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Article

Reinforcement and Antibacterial Properties of Hand Embroidery Threads Based on Green Nanocoatings

by
Layla Abdulrahman Alshehri
1 and
Nour F. Attia
2,*
1
Faculty of Education, King Faisal University, Alhofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
2
Gas Analysis and Fire Safety Laboratory, Chemistry Division, National Institute for Standards, 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2023, 13(4), 747; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13040747
Submission received: 15 March 2023 / Revised: 3 April 2023 / Accepted: 5 April 2023 / Published: 7 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Textile Fabric Coatings: From Materials to Applications)
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Abstract

:
This paper presents a novel design and synthesis strategy for smart antibacterial and reinforcement coatings for hand embroidery threads. For the first, time molokhia stem extract was prepared and utilized as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of a uniform narrow-sized dispersion of ZnONPs, with an average size of 10 nm. This was then wrapped with starch chains and coated on hand embroidery threads. The ZnONP size and dispersion were elucidated using microscopic techniques. The tensile strength and antibacterial properties for the developed cotton threads were studied. The new green nanocoatings enhance the tensile strength of hand embroidery threads by 7% and record potential antibacterial behavior. The developed threads inhibit the growth of bacteria and record a clear antibacterial inhibition zone of 8.5 mm compared to zero for the uncoated one. The dispersion and morphology of the nanocoating on the surface cotton threads were investigated using SEM-EDS. The current study affords a green and scalable approach for the new generation of safe and green hand embroidery products.

1. Introduction

Due to their critical importance in the economies of various nations in terms of rising income, innovation, and technological advancement, craft industries have drawn the attention of numerous nations and researchers. They also play a role in fostering social progress and creating job opportunities. Interestingly, the features of the textiles and threads used, such as their breaking strength, antibacterial properties, and UV protection from harmful rays, have had an impact on the handcraft industries in numerous countries [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Hand embroidery is one of the best-known crafts; however, the quantity of threads used determines how much of the design is used in ambiguous areas. It is made of repeating geometric patterns, and the distance between stitches produces dark, medium, and light areas within the design. As a result, embroidery has gained popularity in a variety of applications, including bolstering collars, strengthening sleeves, and concealing dirt [7,8]. Chemical treatment of the threads utilized in hand embroidery could change their color and alter their unique properties [8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Therefore, stretching and imparting new functions to threads without fluctuating their colors using a green and facile approach will be required. In our previous studies, innovative green treatments were conducted for textile fabrics to be protected against fire hazard, harmful UV rays, and bacterial growth [1,12,15]. Additionally, molokhia (Corchorus olitorius L.), a well-known Egyptian vegetable, also known as Egyptian spinach, is grown in large quantities every year. Unexpectedly, it was discovered that molokhia extract has a wealth of beneficial phenolic and antioxidant chemicals, such as such as vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, glutathione, and phenols [16,17,18], that have the potential to function as reducing agents to metal ions [19]. This is in addition to the existence of terpenoids, which serve as capping agents for synthesized metal nanoparticles [20,21]. Hence, in this study, different colors of hand embroidery threads were facilely treated using a green method involving green nanocoatings. In this approach, ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were prepared using an extract of molokhia stems at ambient conditions, followed by wrapping with starch and coating on hand embroidery threads. The tensile strength and antibacterial properties of coated threads were studied. Moreover, the surface morphology of the untreated and treated threads was investigated, which were utilized in embroidery.

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Materials

Seven commercial embroidery threads were obtained from a local market in Saudi Arabia. Molokhia stems were collected from a local market in Egypt. Starch, sodium hydroxide, and zinc acetate dihydrate were purchased from El Naser Pharmaceutical Chemicals, Cairo, Egypt. Deionized water (DI) of resistivity 18.1 M Ω was used for nanocoatings synthesis.

