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Review

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives from Different Starting Materials

by
Melita Lončarić
,
Dajana Gašo-Sokač
,
Stela Jokić
and
Maja Molnar
*
Faculty of Food Faculty Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomolecules 2020, 10(1), 151; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10010151
Submission received: 11 December 2019 / Revised: 14 January 2020 / Accepted: 14 January 2020 / Published: 16 January 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perspectives of Coumarins)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The study of coumarin dates back to 1820 when coumarin was first extracted from tonka bean by Vogel. Compounds containing coumarin backbone are a very important group of compounds due to their usage in pharmacy and medicine. Properties and biological activities of coumarin derivatives have a significant role in the development of new drugs. Therefore, many different methods and techniques are developed in order to synthesize coumarin derivatives. Coumarin derivatives could be obtained from different starting materials with various methods but with big differences in yield. This review summarized various methods, techniques and reaction conditions for synthesis of coumarins from different compounds such as aldehydes, phenols, ketones and carboxylic acids.

1. Introduction

Chemically, coumarins (2H-1-benzopyran-2-one) belong to the subgroup of lactones [1]. Coumarin is also known as 1,2-benzopyrone or o-hydroxycinnamic acid-8-lactone [2]. Natural coumarins can be divided into six basic groups as follows: simple coumarins, furanocoumarins, pyrano coumarins (linear type and angular type), dihydrofurano coumarins, phenyl coumarins and bicoumarins (Figure 1) [3]. First isolated parent coumarin was from tonka bean in (Dipteryx odorata) 1820 by Vogel [4,5]. The coumarins name originates from French word “Coumarou” for the tonka bean [6,7].
Coumarins are widely spread in the nature and can be found in many plant roots, flowers, leaves, peels, seeds and fruits, as secondary metabolites. Seo et al. and Bai et al. isolated more than 20 coumarins from the roots of Angelica dahurica, which has healing properties [8,9]. Iranshahi et al. reported isolation of three coumarins from roots Ferula flabelliloba, while Peng et al. isolated two new coumarins from the roots of Clausena excavata [10,11]. Six coumarins were extracted from Ferulago suvelutina and showed moderate antioxidant activity. Many coumarins are also distributed in different Ferulago species, mainly in the roots [12]. Coumarins are isolated from the plant flowers of various species such as Bombax ceiba [13], Peltophorum pterocarpum [14] and Trifolium repens [15]. Joselin et al. investigated the presence of phytochemical components in flowers of family Apocynaceae. Among four examined species (Allamanda cathartica, Allamanda violacea, Wrightia tinctoria and Nerium oleander), coumarins were detected in all flower extracts [16]. The plant leaves are also a good source of coumarin derivatives, which can be supported by numerous studies. Wang et al. extracted leaves of 11 bamboo species and determined 12 coumarin derivatives [17]. Coumarins with anti-inflammatory properties were isolated from the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium [18] and Zanthoxylum avicennae [19]. Monoterpene coumarins, with major cytotoxic activity against Leishmania major, were isolated from Micromelum minutum leaves by Sakunpak et al. [20]. Coumarins are isolated from leaves of following species: Matricaria chamomilla L. [21], Murraya paniculata [22], Bambusa pervariabilis [23] and Calophyllum inophyllum [24]. Seeds are also a good source of different coumarins. Razavi and coworkers isolated furanocoumarin imperatorin and two other coumarins from Zosima absinthifolia seeds [25]. Several sesquiterpene coumarins were extracted from the seeds of Ferula sinkiangensis [26,27]. From the extract of the Cnidium monnieri L. seeds, coumarins osthole, xanthotoxin and imperatorin were isolated [28]. Regarding the coumarins found in plant peel, most of them are extracted from citrus peels [29,30,31].
The above mentioned plants are just a small part of the plant species that are rich in coumarins. Most of the extracted coumarins have biological activity and therefore coumarin derivatives are increasingly being synthesized, since their extraction from plants is time-consuming and unprofitable (too many operation steps to the final product) [32]. Coumarins could be synthesized with many different methods like Perkin reaction, Knoevenagel condensation, Pechmann condensation, Wittig reaction, Baylis-Hillman reaction, Claisen rearrangement and Vilsmeier-Haack and Suzuki cross-coupling reaction [33,34]. Many authors have published researches exploring the medicinal properties of coumarins [4,6,12,35,36,37]. Coumarins possess antimicrobial activity such as antibacterial [38,39,40,41,42,43,44] and antifungal [40,45,46,47,48]. Numerous coumarin derivatives showed significant antioxidant activity [49,50,51,52,53]. Some coumarins are derived as acetylcholinesterase (AchE) inhibitors, which could be considered as a drug in Alzheimer disease treatment [54,55,56]. There are many other biological activities that are associated with coumarins such as: anti-inflammatory [57,58], anti-HIV [6,59], anticancer [8,53,60], antituberculosis [61], anticoagulant [62], antiviral [63] and antihyperglycemic [64].
As coumarins have proven to be effective pharmacophore, there is a growing demand for their synthesis. Many methods have been employed for their synthesis, but each method includes various starting materials and different reaction conditions. Present article summarizes the recently reported researches, where different components, techniques and methods were used in the coumarin derivatives synthesis.

