Effect of Sperm Concentration and Storage Temperature on Goat Spermatozoa during Liquid Storage
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Semen Collection
2.2. Sperm Preparation and Experimental Design
2.3. Evaluation of Sperm Samples
2.3.1. Sperm Motility and Kinetics
2.3.2. DNA Fragmentation Test
2.3.3. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
2.3.4. Response to Oxidative Stress
2.3.5. Flow Cytometry
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Liquid Preservation of Semen at Different Temperatures, Durations and Sperm Concentrations on Sperm Motility and Kinetics
3.2. Effect of Temperature, Time, Sperm Washing and Concentration on Sperm Motility and Kinetics and DNA Fragmentation
3.3. Effect of Duration of Storage and Sperm Concentration on Motility and Kinetics, Mitochondrial Polarisation and Oxidative Response after Storage at 5 °C
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Leboeuf, B.; Delgadillo, J.A.; Manfredi, E.; Piacère, A.; Clément, V.; Martin, P.; Pellicer, M.; Boué, P.; De Cremoux, R. Management of goat reproduction and insemination for genetic improvement in France. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2008, 43, 379–385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, D.H.; Standley, N.T.; Xu, Z.Z. Application of liquid semen technology under the seasonal dairy production system in New Zealand. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2018, 194, 2–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borges-Silva, J.C.; Silva, M.R.; Marinho, D.B.; Nogueira, E.; Sampaio, D.C.; Oliveira, L.O.F.; Abreu, U.G.P.; Mourão, G.B.; Sartori, R. Cooled semen for fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cattle. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2016, 28, 1004–1008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murphy, C.; Fahey, A.G.; Shafat, A.; Fair, S. Reducing sperm concentration is critical to limiting the oxidative stress challenge in liquid bull semen. J. Dairy Sci. 2013, 96, 4447–4454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salvador, I.; Viudes-De-Castro, M.P.; Bernacer, J.; Gómez, E.A.; Silvestre, M.A. Factors affecting pregnancy rate in artificial insemination with frozen semen during non-breeding season in Murciano-Granadina goats: A field assay. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2005, 40, 526–529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paulenz, H.; Söderquist, L.; Ådnøy, T.; Soltun, K.; Sæther, P.A.; Fjellsøy, K.R.; Berg, K.A. Effect of cervical and vaginal insemination with liquid semen stored at room temperature on fertility of goats. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2005, 86, 109–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batista-Arteaga, M.; Niño, T.; Santana, M.; Alamo, D.; Castro, N.; Reyes, R.; González, F.; Cabrera, F.; Gracia, A. Influence of the preservation temperature (37, 20, 4, −196 °C) and the mixing of semen over sperm quality of majorera bucks. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2011, 46, 281–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rauen, U.; de Groot, H. Mammalian cell injury induced by hypothermia the emerging role for reactive oxygen species. Biol. Chem. 2002, 383, 477–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murphy, C.; Holden, S.A.; Murphy, E.M.; Cromie, A.R.; Lonergan, P.; Fair, S. The impact of storage temperature and sperm number on the fertility of liquid-stored bull semen. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2016, 28, 1349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vishwanath, R.; Shannon, P. Storage of bovine semen in liquid and frozen state. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2000, 62, 23–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murphy, E.M.; Eivers, B.; O’Meara, C.M.; Lonergan, P.; Fair, S. Effect of storage temperature, nitrogen gassing and sperm concentration on the in vitro semen quality and in vivo fertility of liquid bull semen stored in INRA96. Theriogenology 2018, 108, 223–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jasko, D.J.; Moran, D.M.; Farlin, M.E.; Squires, E.L. Effect of seminal plasma dilution or removal on spermatozoal motion characteristics of cooled stallion semen. Theriogenology 1991, 35, 1059–1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miró, J.; Taberner, E.; Rivera, M.; Peña, A.; Medrano, A.; Rigau, T.; Peñalba, A. Effects of dilution and centrifugation on the survival of spermatozoa and the structure of motile sperm cell subpopulations in refrigerated Catalonian donkey semen. Theriogenology 2009, 72, 1017–1022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Webb, G.W.; Ams, M.J.; Pool, K.C. Sperm concentration influences recovery of progressively motile spermatozoa and number of inseminations shipped in conventional containers. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1993, 13, 486–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johinke, D.; de Graaf, S.P.; Bathgate, R. The effect of sperm concentration and storage vessel on quercetin-supplemented rabbit semen during chilled storage. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2015, 50, 567–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arrebola, F.; González, O.; Torres, R.; Abecia, J.-A. Artificial insemination in Payoya goats: Factors affecting fertility. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2014, 54, 356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mara, L.; Dattena, M.; Pilichi, S.; Sanna, D.; Branca, A.; Cappai, P. Effect of different diluents on goat semen fertility. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salvador, I.; Yániz, J.; Viudes-de-Castro, M.P.; Gómez, E.A.; Silvestre, M.A. Effect of solid storage on caprine semen conservation at 5 °C. Theriogenology 2006, 66, 974–981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ritar, A.; Salamon, S. Fertility of fresh and frozen—Thawed semen of the angora goat. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 1983, 36, 49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sellem, E.; Broekhuijse, M.L.W.J.; Chevrier, L.; Camugli, S.; Schmitt, E.; Schibler, L.; Koenen, E.P.C. Use of combinations of in vitro quality assessments to predict fertility of bovine semen. Theriogenology 2015, 84, 1447–1454.e5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barrier Battut, I.; Kempfer, A.; Becker, J.; Lebailly, L.; Camugli, S.; Chevrier, L. Development of a new fertility prediction model for stallion semen, including flow cytometry. Theriogenology 2016, 86, 1111–1131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silvestre, M.A.; Salvador, I.; Sánchez, J.P.; Gómez, E.A. Effect of changing female stimulus on intensive semen collection in young Murciano-granadina male goats. J. Anim. Sci. 2004, 82, 1641–1645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Del Gallego, R.; Sadeghi, S.; Blasco, E.; Soler, C.; Yániz, J.L.; Silvestre, M.A. Effect of chamber characteristics, loading and analysis time on motility and kinetic variables analysed with the CASA-mot system in goat sperm. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2017, 177, 97–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Konyali, C.; Tomás, C.; Blanch, E.; Gómez, E.A.; Graham, J.K.; Mocé, E. Optimizing conditions for treating goat semen with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins prior to freezing to improve cryosurvival. Cryobiology 2013, 67, 124–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- López-Fernández, C.; Fernández, J.L.; Gosálbez, A.; Arroyo, F.; Vázquez, J.M.; Holt, W.V.; Gosálvez, J. Dynamics of sperm DNA fragmentation in domestic animals. III. Ram. Theriogenology 2008, 70, 898–908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kjelland, M.E.; González-Marín, C.; Gosálvez, J.; López-Fernández, C.; Lenz, R.W.; Evans, K.M.; Moreno, J.F. DNA fragmentation kinetics and postthaw motility of flow cytometric-sorted white-tailed deer sperm. J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 89, 3996–4006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Quan, G.B.; Wu, G.Q.; Wang, Y.J.; Li, D.J.; Ma, Y.; Hong, Q.H. Effects of the Tris, Tes, or skim milk based extender on in vitro parameters of ram spermatozoa during liquid storage. Small Rumin. Res. 2016, 134, 14–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, T.; Han, Y.; Zhou, T.; Zhang, R.; Chen, H.; Chen, S.; Zhao, H. Mechanisms of ROS-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis underlying liquid storage of goat spermatozoa. Aging 2019, 11, 7880–7898. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Kass, Z.; Spergser, J.; Aurich, C.; Kuhl, J.; Schmidt, K.; Johannisson, A.; Morrell, J. Sperm quality during storage is not affected by the presence of antibiotics in equiplus semen extender but is improved by single layer centrifugation. Antibiotics 2017, 7, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wen, F.; Li, Y.; Feng, T.; Du, Y.; Ren, F.; Zhang, L.; Han, N.; Ma, S.; Li, F.; Wang, P.; et al. Grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) improves goat sperm quality when preserved at 4 °C. Animals 2019, 9, 810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kasimanickam, R.; Kasimanickam, V.; Pelzer, K.D.; Dascanio, J.J. Effect of breed and sperm concentration on the changes in structural, functional and motility parameters of ram-lamb spermatozoa during storage at 4 °C. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2007, 101, 60–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Freitas-Ribeiro, S.; Carvalho, A.F.; Costa, M.; Cerqueira, M.T.; Marques, A.P.; Reis, R.L.; Pirraco, R.P. Strategies for the hypothermic preservation of cell sheets of human adipose stem cells. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0222597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eidet, J.R.; Utheim, Ø.A.; Islam, R.; Lyberg, T.; Messelt, E.B.; Dartt, D.A.; Utheim, T.P. The impact of storage temperature on the morphology, viability, cell number and metabolism of cultured human conjunctival epithelium. Curr. Eye Res. 2015, 40, 30–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Peterson, K.; Kappen, M.A.P.M.; Ursem, P.J.F.; Nöthling, J.O.; Colenbrander, B.; Gadella, B.M. Microscopic and flow cytometric semen assessment of Dutch AI-bucks: Effect of semen processing procedures and their correlation to fertility. Theriogenology 2007, 67, 863–871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xu, C.L.; Zhou, J.B.; Zhao, B.T.; Lan, G.C.; Luo, M.J.; Chang, Z.L.; Sui, H.S.; Tan, J.H. Liquid storage of goat semen in chemically defined extenders. Reprod. Domest. Anim. 2009, 44, 771–778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- O’Hara, L.; Hanrahan, J.P.; Richardson, L.; Donovan, A.; Fair, S.; Evans, A.C.O.; Lonergan, P. Effect of storage duration, storage temperature, and diluent on the viability and fertility of fresh ram sperm. Theriogenology 2010, 73, 541–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paulenz, H.; Söderquist, L.; Pérez-Pé, R.; Andersen Berg, K. Effect of different extenders and storage temperatures on sperm viability of liquid ram semen. Theriogenology 2002, 57, 823–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, J.H.; Li, Y.W.; Xie, H.L.; Li, Q.; Dong, H.B.; Sun, M.J.; Gao, W.Q.; Tan, J.H. Effects of glucose metabolism pathways on sperm motility and oxidative status during long-term liquid storage of goat semen. Theriogenology 2016, 86, 839–849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varisli, O.; Uguz, C.; Agca, C.; Agca, Y. Effect of chilling on the motility and acrosomal integrity of rat sperm in the presence of various extenders. J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. 