Dietary L-Arginine or N-Carbamylglutamate Alleviates Colonic Barrier Injury, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation by Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Intrauterine Growth-Retarded Suckling Lambs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Treatments
2.2. Chemical Analyses of MR
2.3. Tissue Sample Collection
2.4. Determination of Epithelial Tight Junction Permeability of the Colon
2.5. Cytokine Analysis of the Colon Tissue
2.6. Colonic VFAs and LPS Concentration
2.7. mRNA Abundance
2.8. Western Blotting
2.9. Bacterial DNA Extraction of Colonic Mucosa
2.10. 16S rRNA Analysis of Colonic Mucosa-Associated Microbiota
2.11. Sequence Processing and Analysis
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation and Oxidative Status in the Colon
3.2. The Barrier Function of the Colon
3.3. The Cytokine Concentrations in the Colonic Mucosa
3.4. VFAs and LPS Concentrations in the Colonic Digesta
3.5. Gene Expression
3.6. The Protein Expression
3.7. Diversity of the Colonic Mucosa-Associated Microbiota
3.8. Colonic Mucosal Microbiota Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | CON 2 | IUGR 3 | IUGR + Arg 4 | IUGR + NCG 5 | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TER, Ω·cm2 | 17.2 a | 9.48 c | 12.9 b | 13.1 b | 1.28 | 0.008 |
FD4, μg·cm−2·h−1 | 14.5 c | 23.1 a | 17.4 b | 18.3 b | 1.37 | 0.027 |
Item | CON 2 | IUGR 3 | IUGR + Arg 4 | IUGR + NCG 5 | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TNF-α, ng g−1 protein | 9.11 c | 17.89 a | 13.16 b | 12.98 b | 1.062 | 0.009 |
IL-1β, ng g−1 protein | 14.12 c | 22.26 a | 17.89 b | 18.01 b | 1.291 | 0.012 |
IL-6, ng g−1 protein | 10.47 c | 19.89 a | 14.68 b | 14.72 b | 0.876 | 0.018 |
Item | CON 2 | IUGR 3 | IUGR + Arg 4 | IUGR + NCG 5 | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LPS, ng/mL | 9.86 c | 21.45 a | 15.13 b | 14.99 b | 1.513 | 0.009 |
Acetate, μmol/g | 62.96 a | 38.19 c | 47.43 b | 50.11 b | 2.872 | 0.019 |
Propionate, μmol/g | 17.16 a | 10.42 c | 13.89 b | 14.02 b | 1.461 | 0.008 |
Butyrate, μmol/g | 4.68 a | 2.68 c | 3.59 b | 3.64 b | 0.794 | 0.021 |
Isobutyrate, μmol/g | 6.48 a | 2.59 c | 4.08 b | 4.21 b | 0.287 | 0.005 |
Valerate, μmol/g | 1.69 | 1.72 | 1.67 | 1.70 | 0.208 | 0.098 |
Isovalerate, μmol/g | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.083 | 0.207 |
Item | CON 2 | IUGR 3 | IUGR + Arg 4 | IUGR + NCG 5 | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier function-related genes | ||||||
ZO-1 | 1.00 a | 0.52 c | 0.69 b | 0.92 a | 0.121 | 0.009 |
Occludin | 1.00 a | 0.61 c | 0.82 b | 0.79 b | 0.152 | 0.006 |
Claudin-1 | 1.00 a | 0.48 c | 0.69 b | 0.71 b | 0.093 | 0.012 |
Immune function-related genes | ||||||
MyD88 | 1.00 c | 1.63 a | 1.31 b | 1.35 b | 0.078 | 0.009 |
TLR-4 | 1.00 b | 1.33 a | 1.19 ab | 1.14 ab | 0.098 | 0.023 |
NF-κB | 1.00 c | 1.65 a | 1.30 b | 1.27 b | 0.162 | 0.019 |
TNF-α | 1.00 c | 1.70 a | 1.42 b | 1.39 b | 0.094 | 0.008 |
IL-1β | 1.00 b | 1.58 a | 1.05 b | 0.97 b | 0.069 | 0.013 |
IL-6 | 1.00 c | 1.69 a | 1.36 b | 1.37 b | 0.128 | 0.006 |
Item | CON 2 | IUGR 3 | IUGR + Arg 4 | IUGR + NCG 5 | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OTUs | 1198 a | 639 c | 895 b | 903 b | 34.2 | 0.007 |