2. Coumarin Derivatives Synthesized from Aldehydes

Keshavarzipour and Tavakol [65] disclosed the green synthesis of coumarin derivatives in deep eutectic solvent (DES) by Knoevenagel condensation. DES was prepared by mixing choline chloride (ChCl) and zinc chloride at 100 °C. For the synthesis of coumarins derivatives, simple or substituted salicylaldehydes (4-hydroxy, 5-bromo) and methylene compounds (dimethyl malonate, ethyl cyanoacetate, ethyl 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanoate) were used (Scheme 1). The yields were high (61–96%) and DES acted both as a solvent and as catalyst.
Phadtare and Shankarling carried out the reactions in order to obtain coumarin derivatives [66]. All mixtures were stirred at 25–30 °C in aqueous media. Syntheses were performed by Knoevenagel condensation from substituted aldehydes and active methylene compounds in the presence of ChCl as a catalyst (Scheme 2). Yields of the synthesized coumarin derivatives were in the range from 79 to 98%.
Mi and co-workers described metal-free tandem oxidative acylation and cyclization between alkynoates and aldehydes in 3-acyl-4-aryl preparation [67]. Reaction between phenyl 3-phenylpropionate and diethyl p-tolualdehyde was conducted in order to obtain optimized reaction conditions. During reaction optimization, following parameters has been changed: additive (pivalic acid, n-Bu4NF, n-Bu4NCl, n-Bu4NBr, n-Bu4NI and Et4NBr), oxidant (tert-butyl hydroperoxide, K2S2O8, Na2S2O8 and (NH4)2S2O8), solvent (1,2-dichloroethane, MeCN, dioxane, toluene, chlorobenzene and H2O) and temperature (80, 90 and 100 °C). All reactions were carried out in the sealed tubes under N2 in oil bath for 24 h. K2S2O8 as oxidant, n-Bu4NBr as additive, 1,2-dichlorethane as solvent and temperature of 90 °C were found to be the best reaction conditions. Cyclization reaction of phenyl 3-phenylpropiolate with various aldehydes was carried out in optimized conditions (Scheme 3). In Scheme 4 cyclization reactions of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and various alkynoates are shown.
Suljić and Pietruszka have reported the synthesis of coumarins by Knoevenagel condensation of salicylaldehyde and diethyl malonate in EtOH (Scheme 5) [68]. Piperidine and acetic acid were added as catalysts. From the synthesized coumarins, chromanones were obtained in the process of continuous flow hydrogenation. Further, chromanones were reacted with a number of catehols in laccase-catalyzed arylation.
Brahmachari reported one-pot synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids via Knoevenagel condensation [69]. Syntheses were performed at room temperature (RT) in water. First, model reaction between salicylaldehyde and Meldrum’s acid was conducted in order to find the catalyst to obtain high yields of the product. The best catalysts were proven to be sodium azide and potassium carbonate giving the product yield of 99 and 92%, respectively. Various substituted salicylaldehydes and Meldrum’s acid were put in reaction with both catalysts and afforded number of substituted coumarin-3-carboxylic acids (Scheme 6) in yields 73–99%. It should be noted that sodium azide is acutely very toxic, especially in the amounts in which it is added in the reactions (50 mol%). Therefore, a method with potassium carbonate (20 mol%) as a catalyst is recommended.
Silveira Pinto and Souza performed a synthesis of different coumarins from active methylene compounds (diethylmalonate, Meldrum’s acid and ethylcyanoacetate) and salicylaldehydes by Knoevenagel condensation (Scheme 7) [70]. The reaction was carried out in absolute EtOH or H2O with addition of piperidine and glacial AcOH. Model reaction of salicylaldehyde and diethyl malonate using heating and ultrasonic method was performed. Comparison of the ultrasonic and reflux procedure shows higher yield and shorter reaction time in case of ultrasound irradiation (40 min compared with 7 h). Using ultrasound irradiation at a frequency of 20 kHz with 90% power output and without pulsing, variety coumarins were obtained.
Khan et al. reported an efficient synthesis of coumarin derivatives via Knoevenagel condensation [71]. Reaction parameters (solvent, catalyst) were changed in order to find the best reaction conditions in the terms of yield. After optimization, reaction conditions that turned out to be the best were: phenyliododiacetate (PIDA) mediated reaction in EtOH at 35–40 °C, which afforded yield of 90–92%. Under optimum conditions reactions of salicylaldehydes and α-substituted ethylacetates (Scheme 8) afforded product yields of 80–92%.
Fiorito et al. developed a green method for the synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids by Knoevenagel condensation [72]. This new method involved the use of solvents such vegetable juices, liqueur limoncello and waste waters deriving from processing of olive and buttermilk. Reactions of substituted salicylaldehydes and Meldrum’s acid were carried out under the ultrasound irradiation at 60 °C (Scheme 9). Products were obtained in very good yields (91–99%) and the best conversions were noticed in lemon juice.
Solvent-free Knoevenagel condensation was performed in order to synthesize 3-substituted coumarins by Ghomi and Akbarzadeh [73]. In order to optimize reaction conditions, different solvents (DMF, MeOH, MeCN, EtOH and no solvent) and catalysts (nano CuO, nano MgO, nano ZnO and nano MgFe2O4) were used. Green synthesis in presence of MgFe2O4 nanoparticles was conducted between various salicylaldehydes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds at 45 °C by ultrasound irradiation (Scheme 10). 3-Substituted coumarins were obtained in good yields 63–73%.
2H-Chromene-3-carboxylates were synthesized in the reaction of salicylaldehydes and 4,4,4-trichloro-3-oxobutanoate via Knoevenagel pathway by Sairam et al. [74]. Optimization of reaction conditions was conducted employing various solvents (EtOH, DCM, DMF, MeCN, THF, ether, MeOH and toluene) and catalysts (piperidine, PPh3, DABCO, DMAP, N(C2H5)3, pyridine, imidazole, EtN(Pr)2, 2,6-lutidine, NaOMe, KOH and K2CO3). A series of coumarin derivatives was synthesized under optimal conditions (toluene and piperidine) as shown in Scheme 11. Yields of the obtained coumarins were in the range from 25 to 82%.
3-Arylcoumarins were prepared via Perkin condensation from salicylaldehydes and phenylacetic acids as starting materials (Scheme 12). Reactions were carried out in the presence of acetic anhydride and triethylamine at 120 °C with stirring. After purification, 3-arylcoumarins were obtained in moderate to good yields (46–74%) [58].
Augustine and co-workers developed one-pot synthesis of substituted coumarins via Perkin condensation [75]. Reaction of salicylaldehyde and cyanoacetic acid was chosen as a model reaction. Eight reactions with different parameters (time, temperature, molarity of propylphosphonic anhydride T3P) were performed in order to obtain the best reaction conditions. All reactions were conducted in the presence of T3P, TEA (triethylamine) and n-BuOAc (butyl acetate). Further, various substituted salicylaldehydes were reacted with cyanoacetic acid to afford coumarin derivatives (Scheme 13). In addition, coumarin derivatives were synthesized trough reaction of various carboxylic acids and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde under optimized conditions (Scheme 14).
