Potential Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil Alongside Highways and Their Relationship with Landscape
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.3. Sample Analysis
2.4. Mapping Data
2.5. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution
2.5.1. Single-Factor Pollution Index
2.5.2. Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index
2.5.3. Potential Ecological Risk Index
2.5.4. Principal Component Analysis
2.5.5. The Multiple Regression Model
2.5.6. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Contents and Distributions of the Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil around the Highways
3.1.1. The Contents of the Agricultural Soil Heavy Metals around the Highways
3.1.2. Distributions of Heavy Metals Pollution around the Highways
3.2. Principal Component Analysis Results
3.3. Impact of Different Distances from Variable Landscapes on the Potential Ecological Risk
4. Discussion
4.1. Heavy Metal Concentration and Ecological Risk Assessment in Agricultural Land Alongside the Highways
4.2. Potential Sources of the Heavy Metals Ecological Risks
4.3. Strategies for Ecological Restoration in the Future
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Metal | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background standard values | 0.126 | 77.8 | 22.3 | 26.2 | 62.6 |
Risk screening values | 0.3 | 150 | 50 | 90 | 200 |
Risk intervention values | 2 | 850 | 500 |
Grade | Nemerow Pollution Index | Pollution Degree |
---|---|---|
1 | Safety | |
2 | Precaution | |
3 | Slight pollution | |
4 | Moderate pollution | |
5 | Heavy pollution |
Heavy Metal | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toxicity factor | 30 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
Ei | Level of Contamination | Ri | Level of Contamination |
---|---|---|---|
Low | Low | ||
Moderate | Moderate | ||
High | High | ||
Severe | |||
Extremely | Severe |
Variable | Definition and Unit | |
---|---|---|
Dependent variable | Risk | Potential ecological risk index of different heavy metals |
Independent variable | chemical | Distance to the chemical industry (kilometer) |
mechanical | Distance to the mechanical processing industry (kilometer) | |
building | Distance to the building materials industry (kilometer) | |
metal | Distance to the metal industry (kilometer) | |
other | Distance to the other industries (kilometer) | |
highway | Distance to the highway (kilometer) | |
village | Distance to the village (kilometer) | |
Control variable | land | Type of land (1 = paddy field; 2 = dry land; 3 = other land) |
soil organic matter | ||
pH | ||
slope | Slope (°) | |
DEM |
Metals | Mean | Median | SD | Min | Max | CV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.26 | 40.16 |
Cr | 69.23 | 69.44 | 10.62 | 30.13 | 98.39 | 15.34 |
Cu | 27.33 | 26.42 | 6.83 | 16.26 | 69.53 | 24.97 |
Pb | 27.47 | 27.50 | 4.08 | 14.59 | 38.15 | 14.86 |
Zn | 58.94 | 56.34 | 12.57 | 38.86 | 120.67 | 21.32 |
SOM | 1.67 | 1.55 | 0.85 | 0.04 | 4.57 | 50.86 |
pH | 5.97 | 5.83 | 0.90 | 4.24 | 8.07 | 15.07 |
Metal | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Pi | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 0.29 |
Max Pi | 0.85 | 0.66 | 1.39 | 0.42 | 0.60 |
Nemerow pollution index | 0.65 | 0.57 | 1.06 | 0.37 | 0.47 |
Nemerow pollution degree | safety | safety | precaution | safety | safety |
Mean Ei | 25.33 | 1.78 | 6.13 | 5.24 | 0.94 |
Risk | low | low | low | low | low |
Metals | Factor Load (Orthogonal Rotation) | |
---|---|---|
PC1 | PC2 | |
Zn | 0.801 | −0.224 |
Cd | 0.775 | −0.253 |
Cu | 0.747 | −0.193 |
Pb | 0.590 | 0.506 |
Cr | 0.260 | 0.854 |
% Variance contribution rate | 44.304 | 22.722 |
% Cumulative contribution rate | 44.304 | 67.027 |
Cu | Cd | Cr | Pb | Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
chemical | 0.197 | −2.415 * | 0.042 | 0.075 | 0.016 |
(1.84) | (−2.28) | (1.11) | (0.84) | (0.82) | |
mechanical | 0.276 | 1.181 | 0.030 | 0.174 | 0.012 |
(1.18) | (0.87) | (0.97) | (1.70) | (0.60) | |
building | −0.022 | 0.460 | −0.013 | 0.094 | −0.000 |
(−0.14) | (0.40) | (−0.47) | (1.01) | (−0.01) | |
metal | −0.257 | −0.392 | −0.072 | −0.247 * | −0.016 |
(−1.50) | (−0.33) | (−1.72) | (−2.23) | (−0.73) | |
other | −0.401 * | 0.979 | −0.064 | −0.129 | −0.018 |
(−2.15) | (0.75) | (−1.24) | (−1.00) | (−0.77) | |
highway | −0.185 | 2.447 | −0.065 | −0.170 | 0.008 |
(−0.29) | (0.57) | (−0.65) | (−0.73) | (0.12) | |
village | 2.644 | 0.107 | −0.048 | −1.971 ** | −0.142 |
(1.48) | (0.01) | (−0.26) | (−3.27) | (−0.99) | |
paddy field | 0.625 | 3.132 | −0.064 | −0.037 | 0.054 |
(1.26) | (1.16) | (−0.77) | (−0.12) | (0.89) | |
dry land | 0.748 | 8.165 ** | −0.045 | −0.241 | 0.120 * |
(1.94) | (2.89) | (−0.53) | (−0.85) | (2.37) | |
organic | 0.152 | 1.024 | −0.009 | 0.020 | 0.029 |
(0.76) | (0.68) | (−0.25) | (0.20) | (1.09) | |
pH | −0.040 | 0.721 | 0.047 | 0.246 * | 0.018 |
(−0.20) | (0.47) | (1.40) | (2.12) | (0.78) | |
slope | −0.081 | −0.210 | 0.005 | 0.003 | −0.001 |
(−1.88) | (−0.83) | (0.58) | (0.12) | (−0.15) | |
DEM | 0.006 | 0.074 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.001 |
(0.83) | (1.46) | (0.11) | (1.97) | (1.38) | |
_cons | 5.664 *** | 12.803 | 1.694 *** | 3.941 *** | 0.713 *** |
(3.67) | (1.06) | (6.68) | (4.69) | (3.86) | |
N | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
R2 | 0.138 | 0.118 | 0.143 | 0.254 | 0.070 |
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Xu, C.; Pu, J.; Wen, B.; Xia, M. Potential Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil Alongside Highways and Their Relationship with Landscape. Agriculture 2021, 11, 800. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11080800
Xu C, Pu J, Wen B, Xia M. Potential Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil Alongside Highways and Their Relationship with Landscape. Agriculture. 2021; 11(8):800. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11080800
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Cong, Jie Pu, Bo Wen, and Min Xia. 2021. "Potential Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil Alongside Highways and Their Relationship with Landscape" Agriculture 11, no. 8: 800. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture11080800