2009, 48, 499–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bergeron, A.; Manjunath, P. New insights towards understanding the mechanisms of sperm protection by egg yolk and milk. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2006, 73, 1338–1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadeghi, S.; Gallego, R.D.; Yániz, J.; Santolaria, P.; Gómez, E.; Silvestre, M. Effect of temperature and sperm concentration in Tris-glucose-BSA liquid storage on the sperm motility rate in Murciano-Granadina male goats. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference of the European Society for Domestic Animal Reproduction, Cordoba, Spain, 27–29 September 2018; Volume 53, p. 190, Abstract P 260. [Google Scholar]
- Linfor, J.J.; Meyers, S.A. Detection of DNA damage in response to cooling injury in equine spermatozoa using single-cell gel electrophoresis. J. Androl. 2002, 23, 107–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- López-Fernández, C.; Crespo, F.; Arroyo, F.; Fernández, J.L.; Arana, P.; Johnston, S.D.; Gosálvez, J. Dynamics of sperm DNA fragmentation in domestic animals II. The stallion. Theriogenology 2007, 68, 1240–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sampaio, B.F.B.; Nogueira, B.G.; Souza, M.I.L.; da Costa-e-Silva, E.V.; Neto Zúccari, C.E.S. Effects of the addition of docosahexaenoic acid and ?-tocopherol on quality of equine spermatozoa stored at 5 °C. Semin. Ciências Agrárias 2020, 41, 167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pérez-Llano, B.; López-Fernández, C.; García-Casado, P.; Arroyo, F.; Gosalbez, A.; Sala, R.; Gosálvez, J. Dynamics of sperm DNA fragmentation in the swine: Ejaculate and temperature effects. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2010, 119, 235–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leboeuf, B.; Restall, B.; Salamon, S. Production and storage of goat semen for artificial insemination. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2000, 62, 113–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoogewijs, M.; Rijsselaere, T.; De Vliegher, S.; Vanhaesebrouck, E.; De Schauwer, C.; Govaere, J.; Thys, M.; Hoflack, G.; Van Soom, A.; de Kruif, A. Influence of different centrifugation protocols on equine semen preservation. Theriogenology 2010, 74, 118–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aurich, C. Recent advances in cooled-semen technology. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2008, 107, 268–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marzano, G.; Moscatelli, N.; Di Giacomo, M.; Martino, N.A.; Lacalandra, G.M.; Dell’aquila, M.E.; Maruccio, G.; Primiceri, E.; Chiriacò, M.S.; Zara, V.; et al. Centrifugation force and time alter CASA parameters and oxidative status of cryopreserved stallion sperm. Biology 2020, 9, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Islam, R.; Ahmed, K.; Deka, B.C. Effect of holding and washing on the quality of goat semen. Small Rumin. Res. 2006, 66, 51–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silvestre, M.A.; Vicente-Fiel, S.; Raga, E.; Salvador, I.; Soler, C.; Yániz, J.L. Effect of genistein added to bull semen after thawing on pronuclear and sperm quality. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2015, 163, 120–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, R.E.; Bormann, C.L.; Hassun, P.A.; Rocha, A.M.; Motta, E.L.A.; Serafini, P.C.; Smith, G.D. Effects of semen storage and separation techniques on sperm DNA fragmentation. Fertil. Steril. 