In order to synthesize coumrin-3-carboxylic esters multicomponent reactions was performed by He et al. [76]. Screening of the catalysts was performed (Cu(OAc)2, CuBr, CuSO4, NiCl2·6H2O, AgNO3, K3Fe(CN)6 and FeCl3) and FeCl3 was proven to be the best. Optimization of the reaction conditions included different solvents (EtOH, DMF, THF, MeCN, toluene, DMSO, cyclohexane and H2O) and temperatures (RT, 50, 70 and 100 °C). The highest yield of 93% was obtained in EtOH at 70 °C. These parameters were applied to perform the reaction of substituted salicylaldehydes, Meldrum’s acid and various alcohols (Scheme 15). Coumarin-3-carboxylic acids were obtained in good to excellent yields (73–91%).
Three-component one-pot synthesis of coumarin derivatives was developed by Jiang et al. [77]. Trial reaction of salicylaldehyde, ethyl cyanoacetate and o-aminophenol was performed in order to find a suitable solvent (MeOH, EtOH, BuOH and amyl alcohol). The highest yield of 66% was afforded in n-BuOH. Substituted salicylaldehydes, ethyl cyanoacetate and o-aminophenols (Scheme 16) were reacted to afford 3-benzoxazole coumarins, which are obtained in yields 40–79%.
Pyrazolylcoumarins were synthesized by Li et al., [78] under conditions that are established to be the best in previously reaction optimization. Different solvents (EtOH, EtOH:H2O (1:1), H2O, glycerin, MeCN and deep eutectic solvents), catalysts (without catalyst, Fe2O3, L-proline, CaCO3, piperidine, 1,3-dimethylurea, chitosan, betaine HCl, mannitol, DABCO and meglumine) and temperatures (reflux, 80 °C) were applied in order to find the best conditions for pyrazolylcoumarins synthesis in term of the highest yield. The highest yield of 80% was obtained under following conditions: EtOH:H2O (1:1), meglumine, reflux. A series of pyrazolylcoumarins were synthesized in one-pot three-component reaction between various salicylaldehydes, 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran 2-one and hydrazines (Scheme 17). Products were synthesized in good to excellent yields (70–89%).
One-pot three-component reactions were performed between salicylaldehyde, α-ketoester and various aromatic aldehydes (Scheme 18) [79]. Several reactions were performed in order to optimize reaction conditions changing catalyst (FeCl3·6H2O, Fe(OTf)3, ZnBr2, Zn(OTf)2, MgCl2, Mg(OTf)2, CuCl2, Cu(OTf)2 and Bi(OTf)3) and solvent (MeOH, N, N-dimethylformamide, toluene, MeCN and DCM). The highest yield of 96% was obtained in presence of Bi(OTf)3 in DCM at 50 °C. Coumarin-chalcone compounds were obtained in excellent yields (88–96%).
Murugavel and Punniyamurthy reported microwave assisted four-component synthesis of 3-N-sulfonylamidine coumarins [80]. Model reaction was conducted between salicylaldehyde, ethyl propiolate, tosyl azide and diisopropylamine in the presence of different copper salts (CuI, CuBr, CuCl and Cu(acac)2), bases (K3PO4, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, Na2CO3 and DBU) and solvents (1,4-dioxane, DMSO, toluene and DMF). The best reaction conditions were proven to be in the presence of CuI, K2CO3 and dioxane, series of coumarins was synthesized with moderate to high yields (Scheme 19).
Osman et al. reported a two-step synthesis of bromoacetylcoumarin by microwave irradiation [81]. The model reaction was carried out in EtOH or solvent-free at 50 °C or 120 °C. Piperidine and L-proline were used as a base. Yield of 99% was obtained in EtOH with piperidine at 50 °C. First step was the synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin from salicylaldehyde and ethylacetoacetate. Second reaction was electrophilic bromination of 3-acetylcoumarin in CHCl3 (Scheme 20).
Ghanei-Nasab et al. developed three and four-step synthesis of N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxamides, which were tested against AChE and BuChE (Scheme 21) [82]. In the first step salicylaldehyde derivatives, diethyl malonate and piperidine were refluxed in EtOH and ethyl coumarins-3-carboxylates were obtained (compounds A). 7-Hydroxy derivative was reacted with alkyl halides or benzyl derivatives by using potassium carbonate in DMF to obtain O-alkyl or O-benzyl derivatives (compounds B). All obtained ethyl esters were hydrolyzed in the presence of sodium hydroxide to give coumarins-3-carboxylic acids (compounds C and D). Coumarins-3-carboxylic acids were converted to acid chlorides using thionyl chloride. Final products were obtained in reaction of acid chlorides and tryptamine in the presence of potassium carbonate in dry toluene. In order to decrease the reaction time, the last step of the reaction was carried out under different conditions (microwave irradiation in different solvents; solvent-free conditions). The best results were achieved by using MeCN as a solvent under microwave irradiation, where reaction time was decreased from 15 h to 5 min in comparison to conventional conditions.
Rabahi et al. synthesized coumarins in a two-step reaction from salicylaldehydes and malononitrile [83]. In the first step, iminocoumarins were obtained from salicylaldehyde and malonitrile in the presence of NaHCO3. Further, iminocoumarins were hydrolyzed in the presence of HCl under microwave irradiation. Both reaction steps are shown in Scheme 22.
Phadtare et al. developed synthesis of fluorescent colorant based on cyanocoumarins. One-pot synthesis was applied using deep eutectic solvent (DES) (ChCl:urea) [84]. In the first step 4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate were mixed and stirred in DES. After reaction completion, 3-acetyl-7-(diethylamino)-2H-chromen-2-one was obtained and malononitrile was added. The last step included addition of different aromatic aldehydes in order to obtain fluorescent colorant. All reaction steps are shown in Scheme 23.
Das et al. have developed procedure for synthesis of 3-amino-4-bromocoumarin [85]. Initially, reactions of various salicylaldehydes and N-acetylglycine were conducted in order to obtain 3-acetamidocoumarins, followed by hydrolysis to afford 3-aminocoumarins (Scheme 24). As brominating reagent bromodimethylsulfonium bromide (BDMS) was used. Reactions of 3-aminocoumarins and BDMS were performed in DCM at room temperature (Scheme 25). Yields of brominated compounds were 84–92%.
He et al. reported synthesis of different coumarin derivatives starting with the condensation of the substituted salicylaldehydes and malonate in the presence of piperidine [86]. In order to synthesize component B, obtained coumarins A were treated with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Reactions of components B and thionyl chloride afforded compounds C. 2-Oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbonyl chlorides (C) were reacted with 4-dimethylaminopyridine or substituted ethiols in order to obtain compounds D or E, respectively. All synthetic steps and reaction conditions are shown in the Scheme 26.
Matos et al. developed efficient two-step synthesis of hydroxylated 3-phenylcoumarins [50]. Initially, acetoxy-3-phenylcoumarins were synthesized in the reaction of salicylaldehydes and phenylacetic acid in the presence of anhydrous potassium acetate (CH3CO2K) and acetic anhydride. Obtained products were hydroxylated under reflux in the presence of aqueous hydrochloric acid and MeOH (Scheme 27).
Phakhodee and co-workers reported one-pot two-step synthesis of 3-aryl coumarins between aryl acetic acids and 2-hydroxybenzaladehydes in the presence of Ph3P/I2-Et3N (Scheme 28) [87]. Model reaction of salicylaldehyde and 4-methoxyphenylacetic acid was performed changing the type of the base (Et3N, DMAP, imidazole, DABCO and NNM) and solvent (DCM, toluene, DMF and MeCN). Best yield of 98% was obtained when DCM as solvent and triethylamine as base were used. Yields of obtained products under that reaction conditions were in the range from 41 to 98%.
