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Opinion

Regionally Adapted Model of an Ideal Malus×domestica Borkh Apple Variety for Industrial-Scale Cultivation in European Russia

by
Ivan M. Kulikov
,
Julia V. Burmenko
*,
Natalya YU. Svistunova
,
Sergey N. Evdokimenko
,
Fedor F. Sazonov
,
Tatyana A. Tumaeva
and
Sergey N. Konovalov
Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, 115598 Moscow, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2022, 12(12), 2124; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture12122124
Submission received: 28 November 2022 / Accepted: 9 December 2022 / Published: 10 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding, Genetics, and Genomics of Fruit Crops)
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Abstract

:
Apple is one of the most common fruit crops in the Russian fruit-growing industry, with huge varietal diversity and a vast cultivation area. The key regions for industrial-scale apple cultivation are the Central, Central Chernozem, and North Caucasian Districts. The main disadvantage of the relevant apple cultivars, especially the ones intended for intensified horticultural practices, is their low resistance against abiotic stresses and the fruit’s low quality and poor marketable condition. In Russia, apple is a crop of strategic importance that is consistently included in the household food basket, so fruit producers hold new varieties to higher standards and expect them to outperform their predecessors in terms of yield per plant, resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, and quality, as well as show strong competitiveness and a more rapid return on investment, while satisfying stricter requirements. The objective of the present study was to summarize the data on the phenotypic manifestations of economically valuable traits of the apple cultivars approved for use in the Russian Federation depending on the region of cultivation; to determine the parametric characteristics of the most valuable traits in the form of a model of an “ideal” regionally adapted industrial cultivar, and to identify the sources of the traits in the regions suitable for their production. A regionally adapted model of commercial apple cultivars, characterized by 28 features and properties divided into three groups and defining the cultivar’s resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, yield per plant, product quality, and suitability for mechanized harvesting, is presented in this paper. In the European part of Russia, the optimal parameters of a commercial apple tree cultivar are as follows: plant height on a medium-sized rootstock under 3 m; potential yield per plant of at least 25–50 kg; high fruit uniformity above 80%; winter and late-winter harvest maturity period; high storability of over 210 days and good transportability; average fruit mass from 120 g to 220 g; juicy and shattering crisp pulp; small seed cavity; fragrant fruits with taste rating of at least 4.5 points; appearance rating of 5 points and attractive, mostly red, glossy color with natural wax bloom; regular, symmetric, but diverse shapes; content of sugar above 10%, ascorbic acid above 15 mg/100 g, organic acids up to 1% (for dessert varieties); content of soluble dry solids of at least 20%. The cultivars that come closest to the regionally adapted model of an ideal variety based on the set of features discussed are as follows: Feya, Soyuz, Orfej, Margo, Sirius, Noktyurn, Vasilisa Karmen, Florina, Dayton, Early Mac, Gala and Gala Schniga in the North Caucasian District; Svezhest’, Orlovskoe Poles’e, Aprel’skoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Bolotovskoe, Vympel, Uspenskoe, Fregat, Bylina, Flagman, and Akademik Kazakov in the North Caucasian District; and varieties Imrus, Mayak Zagor’ya, and Bolotovskoe in the Central District. These cultivars are characterized by high resistance against weather anomalies, scab immunity, high yields, marketable quality, and storability. In addition, in southern regions, a prolonged bloom period acts as a protective adaptive response to low-temperature stress.

1. Introduction

Given favorable conditions for industrial-scale cultivation, apple production is highly profitable by agricultural standards. Globally, apples rank fifth among all harvested crops following grapes, citrus fruits, bananas, and coconuts. According to the FAOSTAT website, the total area harvested for apples across all continents in 2020 was 4622.37 K ha, with 984.51 K ha in European countries, 3135.37 in Asian countries, 305.92 in America, 170.27 in Africa, and 26.3 k ha elsewhere. In Russia, apple is a fruit crop of strategic importance that is consistently included in the household food basket [1,2,3]. China is the world leader in apple production, with an average production quantity of 40.5 million tons a year (47.58% of the world production). Russia is among the top ten apple-producing countries in the world (2.0 M tons) and is ranked eighth following China (40.5 M tons), the United States (4.6 M tons), Turkey (4.3 M tons), Poland (3.5 M tons), India (2.7 M tons), Italy (2.5 M tons), and Iran (2.2 M tons). In 2016, the harvested area for apples in Russia was 197.7 K ha. In recent years, it has increased by 8.18%, reaching 215.3 K ha in 2020—see Table 1 [1].
Despite the vast varietal diversity exceeding 7500 [4,5,6], the market is still dominated by the finest cultivars that originated early in the late 20th century (Delicious, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Fuji, Gala, etc.). However, in recent decades, a global trend for varietal adjustment has emerged. Such varieties as Golden Delicious, Jonagold, and Idared are being superseded by Red Jonaprince, Ligol, Cripps Pink, Pinova, and new regionally adapted varieties (a regionally adapted variety is a variety whose multiple features are balanced in such a way as to show maximum efficiency, when cultivated under specific regional conditions) [5].
This gradual replacement of regionally adapted cultivars leads to a loss of genetic diversity and may complicate plant breeding in the future [7].
The first reference whole-genome sequence (WGS) of the Golden Delicious (GD) cultivar was performed in 2010. Of the 16.9-fold genome coverage, 26% was obtained from Sanger sequencing of paired reads, and the remaining 74% from a total of 454 were sequenced by the synthesis of paired and unpaired reads [8]. These data covered only ~89% of the genome’s non-repeated part and had a relatively short contig N50 length (16.7 kBp), making it difficult to apply these results in transcription analysis or whole-genome re-sequencing. The apple tree was the third fruit crop, after the papaia, whose genome was investigated. In 2016, Li X et al. [9] conducted additional studies of GD, which made it possible to refine approximately 90% of the genome. This enabled scientists from 27 research institutes working under the FruitBreedomics project to advance their study of the genetic control of a number of economically valuable traits, such as scab resistance, shelf life, juiciness, crunchiness, and hardness, taking into account GD’s allelic diversity [10]. Currently, the traits that have been studied most include resistance to scabs [11,12,13] and fire blight [14,15,16,17] and fruit quality [18,19,20,21,22]. Most of the economically valuable traits, whose totality determines the value of a cultivar, are controlled by minor polygenes or oligogenes. On the other hand, the set of processes to stipulate the phenotypic manifestation of a trait is determined by gene–environment interaction [23], so when the environmental parameters alter due to the response of the organism in the form of a change in the spectra of gene products determining the same trait, the manifestations of the effects of this interaction increase or decrease [24,25,26,27,28].
The objective of the present study was to summarize the data on the phenotypic manifestations of economically valuable traits of the apple cultivars approved for use in the Russian Federation depending on the region of cultivation; to determine the parametric characteristics of the most valuable traits in the form of a model of an “ideal” regionally adapted industrial cultivar, and to identify the sources of the traits in the regions suitable for their production.

2. Results

A total of 496 apple varieties have been approved for use in 12 cultivation regions of the Russian Federation, identified based on climatic conditions; see Table 2. The varieties are divided into nine groups depending on their harvest maturity period: early summer, summer, late summer, early autumn, autumn, late autumn, early winter, winter, and late winter. Commercially relevant varieties for winter consumption amount to 34% of this varietal diversity [29]. The North Caucasian, Central, and Central Chernozem Districts are the leaders in the number of released varieties [30]. Geographically, these districts fall into the zone where the industrial-scale cultivation of apples with different harvest maturity periods is viable; see Figure 1.