2.2. Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs)

Firstly, molokhia stem extract (MSE) was prepared. Fresh, green molokhia stems were collected after the leaves were removed, then washed and dried in sunlight for 15 days and cut into small pieces. Then, 10 g of the obtained small pieces of molokhia stems were immersed in a glass beaker containing 300 rpm of DI water and magnetically stirred for 12 h at 100 °C. Finally, the obtained molokhia stem extract was vacuum filtrated and used for further steps. For ZnONPs synthesis, in a glass beaker containing 50 mL of DI water, 4 g of zinc acetate was dissolved and then 20 mL of NaOH solution (1 g dissolved in 20 mL) was added to the zinc solution. Then, 150 mL of MSE was added and magnetically stirred for 3 h at 90 °C. Afterwards, the prepared ZnONPs were collected via vacuum. Another glass beaker containing starch solution was prepared (1 g dissolved in 50 mL DI water via stirring at 90 °C). Then, the prepared ZnONPs were dispersed in the starch solution and magnetically stirred for 1 h under ambient condition conditions. The obtained colloidal solution was denoted MSE-ZnONP-ST.

2.3. Preparation of Hand Embroidery Thread Coatings

In a glass beaker containing 50 mL of the MSE-ZnONP-ST colloidal solution developed in Section 2.2, different colors of cotton hand embroidery threads were immersed individually and dried (1–7), and the obtained coated threads were denoted as 1-T and 2-T, where the number refers to the number of threads and T refers to treated threads.

2.4. Characterization

The surface images of untreated and treated cotton hand embroidery threads were taken using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) via a scanning electron microscope (Quanta FEG-250, with operating at a voltage of 20 kV). The size of ZnONPs and their dispersion in the nanocoatings was determined via TEM, using a JEOL (JEM-1400) microscope with an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. The mechanical properties (tensile strength) of samples were evaluated using a tensile testing machine model H1-5KT/S according to standard test method BS 1932: Part 2 Knot Strength of Yarn and Thread [22]. Using the AATCC standard test method 147-2004 [23], the antibacterial activities of samples against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were examined. Based on the equation W = (T − D)/2, where T is the entire diameter of the test specimen and clear zone in mm and D is the test specimen’s width only in mm, the average clear inhibition zone W in mm was then calculated.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Fabrication, Composition, and Surface Characterization of Nanocoatings

A green approach was developed for the one-pot synthesis of ZnONP-based nanocoatings using molokhia stem extract for the first time (Figure 1). The molokhia stems as a by-product of molokhia leaves and human food was utilized, and the extract was obtained and used for the first time as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of ZnONPs. In fact, once the MSE is dispersed in the zinc acetate solution, the rich phenolic and antioxidant compounds [17,18,19,20,21] present in the solution facilitate electron transfer to Zn ions and reduce Zn ions to ZnONPs, which is associated with a change in color once reduction takes place, as represented in Figure 1. Additionally, an increase in the pH value is critical to achieve the formation of ZnONP, as it was found that the existence of rich hydroxide ions is necessary for reactants to form nanoparticles [24,25,26]. Then, the obtained MSE-ZnONPs were wrapped using starch chains and finally coated onto the fiber surface of cotton hand embroidery threads to endow the cotton hand embroidery threads with antibacterial and reinforcement functions, without altering the color of hand embroidery threads (Figure 1). The size, shape, and dispersion of ZnONPs in the developed nanocoatings were investigated using microscopic techniques. Figure 2a represents the TEM image of MSE-ZnONP-ST, displaying a good dispersion of the formed spherical ZnONPs coated with MSE and starch chains, which was further clarified with the high-magnification images in Figure 2b,c. The average size of the developed ZnONPs was found to be 10 nm, as indicated in the histogram shown in Figure 2d. It is worth noting that the coating layer composed of MSE-ZnONP-ST interacted with the cotton hand embroidery thread surfaces via supramolecular interactions (H-bonding). Thus, the rich hydroxyl groups existing in the structure of MSE and ST capped and wrapped the ZnONPs, forming dense hydrogen bonding with the hydroxy groups of cotton hand embroidery threads [27,28]. Therefore, these strengthen the interaction of the coating layer based on ZnONPs with cotton threads.
Interestingly, the presence of a nanocoating layer on the surface of the cotton hand embroidery threads was assessed using microscopy connected to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) unit. Figure 3a represents the SEM image of untreated cotton hand embroidery thread sample 1, which reveals a smooth surface of the uncoated fibers, and this is confirmed using the high-magnification image (Figure 3b). However, after coating with MSE-ZnONP-ST, a rough surface was noticed, demonstrating the dispersion of ZnONP-coated starch chains on the surface of the 1-T sample (Figure 3c). This was further observed using high-magnification images, which reveal the good dispersion of nanoscale ZnONPs, as highlighted by red arrows in Figure 3d. Interestingly, the existence of the developed nanocoating on the surface of 1-T was further elucidated using EDS, as the elemental composition of untreated sample 1 was found to be 43.96 At.% of carbon (C) and 56.04 At.% of oxygen (O), as indicated in Table 1 and shown in the mapping images in Figure 4b,c. However, after incorporating the ZnONP-based nanocoatings, the chemical composition was found to be C (44.29 At.%), O (53.76 At.%), zinc (Zn) (1.46 At.%), and phosphorus (P) (0.49 At.%) (Table 1). Additionally, the good dispersion of ZnONPs on the surface of treated threads was further confirmed in Figure 4e–h. This corroborated the coating of cotton hand embroidery threads using the developed nanocoatings.