ACE | 1386 a | 692 c | 912 b | 957 b | 40.8 | 0.005 |
Chao 1 | 1279 a | 603 c | 903 b | 893 b | 39.3 | 0.010 |
Shannon index | 5.12 a | 3.25 c | 4.02 b | 4.13 b | 0.277 | 0.009 |
Simpson index | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.052 | 0.085 |
Item | CON 2 | IUGR 3 | IUGR + Arg 4 | IUGR + NCG 5 | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acidobacteria | 1.35 | 1.32 | 1.36 | 1.33 | 0.228 | 0.118 |
Actinobacteria | 4.27 | 4.19 | 4.63 | 4.81 | 0.392 | 0.094 |
Bacteroidetes | 9.12 c | 16.47 a | 12.68 b | 13.03 b | 1.121 | 0.009 |
Chloroflexi | 1.24 | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.19 | 0.327 | 0.103 |
Cyanobacteria | 4.13 | 4.32 | 4.09 | 4.26 | 0.183 | 0.079 |
Firmicutes | 55.34 a | 31.19 c | 43.12 b | 42.32 b | 3.476 | 0.005 |
Proteobacteria | 4.78 c | 9.03 a | 6.83 b | 7.02 b | 1.032 | 0.013 |
Phylum | Genus | CON 2 | IUGR 3 | IUGR + Arg 4 | IUGR + NCG 5 | SEM | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinobacteria | Actinomyces Bifidobacterium Rothia | 1.56 0.67 0.12 | 1.64 0.72 0.13 | 1.62 0.66 0.11 | 1.59 0.71 0.09 | 0.287 0.182 0.047 | 0.077 0.126 0.083 |
Bacteroidetes | Bacteroides Prevotella | 0.18 c 1.26 | 0.36 a 1.31 | 0.29 b 1.29 | 0.25 b 1.30 | 0.083 0.152 | 0.007 0.208 |
Firmicutes | Blautia Butyrivibrio Clostridium Lactobacillus Ruminococcus Staphylococcus Streptococcus Veillonella | 0.88 2.11 0.89 a 2.01 a 1.68 1.04 c 2.21 a 0.31 | 1.03 1.98 0.46 c 1.35 c 1.73 3.12 a 1.28 c 0.29 | 0.97 1.99 0.62 b 1.67 b 1.65 1.94 b 1.68 b 0.34 | 0.91 2.06 0.70 b 1.72 b 1.72 1.86 b 1.71 b 0.32 | 0.121 0.757 0.124 0.272 0.321 0.537 0.366 0.082 | 0.097 0.162 0.008 0.013 0.095 0.008 0.006 0.203 |
Proteobacteria | Escherichia | 0.78 c | 1.36 a | 0.97 b | 1.02 b | 0.321 | 0.019 |
Pseudomonas | 1.03 c | 1.67 a | 1.43 b | 1.39 b | 0.286 | 0.007 |
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Zhang, H.; Zheng, Y.; Zha, X.; Ma, Y.; Liu, X.; Elsabagh, M.; Wang, H.; Wang, M. Dietary L-Arginine or N-Carbamylglutamate Alleviates Colonic Barrier Injury, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation by Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Intrauterine Growth-Retarded Suckling Lambs. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2251. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11112251
Zhang H, Zheng Y, Zha X, Ma Y, Liu X, Elsabagh M, Wang H, Wang M. Dietary L-Arginine or N-Carbamylglutamate Alleviates Colonic Barrier Injury, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation by Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Intrauterine Growth-Retarded Suckling Lambs. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2251. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11112251
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hao, Yi Zheng, Xia Zha, Yi Ma, Xiaoyun Liu, Mabrouk Elsabagh, Hongrong Wang, and Mengzhi Wang. 2022. "Dietary L-Arginine or N-Carbamylglutamate Alleviates Colonic Barrier Injury, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation by Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Intrauterine Growth-Retarded Suckling Lambs" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2251. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/antiox11112251