
| Soybean hulls, pelleted | 4.29 | EE | 8.35 |
| Oat hay | 4.27 | Soluble-carbohydrate | 3.94 |
| Soybean meal | 4.17 | Ash | 7.72 |
| Commercial concentrate mixture 1 | 43.38 | Ca | 0.80 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 1.18 | P | 0.77 |
1 The commercial concentrate mixture (CJ Feed Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China) contained 18.72% CP, 17.31% EE, 23.77% NDF, 6.34% ADF, 0.06% ash on DM basis.
Table 2.
Average and range weekly values for air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and temperature–humidity index (THI).
Table 2.
Average and range weekly values for air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and temperature–humidity index (THI).
| Experimental Week | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |||||
| Variable | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range | Mean | Range |
| T (°C) | 27.2 | 22.1–33.5 | 28.1 | 23.4–33.5 | 27.1 | 22.3–33.6 | 30.6 | 27.5–35.4 |
| RH (%) | 78.6 | 56.5–97.5 | 81.6 | 52.6–90.8 | 78.9 | 41.2–93.0 | 81.1 | 63.3–90.5 |
| THI 1 | 78.0 | 70.6–86.9 | 79.9 | 73.4–83.3 | 77.8 | 71.6–84.4 | 83.9 | 77.5–88.3 |
1 THI was calculated by the method of NRC [32]: THI = (1.8 × temperature °C + 32) − [(0.55 − 0.0055 × relative humidity %) × (1.8 × temperature °C − 26)].
Table 3.
Effects of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) on production variables in heat-stressed dairy cows.
| Parameter | Treatment 1 | p-Value 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 20CAP | 40CAP | 80CAP | SEM | L | Q | |
| DMI, kg/d | 23.26 b | 24.43 a | 23.90 ab | 23.45 ab | 0.21 | 0.01 | 0.13 |
| RT, °C | 39.99 | 39.25 | 39.84 | 39.94 | 0.19 | 0.49 | 0.03 |
| Milk yield | |||||||
| Milk, kg/d | 27.14 ab | 30.73 a | 29.46 ab | 28.32 b | 2.41 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| 4%FCM 3, kg/d | 29.17 | 32.83 | 31.58 | 29.72 | 4.72 | 0.60 | 0.02 |
| ECM 4, kg/d | 31.36 | 35.39 | 33.68 | 32.32 | 4.89 | 0.39 | 0.02 |
| Milk solids concentration | |||||||
| Fat, % | 4.61 ab | 4.28 ab | 4.99 a | 4.01 b | 0.66 | 0.03 | 0.18 |
| Protein, % | 3.45 | 3.43 | 3.45 | 3.39 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.57 |
| MUN, mg/dL | 10.84 b | 15.33 ab | 15.05 ab | 16.78 a | 3.13 | 0.01 | 0.25 |
| Fat/Protein | 1.29 | 1.31 | 1.44 | 1.18 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.01 |
| Milk solids yields | |||||||
| Fat, kg/d | 1.24 | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.18 | 0.21 | 0.44 | 0.02 |
| Protein, kg/d | 1.24 | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.18 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.47 |
a,b Means within a row with unlike superscripts differ (p < 0.05). 1 Cows were fed a basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with 20, 40, or 80 mg of CAP/kg of DM. 2 L = linear; Q = quadratic. 3 4%FCM = 0.4 (kg of milk) + 15.0 (kg of fat). 4 ECM = 0.327 × milk (kg) + 12.95 × fat (kg) + 7.20 × protein (kg).
Table 4.
Effects of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) on blood metabolites in heat-stressed dairy cows.
| Parameter | Treatment 1 | p-Value 2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 20CAP | 40CAP | 80CAP | SEM | L | Q | |
| Glu, mmol/L | 4.44 | 4.76 | 5.30 | 4.65 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 0.05 |
| TG, mmol/L | 6.71 | 6.47 | 6.62 | 6.94 | 0.28 | 0.51 | 0.36 |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.19 ab | 4.93 b | 5.38 a | 5.33 a | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.26 |
| β-HB, μmol/L | 8.89 | 10.47 | 10.13 | 9.99 | 0.40 | 0.11 | 0.05 |
| NEFA, ng/mL | 237.38 a | 215.91 ab | 213.58 ab | 200.12 b | 7.05 | 0.01 | 0.95 |
| Insulin, mU/L | 43.12 | 44.79 | 41.40 | 41.18 | 1.54 | 0.57 | 0.70 |
| LPS, ng/mL | 90.82 | 79.90 | 92.36 | 91.12 | 5.10 | 0.57 | 0.38 |
| IgG, μg/mL | 20.49 | 21.88 | 21.54 | 21.60 | 0.80 | 0.68 | 0.63 |
| HSP-70, ng/mL | 45.44 | 42.28 | 45.97 | 46.64 | 1.68 | 0.35 | 0.29 |
a,b Means within a row with unlike superscripts differ (p < 0.05). 1 Cows were fed a basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with 20, 40, or 80 mg of CAP/kg of DM. 2 L = linear; Q = quadratic.
Table 5.
Effects of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) on apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in heat-stressed dairy cows.
Table 5.
Effects of Capsicum oleoresin (CAP) on apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in heat-stressed dairy cows.
| Treatment 1 | p-Value 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apparent Digestibility (%) | Control | 20CAP | 40CAP | 80CAP | SEM | L | Q |
| DM | 73.76 | 74.71 | 72.39 | 76.09 | 0.03 | 0.60 | 0.50 |
| OM | 75.79 | 76.49 | 74.26 | 78.03 | 0.03 | 0.61 | 0.44 |
| CP | 74.51 | 76.63 | 74.66 | 76.82 | 0.03 | 0.56 | 0.98 |
| NDF | 69.02 | 70.41 | 66.72 | 74.16 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.22 |
| ADF | 61.63 | 62.42 | 58.54 | 64.40 | 0.05 | 0.75 | 0.42 |
1 Cows were fed a basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with 20, 40, or 80 mg of CAP/kg of DM. 2 L = linear; Q = quadratic.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
An, Z.; Zhang, X.; Gao, S.; Zhou, D.; Riaz, U.; Abdelrahman, M.; Hua, G.; Yang, L. Effects of Capsicum Oleoresin Supplementation on Lactation Performance, Plasma Metabolites, and Nutrient Digestibility of Heat Stressed Dairy Cow. Animals 2022, 12, 797. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12060797
AMA Style
An Z, Zhang X, Gao S, Zhou D, Riaz U, Abdelrahman M, Hua G, Yang L. Effects of Capsicum Oleoresin Supplementation on Lactation Performance, Plasma Metabolites, and Nutrient Digestibility of Heat Stressed Dairy Cow. Animals. 2022; 12(6):797. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12060797
Chicago/Turabian StyleAn, Zhigao, Xinxin Zhang, Shanshan Gao, Di Zhou, Umair Riaz, Mohamed Abdelrahman, Guohua Hua, and Liguo Yang. 2022. "Effects of Capsicum Oleoresin Supplementation on Lactation Performance, Plasma Metabolites, and Nutrient Digestibility of Heat Stressed Dairy Cow" Animals 12, no. 6: 797. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ani12060797
Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