2010, 94, 2626–2630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiménez-Rabadán, P.; Soler, A.J.; Ramón, M.; García-Álvarez, O.; Maroto-Morales, A.; Iniesta-Cuerda, M.; Fernández-Santos, M.R.; Montoro, V.; Pérez-Guzmán, M.D.; Garde, J.J. Influence of semen collection method on sperm cryoresistance in small ruminants. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2016, 167, 103–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gundogan, M.; Yeni, D.; Avdatek, F.; Fidan, A.F. Influence of sperm concentration on the motility, morphology, membrane and DNA integrity along with oxidative stress parameters of ram sperm during liquid storage. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2010, 122, 200–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morrell, J.M.; Valeanu, A.S.; Lundeheim, N.; Johannisson, A. Sperm quality in frozen beef and dairy bull semen. Acta Vet. Scand. 2018, 60, 41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tvrdá, E.; Arroyo, F.; Ďuračka, M.; López-Fernández, C.; Gosálvez, J. Dynamic assessment of human sperm DNA damage II: The effect of sperm concentration adjustment during processing. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2019, 36, 799–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López-Fernández, C.; Johnston, S.D.; Fernández, J.L.; Wilson, R.J.; Gosálvez, J. Fragmentation dynamics of frozen-thawed ram sperm DNA is modulated by sperm concentration. Theriogenology 2010, 74, 1362–1370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bui, A.D.; Sharma, R.; Henkel, R.; Agarwal, A. Reactive oxygen species impact on sperm DNA and its role in male infertility. Andrologia 2018, 50, e13012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Factors 1 | Variables 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM | PM | VCL | VSL | VAP | LIN | STR | ALH | |
Time | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS | NS | NS |
Temperature | ** | NS | ** | NS | ** | * | ** | NS |
Dilution | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | * |
Ti*Tp | ** | * | NS | ** | * | ** | ** | ** |
Ti*Di | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Tp*Di | NS | NS | * | ** | * | NS | NS | NS |
Factors 1 | Variables 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM | PM | VCL | VSL | VAP | LIN | STR | ALH | |
Temperature | ||||||||
5 °C | 67.8 ± 1.0 a | 38.5 ± 1.5 | 138.1 ± 1.6 a | 74.6 ±1.5 | 118.2 ± 1.3 a | 58.6 ± 1.0 b | 65.6 ± 1.0 b | 3.7 ± 0.1 |
17 °C | 54.6 ± 1.4 b | 43.5 ± 1.6 | 129.7 ± 1.8 b | 77.0 ± 1.5 | 110.5 ± 1.6 b | 62.2 ± 0.9 a | 71.2 ± 0.9 a | 3.7 ± 0.1 |
Dilution | ||||||||
1:2 | 61.2 ± 1.8 ab | 38.7 ± 2.0 | 134.1 ± 2.3 | 74.8 ± 1.8 | 115.8 ± 2.0 | 59.4 ± 1.2 | 66.8 ± 1.2 | 3.6 ± 0.1 b |
1:3 | 57.6 ± 1.6 b | 41.8 ± 2.0 | 131.9 ± 2.2 | 74.3 ± 1.9 | 112.2 ± 1.9 | 60.2 ± 1.3 | 68.3 ± 1.2 | 3.7 ± 0.1 ab |
1:10 | 64.9 ± 1.4 a | 42.5 ± 1.9 | 135.9 ± 2.0 | 78.4 ± 1.9 | 115.0 ± 1.7 | 61.6 ± 1.2 | 70.2 ± 1.1 | 3.9 ± 0.1 a |
Time (h) | ||||||||
0 | 67.9 ± 1.2 a | 45.3 ± 2.3 a | 148.4 ± 1.6 a | 85.6 ± 2.3 a | 127.0 ± 1.5 a | 61.4 ± 1.5 | 68.1 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 0.1 |
24 | 64.3 ± 1.4 a | 40.0 ± 1.7 ab | 132.0 ± 1.5 b | 73.6 ± 1.5 b | 113.6 ± 1.2 b | 59.4 ± 1.2 | 66.8 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 |
48 | 51.4 ± 1.8 b | 37.7 ± 1.7 b | 121.6 ± 2.5 c | 68.4 ± 1.4 b | 102.6 ± 2.2 c | 60.5 ± 0.9 | 70.2 ± 1.0 | 3.6 ± 0.1 |
Factors 1 | Variables 2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sDFI 3 | TM | PM | VCL | VSL | VAP | LIN | STR | ALH | |
Time | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** |
Temperature | NS | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | ** | NS | ** |