Sripathi and Logeeswari reported synthesis of 3-aryl lcoumarin derivatives using ultrasonic irradiation [88]. 3-Phenylcoumarins were synthesized from salicylaldehydes and phenyl acetyl chloride with the addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and K2CO3 (Scheme 29). The yields of obtained 3-phenylcoumarins were ranged from 7 to 98%.
Sashidhara et al. have reported an efficient synthesis of 3-aryl coumarin derivatives through reaction of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and phenylacetic acid derivatives (Scheme 30) [89]. This reaction was conducted in the presence of cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, TCT). Reaction conditions were optimized by changing different parameters (base types and molar ratios, reaction times, temperatures and solvents). The best reaction conditions were proven to be N-methylmorpholine at 1.5 mmol in DMF at temperature of 110 °C affording product yield of 95%. After the optimization, reactions of substituted 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes and diverse phenylacetic acids were performed in order to obtain corresponding 3-aryl coumarins.
Rahmani-Nezhad et al. conducted solvent-free reaction between substituted salicylaldehydes and various phenylacetic acids in the presence of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2] octane (DABCO) to afford 3-aryl coumarins (Scheme 31) [90]. Optimization of the reaction conditions was performed changing solvents (EtOH, MeOH, toluene, THF, DMF and solvent-free), temperature and DABCO amount. The best yield of 90% was obtained at 180 °C under solvent-free condition. 3-Aryl coumarins were synthesized in good to excellent yields (61–91%).
Chandrasekhar and Kumar reported synthesis of coumarin derivatives from different salicylaldehydes and ketene (Scheme 32) [91]. All reactions were performed in the presence of trimethylamine, acetyl chloride and DCM. Crude products were obtained in yields 58–72%.
Fiorito et al. developed method for the synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids [92]. This method involved a reaction of substituted salicylaldehydes and Meldrum’s acid (Scheme 33). Reactions were performed under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions in the presence of ytterbium triflate (Yb(OTf)3). Compounds are obtained in excellent yields (93–98%).
Synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins catalyzed by iron(III) chloride was reported by He et al. [34]. Model reaction of salicylaldehydes and malononitrile was performed in order to determine the best reaction conditions. Among several solvents in which reaction was performed (MeOH, EtOH, MeCN, THF, DMF, H2O, toluene and DMSO), EtOH is chosen as the best, due to the highest obtained yield (72%). Further, reactions between substituted salicylaldehydes and malononitrile or ethyl 2-cyanoacetate were conducted (Scheme 34). Yields obtained with ethyl 2-cyanoacetate were higher than with malonoitrile.
Kiyani and Daroonkala synthesized 3-substituted coumarins in the presence of potassium phtalamide (PPI) [93]. Initially, model reaction was performed in order to optimize reaction conditions. Reaction of salicylaldehydes and malononitrile was performed in the presence of different catalysts (sodium ascorbate, sodium citrate, sodium tetraborate, K2CO3, Na2CO3 and PPI), solvents (EtOH, MeOH, MeCN, CH2Cl2 and water) and under different temperatures (room temperature, 50, 75 °C and reflux). The highest yield of 92% was obtained at room temperature in the presence of PPI and water. Under optimized conditions reactions of substituted salicylaldehydes and malonic acid or ethyl 2-cyanoacetate were conducted (Scheme 35). Yields of obtained products were in the range from 87 to 93%.
Synthesis of several coumarins catalyzed by Fe3O(BPDC)3 was reported by Lieu et al. [94]. In order to find the best reaction conditions following parameters were investigated: effect of temperature, solvent, catalyst concentration, reagent molar ratio, oxidant concentration and type, non-grinded and grinded Fe3O(BPDC)3 and different homogenous catalysts. Under optimized reaction conditions synthesis of coumarins between various substituted salicylaldehydes and activated methylene compounds were performed as is shown in Scheme 36.
Sharma and Makrandi conducted synthesis of 3-cyanocoumarins under heating conditions and microwave irradiation [95]. Reactions of 2-hydroxybenzaldehydes with malononitrile in the presence of iodine as a catalyst (Scheme 37) were performed in DMF. Yields of the obtained 3-cyanocoumarins synthesized under heating and microwave conditions were in the range 80–92% and 85–95%, respectively.
In Table 1, the most reported synthesis methods of coumarin derivatives were shown. Substituted 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acids were synthesized in good to excellent yield (73–99%) in all reported methods (Table 1). The highest yields 93–98% were obtained in a solvent-free method under microwave irradiation in the presence of Yb(OTf)3. All mentioned methods for the synthesis of 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acids can be considered as green, except the method performed in the presence of sodium azide, which has toxic properties. Due to the negligible differences in the obtained yields, this method can be easily replaced by methods mentioned above. For the synthesis of substituted 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbonitriles, 10 methods are listed in Table 1. The yield of the obtained products were 49–98%. Two methods should be pointed out as eco-friendly methods, synthesis performed in deep eutectic solvent and synthesis in water in the presence of choline chloride as a catalyst. Deep eutectic solvents are considered as green solvents, which have a dual role (solvent and catalyst) and choline chloride is a biodegradable catalyst. In both methods, obtained yields were good to excellent. High yields in range from 85 to 98% were obtained in a method reported by Augustine and co-workers [75]. However, high temperature application and usage of propylphosphonic anhydride and trimethylamine, both having toxic properties, should be replaced by a method with mild reaction conditions. In Table 1 four methods are listed for synthesis of substituted 3-acetyl-2H-chromen-2-ones. The highest yields (92–96%) were obtained in an environmentally benign method under solvent-free conditions and ultrasound irradiation. Among three mentioned methods for the synthesis of substituted methyl 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates, eco-friendly method in water, with choline chloride as catalyst, is proven to be the best. Substituted ethyl 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates were synthesized by various methods (Table 1) with the yields from 25 to 95%. High yields (91–92%) were obtained in a reaction with choline chloride in water and in a solvent-free reaction with MgFe2O4 nanoparticles as a catalyst (88–93%). Piperidine, which has toxic properties, was applied in three methods in the synthesis of substituted ethyl 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates. Obtained yields in these reactions were lower than in mentioned methods with mild conditions.

