Functional MRI Reveals Locomotion-Control Neural Circuits in Human Brainstem
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Walking Speed Test
2.4. Motor Task
2.5. MRI Data Acquisition
2.6. fMRI Activation Analysis
2.7. Network Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Changing-Speed Bipedal Movements Evoked Brainstem Activations
3.2. Slow, Fast and Free-Speed Movements also Evoked Brainstem Activations
3.3. Brainstem Contained Two Modules
3.4. Walking Automaticity Existed during Fast and Free-Speed Walking
3.5. Changing-Speed Condition Had Lower Cortical Load but Higher Brainstem Load Than the Free-Speed Task
3.6. Interactions between Topmost Brain Regions and Brainstem Existed Only during Motor Conditions
3.7. CN Initiated High-Speed Locomotion but PPN Appeared to Be a “Metronome”
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability
References
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Brain Areas | 0.5 Hz | 1 Hz | 2 Hz | Changing Speed | Free Speed | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MNI Coordinates | T Value | MNI Coordinates | T Value | MNI Coordinates | T Value | MNI Coordinates | T Value | MNI Coordinates | T Value | |||||||||||
L_SMA | −4 | 8 | 45 | 9.25 | −8 | 6 | 53 | 12.73 | −6 | 4 | 56 | 11.05 | −4 | 6 | 49 | 11.06 | −2 | −18 | 73 | 11.65 |
R_SMA | 4 | −10 | 64 | 10.81 | 2 | −10 | 67 | 11.74 | 2 | −10 | 64 | 11.00 | 6 | 8 | 64 | 9.70 | 4 | −4 | 62 | 11.35 |
L_M1 | −2 | −28 | 64 | 5.42 | −2 | −28 | 62 | 7.16 | −2 | −28 | 64 | 10.28 | −2 | −30 | 62 | 9.22 | −6 | −42 | 69 | 12.16 |
R_M1 | 6 | −26 | 71 | 5.79 | 6 | −26 | 69 | 5.51 | 6 | −38 | 75 | 8.35 | 6 | −22 | 69 | 7.65 | 8 | −36 | 75 | 11.16 |
L_CMA | −4 | 4 | 45 | 7.65 | −4 | 4 | 45 | 7.15 | −6 | 10 | 42 | 6.91 | −8 | 10 | 42 | 7.88 | −10 | 8 | 36 | 9.03 |
R_CMA | 12 | 4 | 40 | 7.51 | 12 | 8 | 45 | 6.91 | 14 | 16 | 36 | 7.04 | 4 | 14 | 45 | 8.32 | 4 | 14 | 45 | 7.85 |
L_PMd | −14 | −18 | 73 | 6.52 | −52 | −2 | 51 | 5.11 | −50 | −2 | 45 | 7.85 | −50 | −4 | 47 | 8.94 | −48 | 0 | 51 | 6.75 |
R_PMd | 50 | 4 | 51 | 6.47 | 50 | 2 | 51 | 8.53 | 48 | 6 | 53 | 7.80 | 40 | 6 | 51 | 8.21 | 52 | 10 | 49 | 8.90 |
L_PMv | −50 | 0 | 7 | 8.77 | −54 | 2 | 5 | 6.90 | −48 | 0 | 7 | 9.69 | −54 | 2 | 5 | 8.10 | −52 | 2 | 7 | 9.06 |
R_PMv | 52 | 8 | 12 | 8.56 | 48 | 6 | 9 | 5.49 | 56 | 4 | 3 | 9.08 | 56 | 4 | 3 | 8.52 | 58 | 4 | 5 | 7.65 |
L_S1 | −12 | −44 | 73 | 4.39 | −12 | −42 | 67 | 3.33 | −12 | −44 | 67 | 6.78 | −12 | −44 | 67 | 6.64 | −12 | −36 | 62 | 9.49 |
R_S1 | 12 | −36 | 71 | 4.49 | 12 | −36 | 71 | 3.81 | 8 | −40 | 75 | 7.31 | 10 | −36 | 71 | 6.59 | 10 | −36 | 71 | 9.24 |
L_SPL | −18 | −48 | 67 | 4.74 | −12 | −48 | 80 | 3.46 | −12 | −42 | 62 | 6.12 | −34 | −54 | 47 | 6.71 | −16 | −38 | 69 | 8.49 |
R_SPL | 16 | −46 | 78 | 6.26 | 16 | −46 | 80 | 4.81 | 10 | −40 | 75 | 6.56 | 12 | −40 | 75 | 6.55 | 14 | −42 | 75 | 8.90 |
L_IPC | −60 | −24 | 23 | 6.10 | −50 | −34 | 16 | 7.75 | −50 | −36 | 20 | 8.70 | −50 | −38 | 20 | 10.13 | −52 | −36 | 18 | 11.85 |