The State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use (2022) currently includes 136 domestic and foreign apple cultivars approved for the North Caucasian District, with 88 of them added in the past decade, of which 53 are intended for winter consumption, 17 for autumn consumption, and 18 for summer consumption. The varietal diversity is regularly updated, but of the 33 cultivars added to the register for cultivation region 6 in the past two years, only five have been regionally adapted, including the Delishes Marii and Renet Platona late winter varieties and the Yunona late summer variety cultivated by the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, and Wine-Making (NCFSCHVW, Krasnodar); the Alla winter variety, being a product of a collaborative effort by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR, St-Petersburg) and ZAO Plodovod; and the Medeya winter variety, cultivated by the Nikita Botanical Garden, National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Crimea). At the same time, foreign varieties quite often demonstrate poor adaptation to the natural and climatic conditions of the North Caucasus.
A total of 123 cultivars have been approved for the Central Chernozem District; among these, 61% (76) are winter varieties, while autumn and summer varieties amount to 21% and 18%, respectively. In the past decade, 34 new apple cultivars have been added, with 22 of them intended for winter consumption, 8 for autumn consumption, and 4 for summer consumption. From 2020 to 2022, seven cultivars were added, including three regionally adapted ones: the Den’ Pobedy and Turgenevskoe winter varieties and the Prazdnichnoe late autumn variety cultivated by the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (Orel).
The Central District is among the leaders in the number of approved cultivars (104). Varieties intended for winter consumption (early winter, winter, and late winter) amount to 64% of the varietal diversity. In the past decade, 11 cultivars have been added (seven of them regionally adapted), with five of them intended for winter consumption, four for autumn consumption, and two for summer consumption. Moreover, 55% of the apple cultivars (e.g., Desertnoe Kichiny late summer and Chekhovskoe late winter varieties) were cultivated by the Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery (Moscow).
The stricter requirements of producers for new varieties pave the way for more extensive and strenuous breeding projects. New breeding achievements are expected to outperform their predecessors in yield per plant, resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, and fruit quality, as well as show strong competitiveness and a more rapid return on investment [31,32,33,34]. There are over 100 breeding programs in progress around the world to develop promising apple cultivars [35], which would be essentially impossible without visualizing the end result in the form of an ideal variety model. An ideal variety model is a scientific projection identifying a combination of features and properties to ensure a desired level of yield, resistance, and other parameters [36].
The ideal variety should satisfy required yield levels, flexibility (suitability for cultivation in a broad range of environmental settings), proneness to technology (suitability for mechanized cultivation and harvesting), and high fruit quality. While developing a cultivar, meeting all the stated requirements seems impossible; successful breeding for specific agro-environmental conditions relies substantially on the unbiased determination of the model parameters of a regionally adapted variety, which makes it possible to obtain the closest approximation of an ideal variety in the most efficient and cost-effective way. Here, the model is interpreted as a set of specific quantitative and qualitative values of key economically relevant features and properties of plants achieved in a particular soil and climatic zone.
The descriptive model of an ideal commercial apple variety includes 28 parameters divided into three groups, including resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, yield per plant, product quality, and proneness to technology; see Figure 2. With regional environmental features identified, a regionally adapted model is developed and compared to the released varieties, which makes it possible to calculate the possibilities and risks involved in their production.
The key limiting factors for apple cultivation are temperature extremities, diseases, pests, and viruses. Temperature conditions are the prevailing factor responsible for the growth and development of fruit crops affecting all physiological processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, biochemical transformation, and the transport of substances and compounds [37,38]. Depending on the cultivation region, full ripening of apple fruits with the accumulation of bioactive substances requires the sum of active temperature (SAT, >10° C) from 2000 (Central region) to 3000 °C (Southern region) [39]. In Central Russia, the varieties adapted for intensified horticultural practices are expected to develop optimally and produce high-quality crops of up to 25–30 ton/ha at SATs of 1990–2000 °C, with a vegetation period of 190 days and solar intensity of up to 12 thousand lux. These varieties are also expected to withstand early winter frosts of −25 °C, mid-winter temperatures of −40 °C, daily temperature differences of −25 °C, and recurring frosts of −35 °C, without crop losses [40].
Winter hardiness is another limiting factor for all industry-scale horticultural areas; its most damaging component depends on the region [41,42]. An ideal variety is expected to show high resistance against all winter hardiness components as follows: early winter frosts of −25 °C, maximum resistance to frosts of −40 °C in mid-winter after organic rest, resistance in the thaw season with stem heating to −25 °C due to solar exposure, and the ability to restore resistance to frosts of −35 °C during rehardening after the thaw period [43,44]. High frost resistance (−40 °C) in mid-winter and average frost resistance after the thaw period (down to −37 °C) in a controlled environment have been demonstrated by the Marat Busurin, Antonovka Obyknovennaya, and Podarok Grafskomu cultivars released for cultivation in the Central District.
A winter hardiness study of apple cultivars in a controlled environment, carried out in the Central Chernozem District in January (component II) at a temperature as low as −40 °C, showed that the Bolotovskoe and Antonovka Obyknovennaya varieties had relatively high winter hardiness, while triploid varieties Zhilinskoe, Vavilovskoe, Osipovskoe, Patriot, Spasskoe, and Turgenevskoe, and diploid varieties Orlovskij Pioner, Rannee Aloe, Sokovinka, and Sinap Orlovskij, significantly outperformed the Melba reference variety in this respect and demonstrated reversible leaf bud and tissue damage (up to 2.0 points). The winter hardiness of bark and buds in triploid varieties Aleksandr Bojko, Maslovskoe, Orlovskij Partizan, and Prazdnichnoe matched that of Antonovka Obyknovennaya (frostnip up to 2.0 points), while their wood winter hardiness matched that of Melba (2.2 to 2.4 points) [45]. The optimal adaptation level of apple varieties in the North Caucasian District implies the ability of the plants to withstand early winter frosts (−15 °C), maximum frosts (below −40 °C), and post-thaw frosts (−25 °C) without damage [46]. The higher frost threat in April–May leads to stricter requirements for apple variety resistance against low temperatures of down to −23 °C in early spring and down to −8 °C during flower bud breakage. According to E.V. Ulyanovskaya and E.A. Belenko [47], apple varieties Feya, Soyuz, Orfej, Margo, Sirius, Noktyurn, Vasilisa, and Karmen, cultivated by the NCFSCHVW, and foreign varieties Florina, Dayton, Early Mac, Gala, and Gala Schniga have shown high resistance against springtime weather anomalies and come closest to the developed locally adapted variety model among all the apple varieties currently included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the North Caucasian District. Their prolonged bloom period acts as a protective adaptive response to low-temperature stress [40].