3.2. Tensile and Antibacterial Properties of Cotton Hand Embroidery Threads

The impact of the developed nanocoating layer on the tensile strength of the coated cotton hand embroidery threads is a vital issue in processing, and it endows the threads with a prolonged lifetime and flexibility features. Thus, the tensile strength (TS) of the uncoated and coated samples was assessed and the data are tabulated in Table 2. The results display that different uncoated thread samples have different TS values, as tabulated in Table 2 and depicted in Figure 5. The TS of the untreated sample 1 was found to be 37.6, which was slightly improved to 38 N after coating the nanocoating layer. This reinforcing trend was noticed for all coated samples and a 6.7% reinforcement effect was reached in sample 6-T (Table 2 and Figure 5). This strengthening effect of the tensile strength was ascribed to the decoration of spherical ZnONPs on the surface of the thread fibers rather than inside its amorphous region, which, in turn, strengthen the yarn. Thus, the innovative nanocoating results in a good reinforcing effect on the cotton hand embroidery threads, with unique flexibility features.
The antibacterial properties of cotton hand embroidery threads are critical for the safety of decorative art in homes and other places. Therefore, the incorporation of antibacterial features in the coating is crucial and mandatory for coating engineering and design. Hence, the antibacterial properties for untreated and treated cotton threads were tested for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The negative effect of antibacterial properties was noticed for untreated threads. However, coating with the nanocoating also had a positive effect of antibacterial properties, as indicated in Figure 6 and Table 3. Additionally, the tendency of the nanocoating layer to inhibit the growth of bacteria depends on the threads’ potential to uptake the added coating layer, and hence the clear inhibition zone for sample 1-T is 8.5 mm compared to 2 mm for 7-T (Table 3). This promising antibacterial behavior stemmed from a synergistic effect between the MSE, which contained various anti-inflammatory and antioxidants compounds [29,30,31], and the ZnONPs as antibacterial agents [32,33].
Interestingly, the developed nanocoating endows the cotton hand embroidery threads with new features, such as good reinforcement and antibacterial properties without varying their unique color and flexibility feature. This is obvious from the digital photos of textile fabrics processed on their surface using cotton hand embroidery threads before and after coating on textile fabrics, displaying no change in color or flexibility, as shown in Figure 7.

4. Conclusions

Rationally designed, green nanocoatings were developed for integrating antibacterial and reinforcement properties into hand embroidery threads. Molokhia stem biomass was recycled, and an aqueous extract was prepared, which was then exploited as a novel, green reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of spherical and narrow-sized ZnONPs with an average size of 10 nm. The ZnONPs prepared using the extract were wrapped with starch chains and coated on the surface of hand embroidery threads. The developed green nanocoatings improve the tensile strength of hand embroidery threads by 7%, which is ascribed to the decoration of ZnONPs on the surface of yarns, rather than inside the yarns, strengthening them. Significant antibacterial properties were attained for the coated threads, achieving a clear inhibition zone of 8.5 mm compared to the negative effect for uncoated threads. These promising antibacterial properties stemmed from the synergistic antibacterial action of molokhia stem extract and ZnONPs.

