Psychosocial Work Conditions as Determinants of Well-Being in Jamaican Police Officers: The Mediating Role of Perceived Job Stress and Job Satisfaction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Well-Being
1.2. Psychosocial Work Conditions and Well-Being among Police Officers
1.3. Perceived Job Stress as a Mediator
1.4. Job Satisfaction as a Mediator
1.5. Key Variables in the Present Study
- Job demands;
- Control;
- Supervisor Support;
- Colleague Support;
- Effort;
- Reward;
- Overcommitment;
- Bullying;
- Role conflict;
- Lack of consultation on change.
- Positive well-being (happiness, life satisfaction, positive affect);
- Negative well-being (negative affect, anxiety, and depression);
- Physical health.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Psychosocial Work Conditions
2.2.2. Victimization
2.2.3. Perceived Job Stress
2.2.4. Job Satisfaction
2.2.5. Psychological Well-Being
2.2.6. General Physical Health
2.2.7. Demographic and Occupational Variables
2.3. Analysis Strategy
2.4. Mediation Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Occupational Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Factor Analysis
3.3. Direct Relationships
3.4. Mediation
3.4.1. Psychological Distress
3.4.2. Positive Well-Being
3.4.3. General Physical Health
4. Discussion
4.1. Direct Relationships
4.2. Indirect Effects
4.3. Strengths and Limitations of the Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender (N = 578) | Male | N = 427 | 74% |
---|---|---|---|
Female | 151 | 26 | |
Age (N = 578) | ≤28 | 200 | 35 |
29–35 | 197 | 34 | |
36+ | 181 | 31 | |
Education (N = 574) | Secondary | 330 | 58 |
Diploma | 117 | 20 | |
Associate degree | 23 | 4 | |
Bachelor’s | 99 | 17 | |
Master’s | 5 | 1 | |
Relationship status (N = 578) | Single | 122 | 21 |
In a relationship | 257 | 45 | |
Married | 164 | 28 | |
separated/divorced/ widowed | 35 | 6 | |
Rank (N = 578) | Constable | 362 | 63 |
Corporal | 128 | 22 | |
Sergeant | 62 | 11 | |
Inspector | 26 | 4 | |
Years of service (N = 578) | ≤5 | 246 | 43 |
6–12 | 157 | 27 | |
13+ | 175 | 30 |
Independent Variables | Perceived Job Stress | Job Satisfaction | Psychological Distress | Positive Well-Being | General Health | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 β | Step 2 β | Step 1 β | Step 2 β | Step 1 β | Step 2 β | Step 1 β | Step 2 β | Step 1 β | Step 2 β | |
Demographics | ||||||||||
Gender | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.04 | −0.07 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.00 | −0.03 |
Rank | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.16 ** | 0.14 ** | −0.07 | −0.08 | 0.10 | 0.09 | −0.01 | −0.02 |
Relationship status | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.07 | −0.08 * | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.04 | −0.04 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Years of service | 0.10 | 0.15 ** | 0.07 | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.17 ** | 0.12 * |
Work factors | ||||||||||
Neg. work conditions | 0.38 *** | −0.29 ** | 0.36 *** | −0.19 ** | −0.24 ** | |||||
Work support | −0.05 | 0.25 *** | −0.14 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.06 | |||||
Pos. work conditions | −0.09 * | 0.20 *** | −0.08 | 0.11 ** | 0.12 ** | |||||
Victimization | 0.13 *** | −0.12 ** | 0.10 * | −0.06 | −0.13 ** | |||||
R2 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
ΔR2 | 0.21 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.13 *** | 0.13 *** |
Perceived Job Stress | Job Satisfaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Effects | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Indirect Effects | |
Negative Work conditions | 0.24 *** | 0.21 *** | 0.02, CI [0.00, 0.05] a | 0.01, CI [−0.01, 0.03] |
Work support | −0.10 *** | −0.09 ** | −0.00, CI [−0.01, 0.01] | −0.01, CI [−0.03, 0.01] |
Positive Work conditions | −0.10 | −0.08 | −0.01, CI [−0.03, −0.00] a | −0.01, CI [−0.04, 0.01] |
Victimization | 1.13 * | 0.95 * | 0.13, CI [0.01, 0.34] a | 0.05, CI [−0.07, 0.25] |
Perceived Job Stress | Job Satisfaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Effects | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Indirect Effects | |
Negative job | ||||
characteristics | −0.21 *** | −0.16 *** | −0.01, CI [−0.04, 0.03] | −0.05, CI [−0.09, −0.01] a |
Work support | 0.24 *** | 0.20 *** | 0.00, CI [−0.00, 0.01] | 0.04, CI [0.01, 0.08] a |
Positive job | ||||
characteristics | 0.24 ** | 0.18 * | 0.00, CI [−0.02, 0.02] | 0.06, CI [0.02, 0.13] a |
Victimization | −1.09 | −0.73 | −0.03, CI [−0.25, 0.20] | −0.33, CI [−0.77, −0.08] a |
Perceived Job Stress | Job Satisfaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Effects | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Indirect Effects | |
Negative work | ||||
conditions | −0.06 *** | −0.04 *** | −0.01, CI [−0.02, −0.00] a | −0.01, CI [−0.02, −0.00] a |
Work support | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00, CI [−0.00, 0.00] | 0.01, CI [0.00, 0.02] a |
Positive work conditions | 0.06 ** | 0.04 * | 0.00, CI [0.00, 0.01] a | 0.01, CI [0.01, 0.03] a |
Victimization | −0.56 ** | −0.44 * | −0.05, CI [−0.13, −0.01] a | −0.08, CI [−0.17, −0.02] a |
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Nelson, K.; Smith, A.P. Psychosocial Work Conditions as Determinants of Well-Being in Jamaican Police Officers: The Mediating Role of Perceived Job Stress and Job Satisfaction. Behav. Sci. 2024, 14, 1. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/bs14010001
Nelson K, Smith AP. Psychosocial Work Conditions as Determinants of Well-Being in Jamaican Police Officers: The Mediating Role of Perceived Job Stress and Job Satisfaction. Behavioral Sciences. 2024; 14(1):1. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/bs14010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleNelson, Kenisha, and Andrew P. Smith. 2024. "Psychosocial Work Conditions as Determinants of Well-Being in Jamaican Police Officers: The Mediating Role of Perceived Job Stress and Job Satisfaction" Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 1: 1. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/bs14010001