Drought resistance (hot dry winds during bloom period, air temperature above +25 °C; wind speed above 8 m/s; drought during fruit formation of over 20 days, drought during flower bud differentiation of over 35 days, drought during fruit filling of over 40 days) is less damaging than winter frosts and is mostly relevant for southern regions, where high air temperatures lead to crop reductions even with proper watering [37,48]. An ideal commercial variety is expected to have high drought resistance. O.E. Merezhko identified the genotypes showing high drought resistance in the South Urals’ conditions in varieties Persiyanka, Bolotovskoe, and Anis Sverdlovskij, which can be successfully introduced into production and used in breeding [49]. N.I. Nenko et al. assessed heat and drought resistance and identified the apple varieties (Prikubanskoe, Fortuna, Soyuz, and Rodnichok) that can be used as sources of drought resistance in breeding [50]. In addition, apple varieties Renet Platona, Iskra, Yuzhnye Nochi, and Solnce Kubani seem promising as sources of drought resistance, and the Atlasnoe variety as a drought resistance donor [51].
The biotic factors hindering the development of apple trees include pests, such as the green apple aphid (Aphis pomi Deg.), apple sucker (Psylla mali Schm.), apple mussel scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi L.), European fruit scale (Parthenolecanium corni Bouche), apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum L.), codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella L.), apple ermine moth (Hyponomeuta malinellus Zell.), lackey moth (Melacosoma neustria L.), black-veined white moth (Aporia crataegi L.), winter moth (Operophthera brumata L.), and apple sawfly (Haplocampa testudinea Klug.); diseases, such as apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint.), monilia disease (Monilinia fructigena (Pers.) Schr. and M. cinerea Pers.), and European canker (Neonectria ditissima Bres.); and viruses, such as apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), and apple mosaic virus. Little damage (1 point or less) from diseases and pests and immunity to viruses make an ideal variety not only economically profitable but also environmentally friendly due to the reduced use of crop protection agents.
Apple scab is among the most harmful apple diseases across all cultivation zones in Russia, capable of reducing crops down to 50%. Moreover, it significantly reduces the marketable quality of fruits, deteriorates the assimilation apparatus activity, and impairs the general condition of a tree, thereby affecting its winter hardiness and yield [11,12,13,52,53,54,55,56]. The disease is caused by the pathogenic fungus V. inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter. At present, over 280 apple cultivars have been obtained in Russia using sources and donors of oligogenic scab resistance, in most of whom the immunity is controlled by the Vf resistance gene. In the Central District, high resistance against the disease is found in varieties with a normal fruiting type, such as Arkadik, Imrus, Mayak Zagor’ya, etc.; in the Centra Chernozem District, it is found in diploid varieties such as Bolotovskoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Kandil’ Orlovskij, Solnyshk, Start, Stroevskoe, and Yubilej Moskvy; triploid varieties such as Aleksandr Bojko, Vavilovskoe, Maslovskoe, Rozhdestvenskoe, Yubilyar, and Yablochnyj Spas [57], and varieties Vympel, Uspenskoe, Fregat, Bylina, Flagman, and Akademik Kazakov [58]. Scab resistance (damage of 1 point or less in epiphytotic years) is demonstrated by varieties Arkadik, Mayak Zagor’ya, Imant, Imrus, Rozhdestvenskoe, and Gordeevskoe.
In foreign breeding practices, the highly scab-resistant transgenic lines of the Marshall McIntosh variety were obtained by transforming the apple genome with genes of Trichoderma atroviride P. Karst. fungus encoding the expression of antifungal proteins endochitinase and exochitinase (N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase) using the modified CaMV35S promoter [59]. The barley hordothionin gene (hth) was introduced into the Elstar and Gala plants to produce two transgenic lines consistently not susceptible to the disease in the case of artificial infestation in a natural environment during a four-year period [60]. Transgenic lines resistant to Rvi6 and other races were obtained by transforming Gala with a wheat-encoding Puroindoline-b (pinB) under a CaMV35S promoter [61] and HcrVf2 resistance gene [62]. Transgenic lines of the Gala and McIntosh varieties were obtained by transformation after introducing three full-length Vfa genes into plant cloning vector pCAMBIA2301. The lines expressing Vfa1 or Vfa2 showed partial resistance against apple scab [63].
Recently, monilia disease and European canker (Neonectria ditissima Bres) have been observed to cause significant damage to apple trees. Monilia disease or fruit rot is caused by two similar pathogens: M. fructigena with conidial stage M. fructigena Pers. and M. cinerea Pers. with conidial stage M. cinerea Bon. The autumn form of the conidial stage damages a significant portion of crops when it encounters mature fruits in gardens and then harvested crops in storage. A pathogenic fungus causing the so-called monilial burn (M. cinerea, a springtime form of the conidial stage), leading to branch drying and death in trees, is a major threat as well [64].
In the Central Chernozem District, resistance against fungal diseases is found in the following: Sinap Orlovskij (slightly affected by scab; resistant against M. fructigena; responds to M. cinerea infestation by loss of flowers, with fruits remaining unaffected; shows tolerance to black and European canker), Afrodita, Bolotovskoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Imrus, Kandil’ Orlovskij, Orlovskoe Poles’e, Svezhest’, Solnyshko, Stroevskoe, and Yubilej Moskvy (combine resistance to fruit rot with immunity to scab (Vf resistance gene)) [65,66].
The amount of soluble solids in fruits is what eventually determines their quality in storage. Dry soluble substances are mostly represented by sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose), organic acids (whose total is determined as a titratable acid), water-soluble vitamins (ascorbic acid and vitamin P-active catechins and leuco-anthocyanins), tannins and dyes, pectins, and mineral salts [67,68]. Sugars and organic acids determine the taste and technological qualities of fruits, participate in the physiological processes of plants, stimulate appetite, are easily digestible, and delay ageing [69,70]. The amount of sugar depends on the vegetation period conditions and significantly affects the quality of the obtained product. The less the chemical composition of a fruit changes depending on the weather conditions, the more promising it appears from a commercial perspective [71]. Acids in fruits are mostly represented by malic (72%), citric (17%), and succinic (6.8%) acids, while all the other acids amount to approximately 4% [72]. The total content of mineral substances in fruits falls within 0.2–1.5% of the wet weight basis. The mineral composition includes over 60 elements, such as potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, manganese, phosphorus, copper, nickel, molybdenum, boron, etc. [66,67,73]. Apple trees can synthesize useful vitamins. For instance, provitamin A, folic acid, and vitamin P-active compounds in fruits, combined with vitamin C and pectin, bind radioactive substances and remove them from the human body. The thiamine and riboflavin content varies from 0.017 to 0.030 mg/100 g, and carotene content from 0.015 to 0.035 mg/100 g. Polyphenols, including catechins, flavanols, and leuco-anthocyanins, affect the capillary porosity and maintain wall elasticity, which reduces the risk of internal hemorrhage [74]. According to multiple authors, the catechin content varies from 127 to 173 mg/100 g, flavanols from 7.1 to 15.1 mg/100 g, anthocyanins up to 42 mg%, and leuco-anthocyanins from 89 to 168 mg/100 g [75,76,77,78,79,80]. The highest content of common polyphenols at picking maturity has been observed in new scab-resistant varieties Margo and Lyubava, and introduced variety Florina, which may be used to derive genotypes with high content of vitamin P-active substances [47].
