Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex during Memory Interference
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. fNIRS: Prefrontal Cortex Cerebral Oxygenation
2.3.2. Memory Interference
- Score list 1 cued recall. List the number of correctly recalled words (out of 8 total possible).
- Score list 2 cued recall. List the number of correctly recalled words (out of 8 total possible).
- (a)
- Grade MMFR; break down the list into the AB, DE, AC, FG word-pairs and list the number correct out of 4 total possible for each subset.
- (b)
- Calculate Proactive Interference (PI) by subtracting the control word-pairs from the interference word-pairs from list 2.
- AC—FG = PI
- (c)
- Calculate Retroactive Interference (RI) by subtracting the control word-pairs from the interference word-pairs from list 1.
- AB—DE = RI
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Set 1: AB, DE | Cued Recall 1: A__, D__ | Study Set 2: AC, FG | Cued Recall 2: A__, F__ | MMFR: A__ __ D__ __ F__ __ |
---|---|---|---|---|
WHISKEY STAIR | COFFEE ________ | HOTEL TEACHER | DRIVER _______ | TABLE ____ ____ |
TRUCK PENCIL | DRIVER ________ | CHILD LETTER | DOCTOR ______ | HOTEL ____ ____ |
CHILD TICKET | CHILD ________ | PENNY BROTHER | WINDOW ______ | CHILD ____ ____ |
TABLE STREET | SUPPER ________ | TRUCK TOAST | SLEEVE _______ | WINDOW ____ ____ |
DRIVER SALAD | SLEEVE ________ | WINDOW MONEY | HOTEL _______ | SUPPER ____ ____ |
SLEEVE COLLEGE | WHISKEY _______ | DOCTOR KETTLE | TRUCK _______ | TRUCK ___ ___ |
COFFEE PANTS | TABLE ________ | SLEEVE BRUSH | PENNY _______ | PENNY ____ ____ |
SUPPER RECORD | TRUCK ______ | DRIVER CANDY | CHILD ______ | SLEEVE ____ _____ |
COFFEE ____ ____ | ||||
DOCTOR ____ ____ | ||||
DRIVER ____ ____ | ||||
WHISKEY ____ ____ |
Variable | Point Estimate | SD |
---|---|---|
Gender, % female | 72 | |
Age, mean yrs. | 20.8 | 1.8 |
Race, % Non-Hispanic White | 65 | |
% Non-Hispanic Black | 26 | |
% Other | 1 | |
BMI, mean kg/m2 | 26.9 | 6.2 |
Average min/week of exercise | 200.8 | 79.8 |
Proactive Interference (PI) | |||||||
Frequentist Analysis | Bayesian Analysis | ||||||
Model † | b | 95% CI° | p-Value | R2 | Coefficient (95% CI°) | Bayes Factor (BF01) | Evidence Level |
Δ Encoding 1 | 0.012 | −0.128, 0.151 | 0.87 | 0.09 | −0.002 (−0.088, 0.035) | 4.05 | Moderate for H0 |
Δ Encoding 2 | −0.028 | −0.159, 0.103 | 0.67 | 0.09 | −0.010 (−0.119, 0.013) | 2.91 | Anecdotal for H0 |
Δ Retrieval 1 | −0.021 | −0.153, 0.112 | 0.76 | 0.09 | −0.008 (−0.107, 0.036) | 3.28 | Moderate for H0 |
Δ Retrieval 2 | −0.035 | −0.152, 0.082 | 0.55 | 0.10 | −0.012 (−0.115, 0.014) | 2.56 | Anecdotal for H0 |
Δ MMFR | −0.070 | −0.181, 0.041 | 0.21 | 0.11 | −0.029 (−0.144, 0.000) | 1.28 | Anecdotal for H0 |
Retroactive Interference (RI) | |||||||
Model † | b | 95% CI° | p-Value | R2 | Coefficient (95% CI°) | Bayes Factor (BF01) | Evidence Level |
Δ Encoding 1 | 0.033 | −0.104, 0.169 | 0.64 | 0.08 | 0.001 (−0.009, 0.025) | 3.71 | Moderate for H0 |
Δ Encoding 2 | −0.034 | −0.163, 0.094 | 0.60 | 0.08 | −0.002 (−0.024, 0.013) | 3.75 | Moderate for H0 |
Δ Retrieval 1 | −0.001 | −0.131, 0.129 | 0.99 | 0.07 | −2.677 × 10−4 (−0.015, 0.018) | 4.15 | Moderate for H0 |
Δ Retrieval 2 | −0.027 | −0.141, 0.088 | 0.65 | 0.08 | −0.001 (−0.025, 0.009) | 3.64 | Moderate for H0 |
Δ MMFR | 0.004 | −0.107, 0.114 | 0.95 | 0.07 | −1.918 × 10−4 (−0.014, 0.014) | 4.15 | Moderate for H0 |
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Crawford, L.; Zou, L.; Loprinzi, P.D. Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex during Memory Interference. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 2055. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8122055
Crawford L, Zou L, Loprinzi PD. Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex during Memory Interference. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(12):2055. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8122055
Chicago/Turabian StyleCrawford, Lindsay, Liye Zou, and Paul D. Loprinzi. 2019. "Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex during Memory Interference" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 12: 2055. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8122055