3. Coumarin Derivatives Synthesized from Phenols

In order to synthesize coumarins derivatives, a Pechmann condensation of phenols with β-ketoesters in the presence of starch sulfuric acid (SSA) as a catalyst, is performed by Rezaei et al. [96]. Model reaction of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate was performed under solvent-free conditions in the presence of SSA at 80 °C. Different coumarin derivatives were obtained in the reactions between various substituted phenols and β-ketoesters (ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl 4-chloroacetoacetate, ethyl benzoylacetate, ethyl furanoacetate; Scheme 38).
Pornsatitworakul et al. synthesized coumarin via Pechmann condensation between resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate (Scheme 39) with a few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst [97]. Yields of the obtained coumarin was 86%.
Bouasla et al. developed solvent-free synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin and 4-methylcoumarin under microwave irradiation with different catalysts (Amberlyst-15, zeolite β and sulfonic acid functionalized hybrid silica) [98]. In the model reaction between resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate via Pechmann condensation, Amberlyst-15 was proven to be the best catalyst giving the yield of 97%. 4-Methylcoumarin was synthesized in reaction of phenol and ethyl acetoacetate (Scheme 40) affording the highest yield of 43% in the presence of Amberlyst-15.
Solvent-free Pechmann condensation of coumarin derivatives in the presence of cellulose nanocrystal supported palladium nanoparticles (CNC-AMPD-Pd) was developed by Mirosanloo et al. [99]. Reaction of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate was chosen to be a model reaction. In order to achieve the best reaction conditions different solvents and temperatures were applied. The highest yield of 96% was obtained in a solvent-free reaction at 130 °C. Coumarin derivatives were synthesized in a reaction of various phenols and ethyl acetoacetate (Scheme 41) giving yields from 45 to 97%.
Synthesis of coumarin derivatives in the presence of magnetic-core-shell-like Fe3O4@Boehmite-NH2-CoII NPs was reported by Pakdel et al. [100]. Reaction conditions of Pechmann condensation were studied on the reaction between resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate. Amount of the catalyst, solvent and temperature were changed in order to obtain optimal reaction conditions. Reactions were also carried out with various refluxing solvent (MeOH, EtOH, DMF, MeCN and H2O). The highest yield of 90% was obtained in a solvent-free reaction at 90 °C with 6.6 mol% of Fe3O4@Boehmite-NH2-CoII. Further, different phenols and β-ketoesters (ethyl and methyl acetoacetate) were coupling to afford coumarin derivatives (Scheme 42).
The Pechmann method has been used for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives in the presence of FeCl3·6H2O [101]. The feasibility of iron salt catalysts were observed in condensation reaction of resorcinol and methyl acetoacetate. Yield of 92% was achieved in a reaction with 10 mol% FeCl3·6H2O in toluene under reflux for 16 h. Various coumarins were obtained in a reaction of different phenols and β-ketoesters under optimized conditions (Scheme 43).
4-Methyl coumarins were synthesized via Pechmann condensation in the presence of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone-bound boron trifluoride (PVPP-BF3) [102]. Reaction of phenols and ethyl acetoacetate was performed in EtOH with PVPP- BF3 as catalyst under reflux conditions (Scheme 44). Pure coumarin crystals were obtained in yield of 72–96%.
Moradi and co-workers performed one-pot solvent-free synthesis of coumarin derivatives with meglumine sulfate (MS) as a catalyst [103]. For comparison, syntheses were conducted under microwave and thermal conditions. As a model reaction Pechmann condensation of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate was performed in order to optimize reaction conditions like temperature, time of reaction and catalyst amount. The best reaction conditions were used in further syntheses between ethyl acetoacetate and different substituted phenols, which are carried out under thermal and microwave conditions (Scheme 45). Both conditions gave high to excellent yield (88–93%), but in microwave synthesis reaction time was shorter.
Amoozadeh et al. reported solvent-free Pechmann condensation for coumarin derivatives synthesis using alumina sulfuric acid (ASA) as reusable catalyst [104]. Model reaction of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate was performed in the presence of different alumina and alumina supported acids and the best yield was obtained in a reaction catalyzed by ASA. Further, various coumarin derivatives were prepared in reaction between different phenolic compounds and β-ketoesters (Scheme 46). Yield of the obtained products were in the range 25–99%.
The efficient Pechmann synthesis of coumarins, in the presence of triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate as a catalyst, was performed by Karimi-Jabei et al. [105]. Optimization reaction between resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate was conducted changing solvents (EtOH, MeOH, CHCl3, MeCN and solvent-free) and temperature (room temperature, 50 °C, 110 °C and 130 °C). Temperature of 110 °C and solvent-free condition gave yield of 92%. Various coumarins were obtained in reactions of substituted phenols and β-ketoesters (Scheme 47). Coumarin derivatives were obtained in good to excellent yields (83–95%).
Synthesis of different coumarin derivatives in the presence of TCCA (1,3,5-trichloroisocyanuric acid) via Pechmann condensation was performed by Hojati and Hadadnia [106]. Model reaction of resorcinol and ethyl acetoacetate was conducted in order to find the best reaction conditions. Influence of the catalyst amount, substrates molar ratios, temperature and solvent type was examined. Yield of 97% was achieved at 140 °C under solvent-free conditions with optimum amounts of 1:1.2:0.1 for resorcinol, ethyl acetoacetate and TCCA. Series of phenols were reacted with β-ketoesters under optimized conditions to obtain corresponding coumarins (Scheme 48).
Prousis et al. performed microwave and ultrasound assisted solvent-free synthesis of 4-substituted coumarins [107]. Model reaction between phloroglucinol and ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of FeCl3 were carried out in order to obtain the optimal reaction conditions. The optimal reaction conditions for microwave irradiation (100 °C/150 W, 10 min) and the catalyst amount (10 mol%) were determined. Parameters for ultrasound irradiation were as follows: 20 kHz, nominal power 130 W, 18 min. Reactions of the phenol, β-ketoester and anhydrous FeCl3 (Scheme 49) under microwave and ultrasound irradiation were also performed under conventional heating method at 70 °C in order to compare methods efficiency. It turned out that ultrasound afforded the best yield of the products.
Silveira Pinto and Souza performed a synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, between resorcinol and ethylacetoacetate (Scheme 50) [70]. Reaction was conducted in presence of H2SO4 (70%) under ultrasonic irradiation. Yield of obtained product was 87%.
Nazeruddin et al. have reported an efficient synthesis of coumarins derivatives in PEG-SO3H catalyzed reaction [108]. Solvent-free syntheses was performed at 80 °C, between substituted phenols and dicarbonyl compounds with PEG-SO3H as a recyclable catalyst (Scheme 51). Products were obtained in yield 78–91%.
Perez-Cruz et al. developed four-step syntheses of polyphenolic hybrid-coumarins [51]. The first step was a Pechmann condensation of pyrogallol and 4-chloroethylacetoacetate, which afforded 4-chloromethyl-7,8-dihydroxycoumarin. Reaction was performed in the presence of H2SO4 on ice bath for 1 h. In the second step, hydroxyl groups were protected as acyl ester derivatives. In the last two steps hybrid compound formation and deacylation of hydroxyl groups were performed. The entire procedure with appropriate reaction conditions is shown in Scheme 52.