High storability is a desirable quality for intensified horticulture. E. N. Sedov and Z. M. Serova proposed improving the varietal diversity of Central Russia via the extensive introduction of cultivars whose fruits can be stored until late April–May, such as Aleksandr Bojko, Blagodat’, Vavilovskoe, Vita, Ministr Kiselev, Pamyati Hitrovo, Patriot, Turgenevskoe, and Yubilej Moskvy [81]. Triploid cultivars Avgusta and Daryona, characterized by regular fruit-bearing and high fruit quality, seem promising as well [82]. The following six cultivars combine minimal losses in storage with good fruit quality preservation: Mayak Zagor’ya (220 days), Gordeevskoe (220 days), Martovskoe (230 days), Svezhest’ (220 days), Imant (230 days), Sinap Orlovskij (240 days), Bogatyr’ (250 days), Antej (250 days), and Severnyj Sinap (250 days).
The apple-breeding community has been able to select genetic sources to breed apple trees for specific features and then combine them in one genotype, which makes it possible to create hybrids satisfying the ideal variety requirements. For instance, cultivars Arkadik, Mayak Zagor’ya, Imant, Imrus, Rozhdestvenskoe, and Gordeevskoe demonstrate scab resistance (damage of 1 point or less in epiphytotic years). At the same time, cultivars Imant, Gordeevskoe, Belorusskoe Sladkoe, and Mayak Zagor’ya are characterized by good fruit quality and taste (taste rating of at least 4.5 points).
In the European part of Russia, the optimal parameters of a commercial apple tree cultivar are as follows: plant height on a medium-sized rootstock under 3 m; potential yield per plant of at least 25–50 kg; high fruit uniformity above 80%; winter and late-winter harvest maturity period; high storability of over 210 days and good transportability; average fruit mass from 120 g to 220 g; juicy and shattering crisp pulp; small seed cavity; fragrant fruits with taste rating of at least 4.5 points; appearance rating of 5 points and attractive, mostly red, glossy color with natural wax bloom; regular, symmetric, but diverse shapes; content of sugar above 10%, ascorbic acid above 15 mg/100 g, organic acids up to 1% (for dessert varieties); content of soluble dry solids of at least 20%.

3. Conclusions

The cultivars that come closest to the regionally adapted model of an ideal variety based on the set of features discussed are as follows: regionally adapted varieties Feya, Soyuz, Orfej, Margo, Sirius, Noktyurn, Vasilisa, and Karmen in the North Caucasian District, and foreign cultivars Florina, Dayton, Early Mac, Gala, and Gala Schniga [23]; regionally adapted varieties Svezhest’, Orlovskoe Poles’e, Aprel’skoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Bolotovskoe, Vympel, Uspenskoe, Fregat, Bylina, Flagman, and Akademik Kazakov in the North Caucasian District; varieties Imrus, Mayak Zagor’ya, and Bolotovskoe in the Central District. These cultivars are characterized by high resistance against weather anomalies, scab immunity, high yields, marketable quality, and storability. In addition, in southern regions, a prolonged bloom period acts as a protective adaptive response to low-temperature stress.
Combining optimal values of all features in a single genotype is a problem to be solved in the future by obtaining and gradually reconsidering donors of individual features using the broad genetic base and various species, forms, and cultivars from different regions, both domestic and foreign.
Obtaining an ideal variety combining 28 features is the main goal of current research, using the whole body of accumulated knowledge and recent advances in instruments and analytical tools. The ideal apple variety model should be developed based on the domestic and foreign cutting-edge research results in breeding, genetics, physiology, biochemistry, and virology obtained using a complex multidisciplinary approach.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, I.M.K. and J.V.B.; methodology, N.Y.S. and J.V.B.; validation, S.N.E. and F.F.S.; formal analysis, N.Y.S., J.V.B., S.N.E., and F.F.S.; investigation, I.M.K.; resources, I.M.K. and T.A.T.; data curation, T.A.T.; writing—review and editing, S.N.E., F.F.S., N.Y.S., J.V.B., and. T.A.T.; validation, S.N.E. and F.F.S.; visualization, S.N.K.; supervision, I.M.K. and T.A.T.; project administration, J.V.B.; funding acquisition, I.M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This paper has been supported by the Russian Federation (agreement with the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, No. 075–15-2020–805, of 2 October 2020).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Borders of the industrial-scale apple cultivation zone of the Russian Federation. Wa—varieties for winter consumption; Oa—varieties for autumn consumption; A—varieties for summer consumption.
Figure 1. Borders of the industrial-scale apple cultivation zone of the Russian Federation. Wa—varieties for winter consumption; Oa—varieties for autumn consumption; A—varieties for summer consumption.
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Figure 2. Optimal values of key economic and biological features of an ideal commercial apple variety recommended for breeding and cultivation activities in the Russian Federation.
Figure 2. Optimal values of key economic and biological features of an ideal commercial apple variety recommended for breeding and cultivation activities in the Russian Federation.
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Table
Table 1. Area, yield, and harvested crop of apples in Russia from 2016 to 2020 (https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize accessed on 10 October 2022).
Table 1. Area, yield, and harvested crop of apples in Russia from 2016 to 2020 (https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize accessed on 10 October 2022).
Parameter201620172018201920205-Year Average
Area, K ha197.7171.2206.7211.2215.3200.42
Yield, ton/ha8.618.739.009.249.488.94
Harvested crop, M tons1.71.51.81.92.01.78
Table
Table 2. Distribution of the apple cultivars included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the Russian Federation depending on the consumption period, cultivation region, and originator.
Table 2. Distribution of the apple cultivars included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the Russian Federation depending on the consumption period, cultivation region, and originator.
