Growth of Lettuce in Hydroponics Fed with Aerobic- and Anaerobic–Aerobic-Treated Domestic Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Experimental Hydroponic Set-Up
2.2. Treatments
2.2.1. Hoagland Solution (HS)
2.2.2. Conventional Aerobic-Treated Wastewater (CE)
2.2.3. Ozonised CE (CEO)
2.2.4. Anaerobically Pre-Treated and Nitrified Wastewater (AN)
2.2.5. Biological Activated Carbon-Filtered AN Water (ANC)
2.3. Experimental Operation
2.4. Sampling
2.5. Climate Measurements
2.6. Determination of Leaf Chlorophyll
2.7. Water and Plant Analytics
2.8. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. First Experiment
3.1.1. Greenhouse Climate and Water Temperatures
3.1.2. Treatment Solutions
Nutrient Contents
pH
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
3.1.3. Plant Development
Biomass
Shoot and Root Nutrient Content
Relative Chlorophyll Concentration
3.1.4. Second Experiment
4. Discussion
4.1. Suitability of Unamended Aerobic- and Anaerobic–Aerobic-Treated Domestic Wastewater for Lettuce Production
Nutrient Uptake of Lettuce from Aerobically and Anaerobically–Aerobically Treated Domestic Wastewater
4.2. Greenhouse Climate and Water Temperatures
4.3. Effect of Ozonation at Low Temperatures
5. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dissolved Oxygen (mg L−1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st Experiment | 2nd Experiment | |||
Inflow | Outflow | Inflow | Outflow | |
CE | 6.2 | 5.4 a | 8.7 | 8.1 a |
CEO | 16.1 | 12.6 c | 19.5 | 11.0 c,# |
AN | 6.8 | 5.5 b | 9.8 | 7.5 ns |
ANC | 8.3 | 6.9 c | 9.9 | 9.1 b |
Dry Matter | N | P | K | Ca | Mg | S | B | Fe | Mn | Zn | Cu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrient Content | mg kg−1 | ||||||||||
1 Min | 45,000 | 7855 | 49,805 | 10,721 | 3619 | 2000 | 24 | 100 | 20 | 30 | 7 |
1 Max | 60,000 | 13,092 | 99,610 | 21,441 | 9048 | 4000 | 40 | 600 | 200 | 330 | 17 |
2 Min | 45,000 | 4500 | 42,000 | 12,000 | 3500 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 7 | ||
2 Max | 55,000 | 7000 | 60,000 | 21,000 | 6000 | 60 | 100 | 80 | 15 | ||
3 | 40,000 | 50,000 | 2800 | 220 | 50 | 55 | 8 | ||||
4 | 35,417 | 1733 | 67,933 | 12,400 | 3786 | 2133 | 81 | 120 | 48 | 2 | |
5 | 41,300 | 4530 | 48,600 | 9710 | 2730 | 2730 | 20 | 485 | 83 | 10 | 10 |
6 | 44,340 | 5203 | 79,820 | 18,020 | 4728 | 3300 | 95 | 22 | 49 | 10 | |
Target | 45,000 | 6300 | 62,000 | 15,000 | 3500 | 2700 | 35 | 120 | 80 | 80 | 10 |
Nutrient supply with 565 l treated wastewater in % of the demand for the production of 680 g biomass | |||||||||||
CE | −55 | 762 | 420 | 6926 | 4235 | 16,577 | 5314 | 1941 | 816 | 600 | 1119 |
CEO | −45 | 756 | 420 | 6945 | 4227 | 16,593 | 5314 | 2621 | 870 | 643 | 1407 |
AN | 1468 | 2087 | 466 | 6926 | 4480 | 13,087 | 5314 | 2117 | 400 | 1308 | 4334 |
ANC | 1456 | 1919 | 447 | 6473 | 4461 | 13,413 | 3940 | −100 | −50 | 169 | 126 |
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Germer, J.; Brandt, C.; Rasche, F.; Dockhorn, T.; Bliedung, A. Growth of Lettuce in Hydroponics Fed with Aerobic- and Anaerobic–Aerobic-Treated Domestic Wastewater. Agriculture 2023, 13, 1529. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture13081529
Germer J, Brandt C, Rasche F, Dockhorn T, Bliedung A. Growth of Lettuce in Hydroponics Fed with Aerobic- and Anaerobic–Aerobic-Treated Domestic Wastewater. Agriculture. 2023; 13(8):1529. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture13081529
Chicago/Turabian StyleGermer, Jörn, Christian Brandt, Frank Rasche, Thomas Dockhorn, and Alexa Bliedung. 2023. "Growth of Lettuce in Hydroponics Fed with Aerobic- and Anaerobic–Aerobic-Treated Domestic Wastewater" Agriculture 13, no. 8: 1529. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriculture13081529