Three-step synthesis of furanocoumarins was investigated by Elgogary et al. [109]. In the first step, Pechmann condensation of resorcinol, quinol and orcinol with ethyl acetoacetate in sulfuric acid was performed in order to obtain hydroxycoumarins. Further, Williamson reaction of hydrocoumarins with 3-chloro-2-butanone was conducted affording keto ethers. The reactions were carried out in refluxing acetone with K2CO3 as a catalyst. The last step was a cyclization of keto ethers with polyphosphoric acid (PPA) at 70 °C or by heating in alkaline solution (3% KOH). All reaction steps are shown in Scheme 53 on a resorcinol example.
Sun et al. have developed a method for the of coumarins unsubstituted on the pyranic nucleus, under solvent-free conditions (Scheme 54) [110]. First, model reaction of 2-methyl-3-hydroxyphenol and ethyl 3,3-diethoxypropionate were performed in order to choose efficient catalyst and to optimize reaction conditions. The best catalyst was proven to be Wells-Dawson heteropolyacid (H6P2W18O62). The highest yield of coumarin was obtained under the following conditions: reaction time of 3 h, temperature of 90 °C, raw material ratio of 1:1.15 and 0.25 mmol of catalyst. Further reactions were carried out between various phenol derivatives and ethyl 3,3-diethoxypropionate afforded products in poor to high yields (< 5–90%).
Palladium catalyzed synthesis of various coumarins was reported by Zhu and Wu [111]. Reaction of 4-methoxyphenol and phenylacetylene was initially performed in order to find the best reaction conditions. Different ligands, oxidants and additives were employed in reaction to achieve the best product yield. Different substituted coumarins were obtained between phenols and alkynes under optimized conditions as is shown in Scheme 55.
In Table 2 methods for the most synthesized coumarins from phenols were presented. In all listed methods, the synthesis of substituted 4-methyl-2I-chromen-2-ones reactions were performed under solvent-free conditions, except two methods, that used ethanol and toluene as solvent (Table 2). The highest yields (88–93%) were obtained in a solvent-free method, with meglumine sulfate as a catalyst, under microwave irradiation. In addition, meglumine sulfate can be considered as an eco-friendly catalyst. Some of the used catalysts, such as the cellulose nanocrystal supported palladium nanoparticles (CNC-AMPD-Pd), PEG-SO3H and alumina sulfuric acid can be recycled, which provides economic and environmental advantages. Reactions with catalysts, as H2SO4 and the solvent, as toluene, should be replaced with the synthetic methods with mild conditions. All listed substituted 4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-ones were synthesized under solvent-free conditions. The highest yields were obtained under the microwave irradiation (88–92%) in the presence of meglumine sulfate as a catalyst. Substituted 4-(chloromethyl)-2H-chromen-2-ones were synthesized with five methods mentioned in the Table 2. Yields in the range from 88 to 96% were obtained under solvent-free conditions at 100 °C in the presence of alumina sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The lowest yield (68%) was obtained in the reaction with FeCl3 under microwave irradiation at 100 °C.

4. Coumarin Derivatives Synthesized from Ketones

Fiorito et al. [92] synthesized coumarin-3-carboxylic acids under microwave irradiation. The reaction was performed under the solvent-free conditions in the presence of ytterbium triflate (Yb(OTf)3), between substituted 2-hydroxyacetophenones and Meldrum’s acid (Scheme 56). Yields of the obtained compounds were in the range from 92 to 98%.
Knoevenagel condensation of 2-hydroxyacetophenones and Meldrum’s acid was performed in green solvents (edible fruit and vegetable juices, liqueurs and wastewaters), under ultrasound irradiation at 60 °C by Fiorito et al. (Scheme 57) [72]. Yields were in the range from 94 to 99% and highest conversion was observed in limoncello.
He et al. reported synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted coumarins from 2-hydroxy acetophenone and 2-cyanoacetamide, malononitrile and ethyl 2-cyanoacetate (Scheme 58) [34]. Reaction was performed in presence of FeCl3 at 80 °C. Yields of obtained coumarins were 41–63%.
Sahoo et al. reported synthesis of 4-hydroxy-3-(hetero aryl Azo) coumarins [43]. Initially, 4-hydroxy coumarin was synthesized via Claisen condensation of 2-hydroxy acetophenone and diethyl carbonate, in the presence of sodium hydride in toluene. Further, a coupling of 4-hydroxy coumarins with diazonium salt yielded various hetero aryl amine derivatives (Scheme 59). Products were obtained in yields from 55–82%.
Phakhodee and co-workers disclosed the one-pot two-step synthesis of 3-aryl-4-methylcoumarins [87]. Reactions were mediated by Ph3P/I2-Et3N. In model reaction type of base (Et3N, DMAP, imidazole, DABCO and NNM) and solvent (DCM, toluene, DMF and MeCN) were changed in order to obtain the best reaction conditions. Salicylaldehyde and 4-methoxy phenylacetic acid were used as a model substrates. All reactions were mediated by Ph3P/I2 and carried out at room temperature. The highest yield of coumarins was obtained when DCM as a solvent and triethylamine as a base were used. Series of coumarins was synthesized using aryl acetic acids and 2′-hydroxyacetophenones (Scheme 60) under optimized reaction conditions and obtained in good to excellent yields (52–89%).
Synthesis of 3-cyano-4-methylcoumarions was conducted under heating and microwave conditions by Sharma and Makrandi [95]. Reactions of 2-hydroxyacetophenones with malononitrile in presence of iodine as catalyst (Scheme 61) were performed in DMF. Yields of the obtained coumarin derivatives were similar in both methods (heating (85–90%) and microwave (87–95%)), but reaction time was significantly shorter under microwave conditions.
Li et al. developed a method for the synthesis of various substituted coumarins [112]. Initially, optimization of the reaction conditions was conducted with phenylacrylic acid, in the presence of different solvents (TFA, DCM, toluene, DMF, MeCN and EtOH), additives (BF3·Et2O, TFA, LiBr and I2) and oxidants (PIFA and PIDA). Further, reaction of diaryl acrylic acids was carried out under the optimized conditions (DCM, I2 and PIDA; Scheme 62). A series of coumarins was obtained in good to excellent yields (41–92%).
Yan et al. developed a method that involved reaction of α-keto acids and alkynoates [113]. Model reaction of 3-phenylpropiolate and 2-oxo-2-phenylacetic acid was performed under different conditions, changing solvents (MeCN:H2O, H2O and DMF:H2O), oxidants (Na2S2O8, (NH4)2S2O8, TBHP, O2 and K2S2O8) and catalysts (none, AgNO3, Ag2O, Ag2CO3 and AgOAc). The highest yield of 75% was obtained under the following reaction conditions: AgNO3, K2S2O8 and MeCN:H2O. Further, coumarin derivatives were synthesized via radical cyclization as is shown in Scheme 63. Yields of the obtained products were 40–76%.
3-Acylcoumarins were obtained via silver-promoted decarboxylative annulation by Liu et al. [114]. Initial studies were conducted in order to determine optimal reaction conditions. Reaction of alkynoate and 2-phenyl-2-oxoacetic acid was performed in presence of different catalysts (Ag2CO3 and AgNO3), oxidants (K2S2O8, (NH4)2S2O8, oxone, PhI(OAc)2 and TBHP), additives (Na2CO3, NaOAc, KHCO3 and KOH) and solvents (DMF, MeCN, DMF-H2O and MeCN-H2O). Highest yield of 74% was obtained in the presence of Ag2CO3, K2S2O8, NaOAc and MeCN-H2O. A series of 3-acylcoumarins was obtained in a reaction of substituted alkynoates and 2-oxoacetic acids (Scheme 64). Yields of obtained products were from 45 to 78%.