Term of ConsumptionDistrict
1. Northern
SummerGornoaltaiskoe (1959)—Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Grushovka Moskovskaya (1947), Papirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky, Agroindustrial Society Thai
AutumnKorichnoe Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai; Osennee Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy
2. Northwestern
Early summerElena (2007)—Republican Scientific Industrial Associated Unitary Enterprise Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus)
SummerGrushovka Moskovskaya (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Vinnoe (1959), Pioner Severa (2001), Severnaya Zor’ka (2001)—Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Papirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Naliv Belyj (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Melba (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Gornoaltajskoe (1959)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Kitajka Zolotaya Rannyaya (1947)—Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Kovalenkovskoe (2006)—Republican Scientific Industrial Associated Unitary Enterprise Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus)
Late summerDruzhba Narodov (1999)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center
Early autumnAnis Polosatyj (1947)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Uslada (1996)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
AutumnAnis Alyj (1947)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Bessemyanka Michurinskaya (1947)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Korichnoe Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai; Osennee Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Korichnoe Novoe (1965)—Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Izbrannica (1999)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University; Dzhonagold (2016)—Joint Stock Company Garden Giant; Baltika (2002)—FSBSI Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM
Early winter Antonovka Obyknovennaya (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Aelita (1999)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Podarok (1979)—Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky
WinterPepin Shafrannyj (1947), Bogatyr’ (1971), Renet Chernenko (1986), Zvezdochka (1972)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Bashkirskij Krasavec (1947)—FSBSI Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Uelsi (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Festival’noe (2001)—Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Tellisaare (1964)—Agroindustrial Society Thai; Golden Delishes (1965)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, Agricultural Artel Novozavedenskoye Fruit Farm; Orlik®® (1986), Rozhdestvenskoe®® (2001), Ven’yaminovskoe®® (2001)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Druzhnoe (1987)—FSBSI Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM; Ajdared (1986)—Federal State Budget Scientific Institution North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, Novy Vek Limited Liability Company; Sinap Orlovskij®® (1989)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Vesyalina (2006)—Republican Scientific Industrial Associated Unitary Enterprise Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus)
Late winterAntej (2000), Alesya (2002), Belorusskoe Sladkoe (2006), Belorusskij Sinap (1988), Charavnica (2002), Pamyat’ Sikory (2002), Pamyat’ Syubarovoj (2002)—Republican Scientific Industrial Associated Unitary Enterprise Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus); Ladoga (2002)—FSBSI Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM
3. Central
Early summerElena (2007)—Republican Scientific Industrial Associated Unitary Enterprise Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus); Arkadik®® (2008)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery
SummerGrushovka Moskovskaya (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Papirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Melba (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Iyul’skoe Chernenko (1965)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Mantet (1986), Dialog®® (2004)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Yablochnyj Spas®® (2009)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Sergiana (2002)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University; Kovalenkovskoe (2006)—Republican Scientific Industrial Associated Unitary Enterprise Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus)
Late summerDesertnoe Kichiny®® (2022)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Bryanskoe Aloe (2015)—FSBSI Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology; Orlovim (1999)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Pamyati Tihomirova (2006)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
Early autumnAnis Polosatyj (1947)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Brusnichnoe (2001)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Doch’ Vagnera (2002), Uslada (1996), Moskvichka (2004)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
AutumnBessemyanka Michurinskaya (1947), Doch’ Korichnogo (1965), YUnyj Naturalist (1993)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Korichnoe Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai; Osennee Polosatoe®® (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Korichnoe Novoe (1965)—Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Orlovskoe Polosatoe (1986), Orlovskij Pioner (1999), Zaryanka (1999)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Izbrannica (1999)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University; Gala (2014)—Institute of Horticulture of the Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Irrigated Horticulture (Ukraine), JSC Crimean Fruit Company; Malyuha®® (2015), Gordeevskoe®® (2013), CHervonec®® (2008), Triumf®® (2015)—Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Osennyaya Susova (2001)—Susov Vladimir Ivanovich.
Late autumnPamyat’ Isaeva®® (2008)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Zhigulevskoe (1965)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens
Early winter Antonovka Obyknovennaya (1947), Marat Busurin®® (2001), Ostankino®® (2002), Prezident®® (2004)—Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Morozovskoe®® (2011), Orlovskaya Zarya (2002)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Doch’ Mekintosha (2002)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
WinterBlagovest (2010), Bogatyr’ (1971), Bylina (2008), Pepin Shafrannyj (1947), Martovskoe (1993), Renet CHernenko (1986), Renet Karpova (2002), Zvezdochka (1972)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Mayak Zagor’ya®® (2008), Legenda®® (2008), Valyuta®® (2004), Uelsi (1947), Spartan (1988)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Golden Delishes (1965)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, Agricultural Artel Novozavedenskoye Fruit Farm; Imrus®® (1996), Kulikovskoe (1997), Orlik®® (1986), Orlovskoe Poles’e (2001), Solnyshko®® (2001), Stroevskoe®® (2001), Ven’yaminovskoe®® (2001), Slavyanin®® (2008), Veteran (1989) ®®, Bolotovskoe®® (2001), Kandil’ Orlovskij®® (2001), Kurnakovskoe (2002), Pepin Orlovskij (2001), Rozhdestvenskoe®® (2001)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Ajdared (1986)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, Novy Vek Limited Liability Company; Chashnikovskoe (2002), Moskovskoe Krasnoe (2002), Polivitaminnoe (2002), Tat’yanin Den’ (2006)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University; Sinap Orlovskij®® (1989)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Bryanskoe (2001)—FSBSI Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology; Moskovskoe Ozherel’e (2008), YAntarnoe Ozherel’e (2008)—Kachalkin Mikhail Vitalievich; Syabryna (2013), Vesyalina (2006)—Republican Scientific Industrial Associated Unitary Enterprise Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus)
Late winterGrani Smit (2006)—Federal State Budget Scientific Institution North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Moskovskoe Pozdnee (2001), Moskovskoe (2008), Moskovskoe Zimnee (2002)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University; Antej (2000), Alesya (2002), Belorusskoe Sladkoe (2006), Charavnica (2002), Imant (2009), Nadzejny (2013), Pamyat’ Sikory (2002), Pamyat’ Syubarovoj (2002), Pospekh (2013), Verbnoe (2009), Zaslavskoe (2009)—Republican Scientific Industrial Associated Unitary Enterprise Institute for Fruit Growing (Belarus); Bryanskoe Zolotistoe (2005), Vikor (2010)—FSBSI Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology; Lukomor®® (2017), Podarok Grafskomu®® (2001)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Svezhest’®® (2001)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding
4. Volgo-Vyatsky
Early summerAksyona (2022)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
SummerAromat uktusa (2009), Iset’ belaya (2004), Papiroyantarnoe (2002), Serebryanoe Kopytce (1988), Gornist (2002)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Gornoaltajskoe (1959), Altajskoe krapchatoe (1985), Ermakovskoe Gornoe (2001)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Grushovka Moskovskaya (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Kitajka Zolotaya Rannyaya (1947)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Melba (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Naliv Rozovyj (1959)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Papirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky
Early autumnAnis Polosatyj (1947)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens
AutumnAnis Alyj (1947)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Anis Sverdlovskij (2002), Ural’skoe Nalivnoe (1959), Sokovoe 3 (2002),—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Korichnoe Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai; Osennee Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Suvenir Altaya (1999), Tatanakovskoe (2000)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Yunyj Naturalist (1993)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center
Late autumnKrasa Sverdlovska (1992), Ekrannoe (2002)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Kushnarenkovskoe Osennee (2009)—FSBSI Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Early winter Antonovka Obyknovennaya (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Rodnikovaya (2004), Rumyanka Sverdlovskaya (2009)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
WinterBashkirskij Krasavec (1947), Uralec (1959), Isetskoe pozdnee (1990), Persiyanka (1992), Simvol (2002)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Bogatyr’ (1971), Pepin Shafrannyj (1947), Renet Chernenko (1986), Zvezdochka (1972)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Bryanskoe (2001)—FSBSI Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology; Veteran (1989)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Renet Tatarskij (1959)—FSBSI Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Late winterBlagaya vest’ (2004), Fermer (2009), Pervoural’skaya (2004)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moskovskoe Pozdnee (2001)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
5. Central Chernozem
Early summerKrasnyj Dar (2009)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Novella (2009)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, CJSC Firm Agrocomplex
SummerAvgustina (2006)—JSC Rossoshanskaya Zonal Experimental Gardening Station; ZHeneva Erli (2017)—OOO Gardens of Belogoria; Krasnoe Rannee (1994), Krasulya (2009), Letnee Aloe (2002)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Maslovskoe, 2010—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Melba (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Orlinka (2001), Osipovskoe (2013), Radost’ Nadezhdy (2011), Rannee Aloe (1998)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Papirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Redfri (2000)—Agricultural Artel Fruit Farm Novozavedenskoye, FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Yablochnyj Spas (2009)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking
Late summerAvgusta (2008), Zhelannoe (2002), Darena (2011), Yubilyar (2009)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Galakub (2007)—Joint Stock Company Garden Giant; Minnevoshta (2022)—Regents of the University of Minnesota; Celesta (2022)—Limited Liability Company Agronomist Garden
AutumnAkademicheskaya (2006), Korall (2005), Mihajlovskaya (2005), Rossoshanskoe Avgustovsko (1986), Natal’yushka (2005)—JSC Rossoshanskaya Zonal Experimental Gardening Station; Bessemyanka Michurinskaya (1947), Skala (2001), Uspenskoe (2004)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Gala (2014)—Institute of Horticulture of the Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Irrigated Horticulture (Ukraine), JSC Crimean Fruit Company; Dzhonagold (2016), Red Chif (2016)—Joint Stock Company Garden Giant; Korichnoe Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai; Orlovskoe Polosatoe (1986)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Osennee Polosatoe®® (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Solnechnoe (2009)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Slava Peremozhcam (1975)—Agricultural Artel Novozavedenskoye Fruit Farm, FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Tambovskoe (2019)—Limited Liability Company Agronomist-Garden
Late autumnAl’va (2017)—OOO Gardens of Belogorya; Pamyat’ Ul’yanishcheva (2004), Viktoriya (2005)—JSC Rossoshanskaya Zonal Experimental Gardening Station; Zhigulevskoe (1965)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Orlovskaya Eseniya (2019), Prazdnichnoe (2022)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Honejkrisp (2017)—OOO Gardens of Belogorya, Novy Vek Limited Liability Company
Early winter Antonovka Obyknovennaya (1947)—Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Bezhin Lug®® (2010), Nizkorosloe (1997), Ivanovskoe®® (2010), Morozovskoe®® (2011)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Gotika (2015), Stela (2011), Strela®® (2011)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Liberti (2000)—Agricultural Artel Novozavedenskoye Fruit Farm, FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking
WinterAjdared (1986)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, Novy Vek Limited Liability Company; Akademik Kazakov®® (2013), Bogatyr’ (1971), Kaskad (2015), Munster®® (2019), Vishnevaya (1986), Vympel®® (2010), Gejzer (2015), Blagovest (2010), Flagman®® (2009), Severnyj sinap (1959), Renet Chernenko (1986), Pepin Shafrannyj (1947), Renet Karpova (2002), CHarodejka (2010), Pamyat’ Michurina (1965), Fregat®® (2009), Pamyati Nesterova®® (2016), Bylina (2008)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Aleksandr Bojko®® (2013)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Ambroziya (2022), Aprel’skoe (2019), Pepin Chernenko (2019)—Limited Liability Company Agronomist Garden; Afrodita (2006), Bolotovskoe®® (2001), Girlyanda®® (2018), Den’ Pobedy®® (2020), Kulikovskoe (1997), Kurnakovskoe (2002), Imrus®® (1996), Zdorov’e (2001), Ministr Kiselev (2017), Orlik®® (1986), Orlovskoe Poles’e (2001), Orlovskij Partisan®® (2010), Pamyati Hitrovo (2001), Pamyat’ Semakinu (2001), Pamyat’ Voinu (1997), Priokskoe®® (2014), Poeziya®® (2015), Patriot®® (2013), Kandil’ Orlovskij®® (2001), Start (2002), Ven’yaminovskoe®® (2001), Stroevskoe®® (2001), Solnyshko®® (2001), Vavilovskoe®® (2015), Rozhdestvenskoe®® (2001), Vostorg®® (2016), Veteran®® (1989), Turgenevskoe (2021), Yubilej Moskvy (2002)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; WA 38®® (2022)—Washington State University; Golden Delishes (1965)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, Agricultural Artel Novozavedenskoye Fruit Farm; Ligol (2017)—OOO Gardens of Belogorya; Linda (2009), Orion (2009)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, CJSC Firm Agrocomplex; Lobo (1972), Spartan (1988), Uelsi (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Renet Simirenko (1947), Florina (2000)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Rossoshanskoe Polosatoe (1959)—JSC Rossoshanskaya Zonal Experimental Gardening Station; Sinap Orlovskij®® (1989)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Studencheskoe (1989)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
Late winterLigol Red (2019), Red Ajdared (2019)—Limited Liability Company Agronomist Garden; Svezhest’ (2001)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding
6. North Caucasian
Early summerFeya (2019)—LLC MIP Yugplodopitornik, FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Novella (2009)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, CJSC Firm Agrocomplex; Luch (2004), Krasnyy Dar (2009), Kubanskoye Rumyanoye (2013)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking
SummerPapirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Melba (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Mantete (1986)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Gaia®® (2016), Renoir (2016), Smeralda®® (2016), Gemini (2020)—C.I.V.—Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti—Societa’ Consortile A R.L.; Piros (2020)—OOO Garden-Giant Agrotechnologies; ARK Sharm (2020)—OOO Garden-Giant Ingushetia; Geneva Early (2017)—OOO Gardens of Belogoria; Redfrey (2000), Vadimovka (2002), Fortuna (2009), Zolotoye Letneye (2011), Ochi Chernyye (2018)—Federal State Budget Scientific Institution North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Summer Dagestan®® (2013)—FSBSI Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Republic of Dagestan; Soyuz®® (2019)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Luchistoye (2008), Beloye Solntse (2009)—Federal Research Center N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources
Late summerPrima (1996), Alenushkino (1999)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Alyye Parusa (2014)—The Nikitsky Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Galakub®® (2007), Summer Red (2016), Delbarestival (2017), Sanse (2017)—Joint Stock Company Garden Giant; CIVG198®® (2015)—C.I.V.—Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti—Societa’ Consortile A R.L.; Yunona (2021)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Leto Krasnoye (2009), Shchedrost’ (2009)—Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources
AutumnBel’fler-kitayka (1947)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Slava Peremozhcam (1975)—Agricultural Artel Novozavedenskoye Fruit Farm, FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Rossoshanskoye Avgustovskoye (1986), Coral (2005), Mikhaylovskaya (2005), Natal’yushka (2005)—JSC Rossoshan Zone Experimental Station of Gardening; Jonagold (2016), Pinova (2016), Red Chif (2016), Mantuan (2020)—Joint Stock Company Garden Giant; Starkrimson (2020)—OOO Garden-Giant Agrotechnologies; Magas (2020)—OOO Garden-Giant Ingushetia; Gala (2014)—Institute of Gardening of the Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Irrigated Horticulture; Balaklavskoye (2014)—The Nikitsky Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Chernomorskoye Indenko (2009)—Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Science; Solnechnoye (2009), Carmen (2014), Talisman (2014)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Narodnoye Dagestana (2006)—FSBSI Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Republic of Dagestan
Late autumnZhigulevskoye (1965)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Champion Reno (2019)—OOO Yuzhnye Zemli Krymsky District; Honeycrisp (2017)—OOO Gardens of Belogoria; Fuji (2022)—Joint Stock Company Garden Giant; Favorite (2014)—The Nikitsky Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Galma (2014), Kankr (2014), —JSC ‘Crimean Fruit Company’; Samorodok Kubany (2004)—FSBEI Kuban State Agrarian University named after I. T. Trubylin; Viktoriya (2005)—JSC Rossoshan Zone Experimental Station of Gardening; Vasilisa®® (2013)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding
Early winter Belosnezhka (2014), Krymskoye (2014), Salgirskoe (2014), Predgornoye (2014)—The Nikitsky Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Orfey®® (2019)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Liberty (2000)—Agricultural Artel Fruit Farming Novozavedenskoe; Gornoye (2006)—FSBSI Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Republic of Dagestan; Nimfa (2002), Pamyat’ Yesaulu®® (2002), Persikovoye (2002)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking
WinterDelicious (1947)—Agricultural Artel Fruits Novozavedenskoe; Pepin Shafrannyy (1947)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Jonathan (1947), Renet Symyrenko (1947), Golden Delicious (1965), Idared (1986), Korea (1986), Delicess Spur (1997), Florina (2000), Kazachka Kubanskaya (2009), Linda (2009), Orion (2009), Prestige (2009), Bagryanets Kubani®® (2019)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Welsi (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Izumitel’noye (1974)—JSC Rossoshan Zone Experimental Station of Gardening; Miginc (1947), Dagestanskoye Zimneye (1990)—FSBSI Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Republic of Dagestan; Avrora Krymskaya (1992), Kimmeriya (2014), Rumyanyy Al’pinist (2014)—The Nikitsky Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Red Jonaprince (2022)—OOO Plodoobedinenie Gardens of Stavropol; Red Delicious (2019)—OOO Yuzhnye Zemli Krymsky District; Brabval (2014), Everia (2014), Goldcrym (2014), Goldpet (2014), Grensit (2014), Jokos (2014), Ledi Krym (2014), Sars (2014), Sibel (2014), Sprint (2014), Fujina (2014), Horngold (2014)—JSC Crimean Fruit Company; Margo®® (2019)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Aport ACC®® (2018)—Federal State Budget Scientific Institution North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Kubanochka (2008), Zolotoy Potok (2008), Alla (2021)—Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources; Ven’yaminovskoye®® (2001), Kandil’ Orlovskiy®® (2001), Rozhdestvenskoye (2001), Afrodita (2006)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding
Late winterKrymskoye Zimneye (2014), Tavriya (2014)—The Nikitsky Botanical Gardens—National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Kuban’ Spur (1997), Renet Kubanskiy (1998), Pamyat’ Sergeyevu (2000), DIN ART (2002), Prikubanskoye®® (2002), Kubanskoye Bagryanoye (2003), Granny Smith (2006), Renet Platona®® (2021), Delishes Marii®® (2022)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Kazanishchenskoye (2000), Yubileynoye Alibekova (2006), Battalovskoye®® (2013)—FSBSI Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Republic of Dagestan; Fujik®® (2007)—JSC Crimean Fruit Company
7. Middle Volga
SummerGrushovka Moskovskaya (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Doch’ Papirovki (1959)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Iyul’skoe Chernenko (1965)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Kamskaya®® (2022)—FSBSI Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Mantet (1986)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Melba (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Papirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky
Late summerDruzhba Narodov (1999)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center
Early autumnAnis Polosatyj (1947)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens
AutumnAnis Alyj (1947), Spartak (1959), Samara (2022)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Korichnoe Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai; Orlovskoe Polosatoe (1986)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Osennee Polosatoe (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, FSBSO Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Volzhskaya Krasavica (1974), Ten’kovskaya (2009)—FSBSI Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Late autumnZHigulevskoe (1965), Kadril’®® (2018), Pamyat’ kedrina (2019), Samarskij rubin®® (2018)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens
Early winter Antonovka Obyknovennaya (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Utes (2005)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens
WinterBashkirskij Krasavec (1947)—FSBSI Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Veteran®® (1989), Kulikovskoe (1997)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Martovskoe (1993), Pepin Shafrannyj (1947), Renet Chernenko (1986), Severnyj Sinap (1959), Zvezdochka (1972), Zimnee Polosatoe (1999)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Kujbyshevskoe (1979), Kutuzovec (1979)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Moskovskoe Krasnoe (2002)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University; Renet Povolzh’ya (2022), Renet Tatarskij (1959)—FSBSI Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Sinap Orlovskij®® (1989)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding, FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center
Late winterMoskovskoe Zimnee (2002)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
8. Nizhnevolzhsk
SummerPapirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Melba (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Krasnoye Ranneye (1994)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Geneva Early (2017)—OOO Gardens of Belogoria
AutumnSlava Peremozhcam (1975)—Agricultural Artel Novozavedenskoye Fruit Farm, FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Orlovskoye Polosatoye (1986)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Izbrannitsa (1999)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University; Starkrimson (2020)—OOO Garden-Giant Agrotechnologies; Gala (2014)—Institute of Gardening of the Ukrainian Agrarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Irrigated Horticulture; Khvalynskoye (2008)—Kondrateva Galina Viktorovna
Late autumnZhigulevskoye (1965)—State Budgetary Institution of the Samara Region Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants; Honeycrisp (2017)—OOO Gardens of Belogoria
Early winter Antonovka Obyknovennaya (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery
WinterPepin Shafrannyy (1947), Severnyy Sinap (1959), Pamyat’ Michurina (1965), Vishnevaya (1986)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Zheltoye Rebristoye (1959)—State Budgetary Institution of the Samara Region Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants; Renet Symyrenko (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Rossoshanskoye Polosatoye (1959)—JSC Rossoshan Zone Experimental Station of Gardening; Welsi (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Golden Delicious (1965), Idared (1986), Florina (2000)—Federal State Budget Scientific Institution North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Orlyk (1986), Olimpiyskoye (1999)—FSBSI Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding; Berkutovskoye (1987), Pervenets Rtishcheva (1995), Paskhal’noye (2008)—Kondrateva Galina Viktorovna; Renet Zolotoy Kurskiy (2018)—LLC National Food Group Gardens of Pridonya; Red Delicious (2019)—LLC Yuzhnye Zemli Krymsky District; Ligol (2017)—LLC Gardens of Belogoria
Late winterKubanskoye Bagryanoye (2003), Granny Smith (2006)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking; Moskovskoye Zimneye (2002)—Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Lomonosov Moscow State University
9. Ural
SummerGrushovka Moskovskaya (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Doch’ Papirovki (1959)—State Budgetary Institution of the Samara Region Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants; Letneye Polosatoye (1965), Miasskoe (1988), Serebryanoye Kopyttse (1988), Beloye Letneye (2002), Gornist®® (2002), Chudnoye (2001), Papiroyantarnoye®® (2002)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Altayskoye Rumyanoye (1985)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology
Late summerOrenburgskoye (2008)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery
Early autumnAnis Polosatyy (1947)—State Budgetary Institution of the Samara Region Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants; Pamyat’ Zhavoronkova (1986)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