Author Contributions

Validation, L.A.A.; Visualization, L.A.A., N.F.A.; Software; L.A.A.; Methodology, N.F.A.; Investigation, N.F.A.; Writing—original draft, N.F.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be available based on request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Coatings 13 00747 g001 550
Figure 1. Schematic diagram representing the synthesis of MSE-ZnONPs and a green approach for the coating of hand embroidery threads.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram representing the synthesis of MSE-ZnONPs and a green approach for the coating of hand embroidery threads.
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Figure 2. TEM image of (a) MSE-ZnONP-ST and (b,c) corresponding high-magnification images. (d) Histogram of ZnONP dispersion in MSE-ZnONP-ST (the dispersion of ZnONPs is depicted by red arrows and circles).
Figure 2. TEM image of (a) MSE-ZnONP-ST and (b,c) corresponding high-magnification images. (d) Histogram of ZnONP dispersion in MSE-ZnONP-ST (the dispersion of ZnONPs is depicted by red arrows and circles).
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Figure 3. SEM image of (a) untreated cotton hand embroidery threads of sample 1 and (b) the corresponding high-magnification image, and (c) treated cotton hand embroidery threads of sample 1-T and (d) the corresponding high-magnification image displaying the rough surface.
Figure 3. SEM image of (a) untreated cotton hand embroidery threads of sample 1 and (b) the corresponding high-magnification image, and (c) treated cotton hand embroidery threads of sample 1-T and (d) the corresponding high-magnification image displaying the rough surface.
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Figure 4. (a) SEM image and (b,c; displaying mapping of C and O) EDS mapping of untreated cotton hand embroidery threads. (d) SEM image and (e–h; displaying mapping of C, O, P and Zn) EDS mapping of treated cotton hand embroidery threads, displaying a good dispersion of ZnONPs.
Figure 4. (a) SEM image and (b,c; displaying mapping of C and O) EDS mapping of untreated cotton hand embroidery threads. (d) SEM image and (e–h; displaying mapping of C, O, P and Zn) EDS mapping of treated cotton hand embroidery threads, displaying a good dispersion of ZnONPs.
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Figure 5. Colum bar graph presenting the tensile strength performance of different coated samples presented from 1 to 7-T as T refers to treated threads.
Figure 5. Colum bar graph presenting the tensile strength performance of different coated samples presented from 1 to 7-T as T refers to treated threads.
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Figure 6. Digital photos of the clear antibacterial inhibition zone for different coated cotton hand embroidery threads presented from 1 to 7-T as T refers to treated threads.
Figure 6. Digital photos of the clear antibacterial inhibition zone for different coated cotton hand embroidery threads presented from 1 to 7-T as T refers to treated threads.
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Figure 7. Digital photos of cotton hand embroidery threads (a) before coating and (b) after coating, displaying no change in the color or flexibility of threads.
Figure 7. Digital photos of cotton hand embroidery threads (a) before coating and (b) after coating, displaying no change in the color or flexibility of threads.
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Table
Table 1. Chemical composition of untreated and treated cotton hand embroidery threads.
Table 1. Chemical composition of untreated and treated cotton hand embroidery threads.
Sample CodeC (At.%)O (At.%)Zn (At.%)P (At.%)
143.9656.0400
1-T44.2953.761.460.49
Table
Table 2. Tensile properties data of the uncoated and developed coated cotton threads.
Table 2. Tensile properties data of the uncoated and developed coated cotton threads.
Sample CodeTensile Strength (N)Sample CodeTensile Strength (N)
137.6 ± 31-T38 ± 3.1
241.6 ± 0.52-T43.6 ± 1.9
341.6 ± 1.63-T41.6 ± 0.5
435.4 ± 3.34-T37.7 ± 2
535.6 ± 1.15-T37.8 ± 0.9
639.1 ± 1.46-T41.7 ± 1.8
736.7 ± 1.57-T38 ± 1.2
Table
Table 3. Antibacterial properties of coated cotton threads.
Table 3. Antibacterial properties of coated cotton threads.
Sample CodeAntibacterial Inhibition Zone (mm)
1-T8.4
2-T7.5
3-T5
4-T5
5-T8
6-T5
7-T2
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Alshehri, L.A.; Attia, N.F. Reinforcement and Antibacterial Properties of Hand Embroidery Threads Based on Green Nanocoatings. Coatings 2023, 13, 747. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13040747

AMA Style

Alshehri LA, Attia NF. Reinforcement and Antibacterial Properties of Hand Embroidery Threads Based on Green Nanocoatings. Coatings. 2023; 13(4):747. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13040747

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alshehri, Layla Abdulrahman, and Nour F. Attia. 2023. "Reinforcement and Antibacterial Properties of Hand Embroidery Threads Based on Green Nanocoatings" Coatings 13, no. 4: 747. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/coatings13040747

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