R_ IPC | 60 | −34 | 25 | 6.24 | 58 | −30 | 23 | 6.52 | 50 | −28 | 29 | 10.96 | 62 | −46 | 36 | 10.24 | 68 | −30 | 20 | 8.59 |
L_S2 | −50 | 0 | 7 | 8.77 | −60 | −28 | 14 | 8.41 | −50 | −12 | 7 | 11.57 | −56 | −28 | 14 | 10.83 | −38 | −24 | 14 | 12.27 |
R_S2 | 32 | −24 | 16 | 6.32 | 44 | −22 | 12 | 7.14 | 46 | −22 | 12 | 11.55 | 66 | −18 | 14 | 14.62 | 44 | −20 | 12 | 15.96 |
L_PAC | −40 | −22 | 3 | 5.77 | −40 | −28 | 12 | 4.96 | −40 | −28 | 12 | 10.23 | −48 | −10 | 3 | 10.59 | −40 | −28 | 12 | 15.45 |
R_ PAC | 52 | −12 | 5 | 3.87 | 50 | −10 | 3 | 5.49 | 56 | −10 | −2 | 8.64 | 50 | −12 | 5 | 10.55 | 48 | −20 | 9 | 15.23 |
L_mid-posterior insula | −42 | 2 | 5 | 9.45 | −44 | 0 | 5 | 5.56 | −46 | −10 | 3 | 7.22 | −46 | −10 | 3 | 7.22 | −34 | −24 | 16 | 12.01 |
R_mid-posterior insula | 46 | 4 | 3 | 7.99 | 48 | −6 | 1 | 5.31 | 50 | −4 | 3 | 7.79 | 50 | −4 | 3 | 8.12 | 38 | −20 | 14 | 8.39 |
L_anterior insula | −36 | 18 | 7 | 5.22 | −34 | −8 | 5 | 5.32 | −38 | 16 | 7 | 9.44 | −36 | 18 | 7 | 10.02 | −28 | 20 | 9 | 6.09 |
R_anterior insula | 42 | 22 | 3 | 3.74 | 34 | 22 | 7 | 3.5 * | 34 | 18 | 9 | 7.62 | 32 | 26 | 3 | 7.75 | 34 | 26 | 5 | 5.66 |
L_Caudate Nucleus | −14 | 4 | 12 | 6.14 | 10 | 2 | 12 | 6.09 | −18 | 0 | 20 | 5.79 | −14 | 0 | 14 | 7.59 | −10 | 4 | 7 | 7.01 |
R_Caudate Nucleus | 10 | 8 | 14 | 6.92 | −16 | 4 | 14 | 7.06 | 16 | −4 | 18 | 6.24 | 18 | 0 | 18 | 7.08 | 14 | 4 | 12 | 6.21 |
L_Putamen | −28 | −4 | 12 | 11.33 | −26 | 0 | 12 | 9.04 | −30 | −8 | 7 | 8.19 | −26 | −2 | 14 | 8.79 | −30 | −14 | 7 | 10.95 |
R_Putamen | 28 | −4 | 14 | 10.00 | 28 | 0 | 9 | 9.63 | 30 | −4 | 7 | 9.6 | 30 | −6 | 9 | 10.03 | 30 | −4 | 12 | 10.05 |
L_Thalamus | −8 | −20 | 3 | 9.72 | −6 | −18 | 3 | 8.28 | −14 | −16 | 14 | 8.48 | −14 | −14 | 9 | 10.85 | −16 | −18 | 14 | 11.22 |
R_Thalamus | 14 | −8 | 7 | 9.45 | 16 | −14 | 9 | 9.39 | 20 | −16 | 14 | 10.58 | 18 | −18 | 14 | 11.14 | 22 | −22 | 3 | 8.09 |
L_Cerebellum | −22 | −38 | −26 | 10.21 | −22 | −38 | −26 | 13.59 | −16 | −40 | −24 | 12.72 | −16 | −38 | −21 | 15.69 | −16 | −38 | −21 | 13.13 |
R_Cerebellum | 26 | −38 | −30 | 8.41 | 20 | −38 | −24 | 13.23 | 18 | −38 | −24 | 11.56 | 22 | −38 | −24 | 14.68 | 18 | −52 | −54 | 6.77 |
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Wei, P.; Zou, T.; Lv, Z.; Fan, Y. Functional MRI Reveals Locomotion-Control Neural Circuits in Human Brainstem. Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 757. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/brainsci10100757
Wei P, Zou T, Lv Z, Fan Y. Functional MRI Reveals Locomotion-Control Neural Circuits in Human Brainstem. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10(10):757. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/brainsci10100757
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Pengxu, Tong Zou, Zeping Lv, and Yubo Fan. 2020. "Functional MRI Reveals Locomotion-Control Neural Circuits in Human Brainstem" Brain Sciences 10, no. 10: 757. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/brainsci10100757