AutumnSpartak (1959)—State Budgetary Institution of the Samara Region Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants; Ural’skoye Nalivnoye (1959), Nadezhda (1993), Kovrovoye (2001), Prizemlennoye (2001), Anis Sverdlovskiy®® (2002), Bochonok (2002), Kopeyskoye (2002), Detskoye (2003)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Buzov’yazovskoye (2009)—FSBSI Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Late autumnBashkirskiy Izumrud (2001), Agidel’®® (2022), Priiskovskoe (2002), Kushnarenkovskoye Osenneye (2009)—FSBSI Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Early winter Antonovka Obyknovennaya (1947), Arkaim (2017), Orenburgskoye Pozdneye (2017)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Bulyak (2004), Bel’fler Bashkirskiy (2008), Priuralskoe®® (2022)—FSBSI Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Sverdlovchanin®® (2018)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
WinterBashkirskiy Krasavets (1947), Seyanets Titovki (2002)—FSBSI Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Uralets (1959), Isetskoye Pozdneye (1990), Persiyanka (1992), Bratchud (2001), Podsnezhnik (2001), Sokolovskoye (2001), Simvol (2002), Kibo (2003)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Renet Chernenko (1986)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Altayskoye Purpurovoye (1999)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Orskoye (2008), Trudovoye (2012)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery
10. West Siberian
Early summerBarnaul’skoe Rannee (2000)—FSBSI “Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology”; Minusinskoe Letnee (2005)—Federal Research Center Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch
SummerGrushovka Moskovskaya (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization, Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Papirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Chara (1988), Krasa Stepi (1987)—Federal State Unitary Enterprise Novosibirsk Zonal Gardening Station of the Russian Agricultural Academy; Melba (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Altajskoe Krapchatoe (1985), Altajskoe Rumyanoe (1985), Altajskoe Yantarnoe®® (2009), Ermakovskoe Gornoe (2001), Gornoaltajskoe (1959), Krasnaya Gorka (2001), Kuznecovskoe (2001), Nezhenka (2004), Shushenskoe®® (2013), Smuglyanochka (2001), Solov’evskoe (2001), Surhuraj (2007), Zhebrovskoe (1999), Zhar Ptica (1998)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Alenushka (1974), Minusinskoe Krasnoe (1979)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Sibirskij Suvenir (1989)—Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Gornist®® (2002), Serebryanoe Kopytce (1988)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Late summerKomarovskoe (2001), Strojnoe (2004), Tolunaj (2007), Yunga (2004)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology
Early autumnPal’metta (1988), Veselovka (1994)—Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Zarevo (2001)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology
AutumnFonarik (1974), Laletino (1947), Mana (1991), Ranetka Purpurovaya (1947), Sinap Minusinskij (2002)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Ural’skoe Nalivnoe (1959)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Altajskoe Bagryanoe (1988), Altajskaya Krasavica (2009), Doktor Kunovskij (2004), Osennyaya Radost’ (1974), Podarok Sadovodam (1998), Poklon SHukshinu®® (2013), Suvenir Altaya (1999), Zimnij SHafran (1994)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology
Late autumnBayana (2007), Chupinskoe ®® (2022), Gornyj Sinap (2009), Yubilejnoe Kalininoj®® (2022)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Kulundinskoe (1992)—Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
Early winter Altynaj (2009)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Lebedinaya Pesnya (1996)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch
WinterAltajskoe Purpurovoe (1999), Altajskoe Zimnee (2001), Feniks Altajskij (1974), Zavetnoe (1995)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Persiyanka (1992)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Pepin Shafrannyj (1947)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center
11. East Siberian
Early summerMinusinskoe Letnee (2005)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch
SummerAlenushka (1974), Minusinskoe Krasnoe (1979), Tubinskoe (1988)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Grushovka Moskovskaya (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization, Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East, named after N.V. Rudnitskiy; Dubrovinka (1997), Lidiya®® (2015), Pervenec Buryatii (1993), Podarok Bamu (1990)—FSBSI Buryat Research Institute of Agriculture; Papirovka (1947)—Agroindustrial Society Thai, Agricultural Production Cooperative Plemzavod Maysky; Melba (1947)—FSBSI North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Organization, Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Chara (1988)—Federal State Unitary Enterprise Novosibirsk Zonal Gardening Station of the Russian Agricultural Academy; Chudnoe (2001)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Smuglyanochka (2001)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology
Late summerMinusinskoe Desertnoe (1988)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Slava Buryatii (1988)—FSBSI Buryat Research Institute of Agriculture
Early autumnLyubimica SHevchenko (1991), Milena (2010), Mart’yanovskoe (2000)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Komsomolec Buryatii (1987), Malinka (1988)—FSBSI Buryat Research Institute of Agriculture
AutumnAltajskoe Bagryanoe (1988), Osennyaya Radost’ (1974), Podarok Sadovodam (1998), Zimnij SHafran (1994)—Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Bessemyanka Michurinskaya (1947)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Spartak (1959)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Alaya Zarya®® (2021), Laletino (1947), Ranetka Purpurovaya (1947), Sinap Minusinskij (2002), Fonarik (1974), Yubilejnoe Shevchenko (2005)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Sokovoe 3®® (2002), Ural’skoe Nalivnoe (1959)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Krasa Buryatii (2001)—FSBSI Buryat Research Institute of Agriculture; Yantarka Altajskaya (1947)—Closed Joint Stock Company Amurplodsemprom
Late autumnZhigulevskoe (1965)—SBI of the Samara Region Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture and Medicinal Plants Zhiguli Gardens; Ekrannoe®® (2002)—FSBSI Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Early winterAntonovka Obyknovennaya (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Krasnoyarskoe Sladkoe (1988), Lebedinaya Pesnya (1996)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch
WinterPepin Shafrannyj (1947), Severnyj Sinap (1959)—FSBSI I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center; Uelsi (1947)—FSBSO Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery; Zavetnoe (1995)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology; Doch’ Pepinchika (2006), Lada (1989), Lojko (2007), Zhivinka (1993)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Hakasskij Sinap (2009)—Piskunov Evgenij Ivanovich, Plekhanova Ol’ga Aleksandrovna
Late winterPodruga (1986)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Shafran Sayanskij (2002), Zimnee Bajkalova (2002)—Bajkalov Ivan Leont’evich
12. Far Eastern
SummerAborigen (1974), Avgustovskoe Dal’nevostochnoe (1959)—Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, Khabarovsk Federal Research Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Altajskoe Rumyanoe (1985)—FSBSI Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology;
AutumnLaletino (1947)—Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch; Ural’skoe Nalivnoe (1959)—Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Amurskoe Urozhajnoe (1959), Avangard (1965), Naliv Amurskij (1965)—Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science, Khabarovsk Federal Research Center of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Efremovskoe (1959), Yantarka Altajskaya (1947)—Closed Joint Stock Company Amurplodsemprom; Baganenok (1989)—Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
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Kulikov, I.M.; Burmenko, J.V.; Svistunova, N.Y.; Evdokimenko, S.N.; Sazonov, F.F.; Tumaeva, T.A.; Konovalov, S.N. Regionally Adapted Model of an Ideal Malus×domestica Borkh Apple Variety for Industrial-Scale Cultivation in European Russia. Agriculture 2022, 12, 2124. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture12122124

AMA Style

Kulikov IM, Burmenko JV, Svistunova NY, Evdokimenko SN, Sazonov FF, Tumaeva TA, Konovalov SN. Regionally Adapted Model of an Ideal Malus×domestica Borkh Apple Variety for Industrial-Scale Cultivation in European Russia. Agriculture. 2022; 12(12):2124. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture12122124

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kulikov, Ivan M., Julia V. Burmenko, Natalya YU. Svistunova, Sergey N. Evdokimenko, Fedor F. Sazonov, Tatyana A. Tumaeva, and Sergey N. Konovalov. 2022. "Regionally Adapted Model of an Ideal Malus×domestica Borkh Apple Variety for Industrial-Scale Cultivation in European Russia" Agriculture 12, no. 12: 2124. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture12122124

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