Factors Impacting Pharmaceutical Prices and Affordability: Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Interplay of Medicine Pricing and Supply Chain Mechanism
2.1. Pharmaceutical Price Components
- (a)
- MSP
- (b)
- Insurance and freight
- (c)
- Port and inspection charges
- (d)
- Pharmaceutical import duties
- (e)
- Mark-ups by importers, wholesalers and retail distributors
- (f)
- Value Added Tax (VAT)/Goods and Services Tax (GST)
- (g)
- Dispensing fees
2.2. Pharmaceutical Supply Chain
- (a)
- Primary manufacturing (possibly including contractor sites);
- (b)
- Secondary manufacturing (possibly including contractor sites);
- (c)
- Market warehouses/distribution centres;
- (d)
- Wholesalers; and
- (e)
- Retailers/hospitals.
2.3. Private Sector Supply Chain
3. Pricing Mechanism: Legislative Context
3.1. Private Healthcare Facilities and Services Act/Regulations
3.2. Tariffs/Taxes Exemption
3.3. External/International Reference Pricing
4. Patient Medicine Spending
4.1. Out-of-Pocket Spending
4.2. Out-of-Pocket Costs
5. Discussion
6. Supply Chain and Medicine Pricing
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lee, K.S.; Kassab, Y.W.; Taha, N.A.; Zainal, Z.A. Factors Impacting Pharmaceutical Prices and Affordability: Narrative Review. Pharmacy 2021, 9, 1. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9010001
Lee KS, Kassab YW, Taha NA, Zainal ZA. Factors Impacting Pharmaceutical Prices and Affordability: Narrative Review. Pharmacy. 2021; 9(1):1. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Kah Seng, Yaman Walid Kassab, Nur Akmar Taha, and Zainol Akbar Zainal. 2021. "Factors Impacting Pharmaceutical Prices and Affordability: Narrative Review" Pharmacy 9, no. 1: 1. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pharmacy9010001