Mycosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Screened Trichoderma Isolates and Their Antifungal Activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fungal Isolates and Mycelial Growth
2.2. Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Trichoderma Isolates.
2.3. Characterization of AgNPs
2.4. Inhibitory Activity of Synthetic AgNPs against Mycelial Growth
2.5. Effect of AgNPs on Sclerotial Production
2.6. Determination of Effect of AgNPs on, Myceliogenic Germination of Sclerotia
3. Results
3.1. Synthesis of Nanoparticles
3.2. Characterization of AgNPs
3.3. Inhibitory Activity against Hyphal Growth
3.4. Inhibitory Activity against Sclerotial Production
3.5. Inhibitory Activity against Myceliogenic Germination of Sclerotia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Description | Wavenumber (cm−1) | Differences | Possible Reason for the Shift Alteration | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fungal Extract | AgNPs Powder | ||||
1 | N–H stretching vibrations | – | 3421.24 | – | Interaction with proteins |
2 | O–H stretching vibrations | 3369 | 3292.99 | −76.20 | Interaction with proteins or negatively charged carboxyl groups in gliotoxin |
3 | C–H stretching vibration (alkanes) | 2853.06 | 2851.02 | −2.04 | Interaction with fatty acids and carbohydrates |
4 | CO2 stretching vibrations | – | 2360.24 and 2341.89 | – | An increase in carbon dioxide in the extract or poor purge stability of the instrument |
5 | Carbonyl group (C=O), amide I group stretching vibrations | 1654.56 | 1653.61 | −0.95 | Binding with proteins |
6 | Amide II group stretching vibrations | 1541.77 | 1540.80 | −0.97 | Interaction with proteins |
7 | P=O stretching in phospholipids and the C=O group in polysaccharides | 1080.44 | 1077.96 | −2.48 | Interactions with lipids and carbohydrates |
8 | C–H bending vibration that was adjacent to the substituent group | – | 832.17 | +13.49 1 | Interactions with heterocyclic compounds |
9 | C–S–H group stretching vibrations | – | 668.59 | +18.33 1 | Ag binding with sulfur from the reduced forms of gliotoxin |
10 | C–O–C and P–O–C on phospholipids, aromatics, amino acids and ketones stretching vibrations | 571.55 | 568.44 | −3.11 | Interactions with phospholipids, aromatics, amino acids and ketones. |
11 | O–Ag stretching vibrations | – | 472.49 | – | Ag binding with oxygen from hydroxyl groups of gliotoxin |
Treatments | HG (mm) | PI (%) 1 | SP (no.) | PI% 2 | MSG (no.) | PI% 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AgNPs (50 μg/mL) | 28.31 ± 0.8 | 66.70 ± 0.9 d | 18.50 ± 0.5 | 23.70 ± 2.3 d | 1.00 ± 0.8 | 80 ± 16.0 b |
AgNPs (100 μg/mL) | 23.78 ± 1.1 | 72.03 ± 1.3 c | 11.00 ± 0.8 | 54.63 ± 3.3 c | 0.00 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 a |
AgNPs (150 μg/mL) | 14.66 ± 0.1 | 82.75 ± 0.1 b | 5.75 ± 0.9 | 76.33 ± 3.4 b | 0.00 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 a |
AgNPs (200 μg/mL) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 a | 1.50 ± 0.5 | 93.81 ± 2.0 a | 0.00 ± 0.0 | 100 ± 0.0 a |
Tv-CFA (50%) | 64.75 ± 0.4 | 23.82 ± 0.4 e | 19.75 ± 0.9 | 18.55 ± 3.8 e | 2.75 ± 0.5 | 45 ± 9.7 c |
ddH2O | 85.00 ± 0.0 | - | 24.25 ± 0.9 | - | 5.00 ± 0.0 | - |
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Tomah, A.A.; Alamer, I.S.A.; Li, B.; Zhang, J.-Z. Mycosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Screened Trichoderma Isolates and Their Antifungal Activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1955. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano10101955
Tomah AA, Alamer ISA, Li B, Zhang J-Z. Mycosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Screened Trichoderma Isolates and Their Antifungal Activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(10):1955. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano10101955
Chicago/Turabian StyleTomah, Ali Athafah, Iman Sabah Abd Alamer, Bin Li, and Jing-Ze Zhang. 2020. "Mycosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Screened Trichoderma Isolates and Their Antifungal Activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum" Nanomaterials 10, no. 10: 1955. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano10101955