5. Conclusions

The medicinal properties of coumarin have been discovered due to their presence in different medicinal plants. Coumarin isolation process from those plants is time consuming and expensive and only small amounts of desired compounds can be obtained Therefore, the synthesis of these derivatives is a faster and in some cases “greener” way to obtain the desired compounds. Coumarins possess various biological activities and have a positive effect on human health. The purpose of this review was to present different methods of coumarin synthesis, both conventional and green ones. Syntheses from different starting compounds like aldehydes, phenols, ketones and carboxylic acids were described, in order to provide a deeper insight into the possibilities of their formation and offer the researchers dealing with this subject a range of different synthetic approaches. All of these syntheses have different reaction conditions. Different techniques such as heating, microwave and ultrasound irradiation were employed in coumarin synthesis. In addition, various solvents and catalysts were used in order to obtain coumarin derivatives in high yields. Some of catalysts and solvents are harmful and some have green character. In some cases it has been shown that compounds obtained by green methods have higher yields than compound obtained with conventional methods. It was also observed that higher yields were obtained for components synthesized from aldehydes. As it tends to reduce environmental pollution, there is an increasing interest in developing green methods and reducing the use of harmful compounds. During synthesis, it is important to reduce energy consumption, to avoid harmful substances and to obtain pure compounds in high yields. This comparison of reaction conditions and obtained yields of compounds will be useful to scientists in this field of work to develop new efficient methods.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.L., M.M., D.G.-S., S.J.; methodology, M.L.; formal analysis, M.M.; investigation, M.L., D.G.-S., resources, M.M., data curation, M.M.; writing—original draft preparation M.L., M.M., writing—review and editing, M.M., D.G.-S., S.J.; visualization M.L., supervision, M.M., D.G.-S.; project administration, M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work has been supported in part by Croatian Science Foundation under the project “Green Technologies in Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds” (UIP-2017-05-6593).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Six basic groups of natural coumarins.
Figure 1. Six basic groups of natural coumarins.
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Scheme 1. Green synthesis of coumarin derivatives in deep eutectic solvent.
Scheme 1. Green synthesis of coumarin derivatives in deep eutectic solvent.
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Scheme 2. Coumarin derivatives obtained in aqueous media with ChCl as catalyst.
Scheme 2. Coumarin derivatives obtained in aqueous media with ChCl as catalyst.
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Scheme 3. Cyclization reaction of phenyl 3-phenylpropiolate with various aldehydes.
Scheme 3. Cyclization reaction of phenyl 3-phenylpropiolate with various aldehydes.
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Scheme 4. Cyclization reactions of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and various alkynoates.
Scheme 4. Cyclization reactions of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and various alkynoates.
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Scheme 5. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives in the presence of piperidine and acetic acid as catalysts.
Scheme 5. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives in the presence of piperidine and acetic acid as catalysts.
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Scheme 6. One-pot synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids in water.
Scheme 6. One-pot synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids in water.
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Scheme 7. Synthesis of different coumarins from active methylene compounds and salicylaldehydes.
Scheme 7. Synthesis of different coumarins from active methylene compounds and salicylaldehydes.
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Scheme 8. Phenyliododiacetate mediated reaction of salicylaldehydes and α-substituted ethylacetates.
Scheme 8. Phenyliododiacetate mediated reaction of salicylaldehydes and α-substituted ethylacetates.
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Scheme 9. Green method for synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids under ultrasound irradiation.
Scheme 9. Green method for synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids under ultrasound irradiation.
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Scheme 10. Synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins between salicylaldehydes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in presence of nano MgFe2O4.
Scheme 10. Synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins between salicylaldehydes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in presence of nano MgFe2O4.
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Scheme 11. Synthesis of 2H-chromene-3-carboxylates in presence of piperidine in toluene.
Scheme 11. Synthesis of 2H-chromene-3-carboxylates in presence of piperidine in toluene.
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Scheme 12. Synthesis of 3-arylcoumarins via Perkin condensation in the presence of anhydride and trimethylamine.
Scheme 12. Synthesis of 3-arylcoumarins via Perkin condensation in the presence of anhydride and trimethylamine.
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Scheme 13. One-pot synthesis of cyanocoumarins in presence of T3P, trimethylamine and butyl acetate.
Scheme 13. One-pot synthesis of cyanocoumarins in presence of T3P, trimethylamine and butyl acetate.
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Scheme 14. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives trough reaction of carboxylic acids and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde.
Scheme 14. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives trough reaction of carboxylic acids and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde.
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Scheme 15. Synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic esters in multicomponent reaction in the presence of FeCl3.
Scheme 15. Synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic esters in multicomponent reaction in the presence of FeCl3.
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Scheme 16. Three-component one-pot synthesis of 3-benzoxazole coumarins.
Scheme 16. Three-component one-pot synthesis of 3-benzoxazole coumarins.
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Scheme 17. Synthesis of pyrazolylcoumarins in a multicomponent reaction.
Scheme 17. Synthesis of pyrazolylcoumarins in a multicomponent reaction.
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Scheme 18. Synthesis of coumarin-chalcone compounds in multicomponent reaction.
Scheme 18. Synthesis of coumarin-chalcone compounds in multicomponent reaction.
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Scheme 19. Microwave assisted four-component synthesis of 3-N-sulfonylamidine coumarins.
Scheme 19. Microwave assisted four-component synthesis of 3-N-sulfonylamidine coumarins.
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Scheme 20. Two-step synthesis of bromoacetylcoumarin under microwave irradiation.
Scheme 20. Two-step synthesis of bromoacetylcoumarin under microwave irradiation.
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Scheme 21. Three and four-step synthesis of N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxamides.
Scheme 21. Three and four-step synthesis of N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxamides.
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Scheme 22. Two-step synthesis of substituted 3-cyanocoumarins under microwave irradiation.
Scheme 22. Two-step synthesis of substituted 3-cyanocoumarins under microwave irradiation.
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Scheme 23. One-pot synthesis of fluorescent colorant in deep eutectic solvents.
Scheme 23. One-pot synthesis of fluorescent colorant in deep eutectic solvents.
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Scheme 24. Synthesis of substituted 3-aminocoumarins in two-step reaction.
Scheme 24. Synthesis of substituted 3-aminocoumarins in two-step reaction.
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Scheme 25. Synthesis of substituted 3-amino-4-bromocoumarins in the presence of bromodimethylsulfonium bromide.
Scheme 25. Synthesis of substituted 3-amino-4-bromocoumarins in the presence of bromodimethylsulfonium bromide.
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Scheme 26. Four-step reaction in synthesis of coumarin derivatives.
Scheme 26. Four-step reaction in synthesis of coumarin derivatives.
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Scheme 27. Efficient two-step synthesis of hydroxylated 3-phenylcoumarins.
Scheme 27. Efficient two-step synthesis of hydroxylated 3-phenylcoumarins.
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Scheme 28. One-pot two-step synthesis of 3-aryl coumarins in the presence of Ph3P/I2-Et3N.
Scheme 28. One-pot two-step synthesis of 3-aryl coumarins in the presence of Ph3P/I2-Et3N.
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Scheme 29. Ultrasound assisted synthesis of 3-phenylcoumarin derivatives in presence of tetrahydrofuran and K2CO3.
Scheme 29. Ultrasound assisted synthesis of 3-phenylcoumarin derivatives in presence of tetrahydrofuran and K2CO3.
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Scheme 30. Efficient synthesis of 3-aryl coumarin derivatives in presence of N-methylmorpholine.
Scheme 30. Efficient synthesis of 3-aryl coumarin derivatives in presence of N-methylmorpholine.
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Scheme 31. Solvent-free synthesis of 3-aryl coumarins in the presence of DABCO as the catalyst.
Scheme 31. Solvent-free synthesis of 3-aryl coumarins in the presence of DABCO as the catalyst.
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Scheme 32. Synthesis of substituted coumarin derivatives from salicylaldehydes and ketene.
Scheme 32. Synthesis of substituted coumarin derivatives from salicylaldehydes and ketene.
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Scheme 33. Solvent-free synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids under microwave irradiation.
Scheme 33. Solvent-free synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids under microwave irradiation.
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Scheme 34. Synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins catalyzed by iron (III) chloride.
Scheme 34. Synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins catalyzed by iron (III) chloride.
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Scheme 35. Synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins in the presence of potassium phtalamide.
Scheme 35. Synthesis of 3-substituted coumarins in the presence of potassium phtalamide.
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Scheme 36. Synthesis of substituted coumarins catalyzed by Fe3O(BPDC)3.
Scheme 36. Synthesis of substituted coumarins catalyzed by Fe3O(BPDC)3.
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Scheme 37. Synthesis of 3-cyanocoumarins performed under heating and microwave conditions.
Scheme 37. Synthesis of 3-cyanocoumarins performed under heating and microwave conditions.
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Scheme 38. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives in presence of starch sulfuric acid.
Scheme 38. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives in presence of starch sulfuric acid.
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Scheme 39. Coumarins synthesis via Pechmann condensation with sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
Scheme 39. Coumarins synthesis via Pechmann condensation with sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
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Scheme 40. Solvent-free synthesis of 4-methylcoumarins under microwave irradiation.
Scheme 40. Solvent-free synthesis of 4-methylcoumarins under microwave irradiation.
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Biomolecules 10 00151 sch041 550
Scheme 41. Solvent-free Pechmann condensation of coumarin derivatives in the presence of cellulose nanocrystal supported palladium nanoparticles.
