High-Degree Concentration Organic Solvent Forward Osmosis for Pharmaceutical Pre-Concentration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Materials and Chemicals
2.2. Characterization of HF Support
2.2.1. Pore Size and Porosity
2.2.2. Water Permeation of Support
2.3. Fabrication of TFC-HF Membrane
2.4. Characterization of TFC-HF Membrane
2.4.1. SEM Observation
2.4.2. XPS Analysis
2.4.3. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
2.5. Performance of TFC-HF Membrane
2.5.1. Rejection Performance under Pressurized Condition
2.5.2. OSFO Performance
2.5.3. High-Degree Concentration by OSFO
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of HF Support
3.2. Characterization of the Selective Layer
3.3. Apparent Rejection of the TFC-HF Membrane
3.4. OSFO Performance of the TFC-HF Membrane
3.5. High-Degree Concentration of the Model Solution
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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HF Support | |
---|---|
Inner diameter (μm) | 488 ± 5 |
Outer diameter (μm) | 784 ± 3 |
Thickness (μm) | 148 ± 3 |
Porosity (%) | 74.3 ± 0.2 |
Mean pore size (nm) | 110 ± 4 |
Water permeance (L m−2 h−1 bar−1) | 2.21 ± 0.05 × 103 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Takada, R.; Takagi, R.; Matsuyama, H. High-Degree Concentration Organic Solvent Forward Osmosis for Pharmaceutical Pre-Concentration. Membranes 2024, 14, 14. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/membranes14010014
Takada R, Takagi R, Matsuyama H. High-Degree Concentration Organic Solvent Forward Osmosis for Pharmaceutical Pre-Concentration. Membranes. 2024; 14(1):14. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/membranes14010014
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakada, Ryoichi, Ryosuke Takagi, and Hideto Matsuyama. 2024. "High-Degree Concentration Organic Solvent Forward Osmosis for Pharmaceutical Pre-Concentration" Membranes 14, no. 1: 14. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/membranes14010014