Washing | NS | ** | NS | ** | ** | ** | NS | NS | NS |
Dilution | * | NS | NS | ** | ** | ** | NS | NS | ** |
Ti*Tp | NS | ** | NS | ** | NS | ** | ** | NS | ** |
Ti*Wh | - | NS | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | NS |
Ti*Di | - | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | * | NS |
Tp*Wh | NS | NS | * | * | * | * | ** | ** | NS |
Tp*Di | * | NS | * | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | NS |
Wh*Di | NS | NS | NS | ** | ** | ** | NS | NS | ** |
Factors 1 | Variables 2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
sDFI | TM | PM | VCL | VSL | VAP | LIN | STR | ALH | |
Centrifugation | |||||||||
W | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 58.6 ± 2.9 b | 59.8 ± 2.6 | 151.4 ± 4.7 b | 110.6 ± 5.1 b | 127.4 ± 5.0 b | 68.0 ± 1.9 | 80.6 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 0.1 |
NW | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 66.6 ± 2.3 a | 63.2 ± 1.4 | 166.2 ± 2.9 a | 122.8 ± 3.4 a | 142.1 ± 3.3 a | 69.8 ± 1.3 | 81.6 ± 0.8 | 3.4 ± 0.1 |
Temperature | |||||||||
5 °C | 4.0 ± 0.7 | 71.5 ± 1.2 a | 58.7 ± 1.7 | 155.5 ± 2.6 | 106.5 ± 3.4 | 125.4 ± 3.1 | 65.2 ± 1.6 b | 80.0 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 0.1 a |
17 °C | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 53.7 ± 3.3 b | 64.7 ± 2.4 | 162.5 ± 5.1 | 128.0 ± 5.1 | 145.1 ± 5.3 | 72.9 ± 1.5 a | 82.3 ± 1.1 | 3.0 ± 0.1 b |
Dilution | |||||||||
1:2 | 4.3 ± 0.7 a | 63.8 ± 2.6 | 61.7 ± 1.9 | 171.4 ± 3.7 a | 125.5 ± 4.3 a | 146.4 ± 4.2 a | 69.0 ± 1.5 | 80.9 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 0.1 a |
1:10 | 2.7 ± 0.5 b | 61.5 ± 2.7 | 61.4 ± 2.2 | 145.9 ± 3.7 b | 107.6 ± 4.3 b | 122.7 ± 4.1 b | 68.8 ± 1.8 | 81.2 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 0.1 b |
Time (h) | |||||||||
0 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | 76.3 ± 1.0 a | 72.6 ± 0.9 a | 172.6 ± 3.1 a | 143.8 ± 2.7 a | 157.6 ± 3.0 a | 79.8 ± 0.7 a | 87.5 ± 0.5 a | 2.8 ± 0.0 b |
48 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 48.9 ± 3.0 b | 49.3 ± 2.3 b | 143.6 ± 4.2 b | 86.8 ± 3.8 b | 109.6 ± 4.1 b | 56.9 ± 1.5 b | 73.9 ± 1.0 b | 4.0 ± 0.1 a |
Factors 1 | Variables 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM | PM | hMMP | ROS + from TS | ROS + from VS | |
Dilution | |||||
Control | 45.4 ± 4.6 a | 85.1 ± 3.2 | 41.5 ± 8.6 | 38.4 ± 4.8 a | 39.0 ± 4.7 a |
1:2 | 34.5 ± 4.8 b | 82.5 ± 3.9 | 32.8 ± 8.4 | 16.0 ± 5.2 b | 17.0 ± 5.1 b |
1:10 | 32.6 ± 4.4 b | 76.2 ± 4.7 | 30.3 ± 8.7 | 6.1 ± 3.4 c | 7.0 ± 3.4 c |
Time (h) | |||||
0 | 71.1 ± 1.7 a | 93.0 ± 1.2 a | 57.3 ± 3.9 a | 32.4 ± 6.0 a | 33.4 ± 5.6 a |
24 | 34.3 ± 3.2 b | 78.0 ± 3.5 b | 27.0 ± 7.3 b | 18.1 ± 5.1 b | 19.1 ± 5.1 b |
48 | 6.1 ± 1.5 c | 65.2 ± 7.2 b | 15.4 ± 8.9 b | 6.6 ± 4.0 c | 7.0 ± 4.1 c |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sadeghi, S.; Del Gallego, R.; García-Colomer, B.; Gómez, E.A.; Yániz, J.L.; Gosálvez, J.; López-Fernández, C.; Silvestre, M.A. Effect of Sperm Concentration and Storage Temperature on Goat Spermatozoa during Liquid Storage. Biology 2020, 9, 300. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology9090300
Sadeghi S, Del Gallego R, García-Colomer B, Gómez EA, Yániz JL, Gosálvez J, López-Fernández C, Silvestre MA. Effect of Sperm Concentration and Storage Temperature on Goat Spermatozoa during Liquid Storage. Biology. 2020; 9(9):300. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology9090300
Chicago/Turabian StyleSadeghi, Sara, Raquel Del Gallego, Balma García-Colomer, Ernesto A. Gómez, Jesús L. Yániz, Jaime Gosálvez, Carmen López-Fernández, and Miguel A. Silvestre. 2020. "Effect of Sperm Concentration and Storage Temperature on Goat Spermatozoa during Liquid Storage" Biology 9, no. 9: 300. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biology9090300