Scheme 41. Solvent-free Pechmann condensation of coumarin derivatives in the presence of cellulose nanocrystal supported palladium nanoparticles.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch041
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch042 550
Scheme 42. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives in the presence of magnetic-core-shell-like Fe3O4@Boehmite-NH2-CoII NPs.
Scheme 42. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives in the presence of magnetic-core-shell-like Fe3O4@Boehmite-NH2-CoII NPs.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch042
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch043 550
Scheme 43. Condensation reaction of phenols and β-ketoesters catalyzed by FeCl3·6H2O.
Scheme 43. Condensation reaction of phenols and β-ketoesters catalyzed by FeCl3·6H2O.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch043
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch044 550
Scheme 44. Synthesis of 4-methyl coumarin derivatives via Pechmann condensation.
Scheme 44. Synthesis of 4-methyl coumarin derivatives via Pechmann condensation.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch044
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch045 550
Scheme 45. Solvent-free synthesis of coumarin derivatives with meglumine sulfate as a catalyst.
Scheme 45. Solvent-free synthesis of coumarin derivatives with meglumine sulfate as a catalyst.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch045
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch046 550
Scheme 46. Alumina sulfuric acid catalyzed reaction between phenolic compounds and β-ketoesters.
Scheme 46. Alumina sulfuric acid catalyzed reaction between phenolic compounds and β-ketoesters.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch046
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch047 550
Scheme 47. Pechmann synthesis of coumarins in the presence of triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate as a catalyst.
Scheme 47. Pechmann synthesis of coumarins in the presence of triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate as a catalyst.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch047
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch048 550
Scheme 48. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives in the presence 1,3,5-trichloroisocyanuric acid.
Scheme 48. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives in the presence 1,3,5-trichloroisocyanuric acid.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch048
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch049 550
Scheme 49. Ultrasound assisted solvent-free synthesis of 4-substituted coumarins.
Scheme 49. Ultrasound assisted solvent-free synthesis of 4-substituted coumarins.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch049
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch050 550
Scheme 50. Synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin in presence of H2SO4 under ultrasonic irradiation.
Scheme 50. Synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin in presence of H2SO4 under ultrasonic irradiation.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch050
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch051 550
Scheme 51. Synthesis of 4-methyl coumarins in PEG-SO3H catalyzed reaction.
Scheme 51. Synthesis of 4-methyl coumarins in PEG-SO3H catalyzed reaction.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch051
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch052 550
Scheme 52. Four-step syntheses of polyphenolic hybrid-coumarins.
Scheme 52. Four-step syntheses of polyphenolic hybrid-coumarins.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch052
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch053 550
Scheme 53. Three-step synthesis of furanocoumarin.
Scheme 53. Three-step synthesis of furanocoumarin.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch053
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch054 550
Scheme 54. Solvent-free synthesis of substituted coumarins catalyzed by Wells-Dawson heteropolyacid (H6P2W18O62).
Scheme 54. Solvent-free synthesis of substituted coumarins catalyzed by Wells-Dawson heteropolyacid (H6P2W18O62).
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch054
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch055 550
Scheme 55. Palladium catalyzed synthesis of coumarin derivatives.
Scheme 55. Palladium catalyzed synthesis of coumarin derivatives.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch055
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch056 550
Scheme 56. Synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids under microwave irradiation.
Scheme 56. Synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids under microwave irradiation.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch056
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch057 550
Scheme 57. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives via Knoevenagel condensation in green solvents.
Scheme 57. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives via Knoevenagel condensation in green solvents.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch057
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch058 550
Scheme 58. Synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted coumarins in presence of FeCl3.
Scheme 58. Synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted coumarins in presence of FeCl3.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch058
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch059 550
Scheme 59. Two-step synthesis of 4-hydroxy-3-(hetero aryl Azo) coumarins.
Scheme 59. Two-step synthesis of 4-hydroxy-3-(hetero aryl Azo) coumarins.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch059
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch060 550
Scheme 60. One-pot two-step synthesis of 3-aryl-4-methylcoumarins.
Scheme 60. One-pot two-step synthesis of 3-aryl-4-methylcoumarins.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch060
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch061 550
Scheme 61. Synthesis of 3-cyano-4-methylcoumarions in presence of iodine as a catalyst. Coumarin derivatives synthesized from carboxylic acids.
Scheme 61. Synthesis of 3-cyano-4-methylcoumarions in presence of iodine as a catalyst. Coumarin derivatives synthesized from carboxylic acids.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch061
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch062 550
Scheme 62. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives performed by Li et al.
Scheme 62. Synthesis of coumarin derivatives performed by Li et al.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch062
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch063 550
Scheme 63. Radical cyclization of α-keto acids and alkynoates in coumarin derivatives synthesis.
Scheme 63. Radical cyclization of α-keto acids and alkynoates in coumarin derivatives synthesis.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch063
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch064 550
Scheme 64. Silver-promoted decarboxylative annulation of 3-acylcoumarins.
Scheme 64. Silver-promoted decarboxylative annulation of 3-acylcoumarins.
Biomolecules 10 00151 sch064
Table
Table 1. Comparison of methods for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives from aldehydes.
Table 1. Comparison of methods for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives from aldehydes.
Reaction ConditionsSolventCatalystYields (%)Reference
Biomolecules 10 00151 i001
Substituted 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acids
Microwave irradiationSolvent-freeYb(OTf)393–98[92]
Stirring, RTWaterPotassium phtalamide (PPI)87–90[93]
Stirring, RTWaterK2CO373–93[69]
NaN378–99
Ultrasound irradiationWaterNo-catalyst80[70]
Reflux95
Stirring, RTLemon, pomegranate, grapefruit, carrot, tomato, kiwi and limoncello juice, vinegar, olive mil and buttermilk waste waterNo-catalyst91–99[72]
Biomolecules 10 00151 i002
Substituted 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbonitriles
Stirring, 25–30 °CWaterCholine chloride79–87[66]
Stirring, RTWaterPotassium phtalamide (PPI)89–93[93]
Ultrasound irradiationEthanolPiperidine49[70]
Reflux50
Stirring, 35–40 °CEthanolPhI(OAc)280–92[71]
Stirring, 80 °CEthanolFeCl372–93 *[34]
Stirring, 80 °CDeep eutectic solventDeep eutectic solvent73–92[65]
RefluxDimethylformamideI280–92[95]
Microwave irradiation85–95
Stirring, 120 °CButyl acetatePropylphosphonic anhydride (T3P), trimethylamine (TEA)85–98[75]
Biomolecules 10 00151 i003
Substituted 3-acetyl-2H-chromen-2-ones
Ultrasound irradiation, 45 °CSolvent-freeMgFe2O4 nanoparticles92–96[73]
Stirring, 25–30 °CWaterCholine chloride90[66]
Stirring, 35–40 °CEthanolPhI(OAc)282–92[71]
Stirring, 60–80 °C, tert-butyl hydroperoxideDimethylformamideFe3O(BPDC)365–96[94]
Biomolecules 10 00151 i004
Substituted methyl 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates
Stirring, 2–30 °CWaterCholine chloride87–96[66]
Stirring, 120 °CButyl acetatePropylphosphonic anhydride (T3P), trimethylamine (TEA)94[75]
Stirring, 60–80 °C, tert-butyl hydroperoxideDimethylformamideFe3O(BPDC)328[94]
Biomolecules 10 00151 i005
Substituted ethyl 2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylates
Ultrasound irradiation, 45 °CSolvent-freeMgFe2O4 nanoparticles88–93[73]
Stirring, 25–30 °CWaterCholine chloride91–92[66]
Stirring, RTEthanolPiperidine, AcOH67–83[68]
Stirring, 35–40 °CEthanolPhI(OAc)284–92[71]
Ultrasound irradiationEthanolPiperidine, AcOH60–88[70]
Reflux48–85
Stirring, 80 °CEthanolFeCl370–95[34]
RefluxToluenePiperidine25–82[74]
* Some product in traces or no reactions at all.
Table
Table 2. Comparison of methods for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives from phenols.
Table 2. Comparison of methods for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives from phenols.
Reaction ConditionsSolventCatalystYields (%)Reference
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Substituted 4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-ones
Stirring, 80 °CSolvent-freeStarch sulfuric acid (SSA)75–95[96]
Ultrasound irradiationSolvent-freeH2SO487[70]
StirringSolvent-freeH2SO486[97]
Microwave irradiation, 100 °CSolvent-freeAmberlyst-1543–97[98]
Stirring, 130 °CSolvent-freeCellulose nanocrystal supported palladium nanoparticles (CNC-AMPD-Pd)45–97[99]
Stirring, 90 °CSolvent-freeMagnetic-core-shell-like Fe3O4@Boehmite-NH2-CoII NPs60–95 *[100]
Stirring, 80 °CSolvent-freePEG-SO3H78–91[108]
Stirring, 100 °CSolvent-freeMeglumine sulfate (MS)88–92[103]
Microwave irradiation88–93
Stirring, 100 °CSolvent-freeAlumina sulfuric acid (ASA)25–99 *[104]
Stirring, 110 °CSolvent-freeTriethylammonium hydrogen sulfate79–94[105]
Stirring, 140 °CSolvent-freeTCCA (1,3,5-trichloroisocyanuric acid)53–98[106]
Stirring, 70 °CSolvent-freeFeCl336–99[107]
Microwave irradiation, 100 °C39–99
Ultrasound irradiation55–99
RefluxEthanolPolyvinylpolypyrrolidone-bound boron trifluoride (PVPP-BF3)72–96[102]
RefluxTolueneFeCl3·6H2O44–92[101]
Biomolecules 10 00151 i007
Substituted 4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-ones
Stirring, 80 °CSolvent-freeStarch sulfuric acid (SSA)78[96]
Stirring, 100 °CSolvent-freeAlumina sulfuric acid (ASA)91[104]
Heating, 100 °CSolvent-freeMeglumine sulfate (MS)88–90[103]
Microwave irradiation88–92
Stirring, 110 °CSolvent-freeTriethylammonium hydrogen sulfate85–88[105]
Stirring, 140 °CSolvent-freeTCCA (1,3,5-trichloroisocyanuric acid)50–98[106]
Biomolecules 10 00151 i008
Substituted 4-(chloromethyl)-2H-chromen-2-ones
Stirring, 80 °CSolvent-freeStarch sulfuric acid (SSA)85[96]
Stirring, 100 °CSolvent-freeAlumina sulfuric acid (ASA)88–96[104]
Stirring, 70 °CSolvent-freeFeCl395 *[107]
Microwave irradiation, 100 °C68 *
Ultrasound irradiation75–96
* Some product in traces or no reactions at all.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lončarić, M.; Gašo-Sokač, D.; Jokić, S.; Molnar, M. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives from Different Starting Materials. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 151. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10010151

AMA Style

Lončarić M, Gašo-Sokač D, Jokić S, Molnar M. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives from Different Starting Materials. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(1):151. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10010151

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lončarić, Melita, Dajana Gašo-Sokač, Stela Jokić, and Maja Molnar. 2020. "Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Coumarin Derivatives from Different Starting Materials" Biomolecules 10, no. 1: 151. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biom10010151

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