Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Waste Sludge Biochar for COD and Color Removal from Agro-Industrial Effluent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Bioreactor Experimental Set-Up and Biomass Acclimation
2.3. HWSB Synthesis
2.4. HWSB Characterization
2.5. Analytical Methods
2.6. CFBS Process Optimization by RSM for COD and Color Removal
2.7. Models for Substrate Removal Biokinetic Analysis in CFBS System
2.7.1. First-Order Kinetic Model
2.7.2. Grau Second-Order Kinetic Model
2.7.3. Modified Stover–Kincannon Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. AIE Characteristics
3.2. HWSB Analysis Result
3.2.1. Oxide Composition, Elemental Analysis, and Physical Properties of HWSB
3.2.2. FESEM
3.2.3. FTIR
3.2.4. Proximate and Ultimate Analysis
3.3. Effect of AIE Concentration and HRT on COD and Color Removal
3.3.1. COD Removal
3.3.2. Color Removal
3.4. Optimization by RSM
3.4.1. Model Fitting and Statistical Analysis
3.4.2. Three-Dimensional Response Surface Plots
3.4.3. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
3.4.4. Fit Statistics
3.5. Biokinetic Models for AIE Treatment in the CFBS
3.5.1. First-Order Model
3.5.2. Modified Stover–Kincannon Kinetic Models
3.5.3. Grau Second-Order Model
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Mean Value |
---|---|
pH | 7.14 |
Temperature (°C) | 27.42 |
TS (mg/L) | 10,376 |
SS (mg/L) | 8205 |
MLVSS/MLSS | 0.87 |
Settleability (ml/L) | 244.91 |
SVI (mL/g) | 99.76 |
Parameter | Values |
---|---|
pH | 7.48 |
BET surface area (m2/g) | 327.09 |
Total pore volume (cm3/g) | 0.462 |
Mean pore radius (Å) | 85.10 |
Mean pore size (nm) | 1.903 |
COD Removal | = | Color Removal | = |
---|---|---|---|
+70.11561 | +55.01228 | ||
+0.602719 | AIE | +1.13805 | AIE |
+1.15640 | HRT | −4.33443 | HRT |
+0.096000 | AIE × HRT | +0.056750 | AIE × HRT |
−0.017684 | AIE² | −0.022484 | AIE² |
−1.95868 | HRT² | +0.316316 | HRT² |
COD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | ||
Model | 438.63 | 5 | 87.73 | 6.33 | 0.0320 | significant |
A-AIE conc. | 170.24 | 1 | 170.24 | 12.29 | 0.0172 | |
B-HRT | 86.56 | 1 | 86.56 | 6.25 | 0.0545 | |
AB | 14.75 | 1 | 14.75 | 1.06 | 0.3495 | |
A2 | 126.76 | 1 | 126.76 | 9.15 | 0.0292 | |
B2 | 9.72 | 1 | 9.72 | 0.7017 | 0.4404 | |
Residual | 69.25 | 5 | 13.85 | |||
Lack of Fit | 28.17 | 3 | 9.39 | 0.4570 | 0.7406 | not significant |
Pure Error | 41.09 | 2 | 20.54 | |||
Cor Total | 507.89 | 10 | ||||
Color | ||||||
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | ||
Model | 255.91 | 5 | 51.18 | 8.47 | 0.0175 | significant |
A-AIE conc. | 22.81 | 1 | 22.81 | 3.78 | 0.1096 | |
B-HRT | 11.21 | 1 | 11.21 | 1.85 | 0.2314 | |
AB | 5.15 | 1 | 5.15 | 0.8527 | 0.3982 | |
A2 | 204.91 | 1 | 204.91 | 33.91 | 0.0021 | |
B2 | 0.2535 | 1 | 0.2535 | 0.0419 | 0.8458 | |
Residual | 30.21 | 5 | 6.04 | |||
Lack of Fit | 28.71 | 3 | 9.57 | 12.73 | 0.0737 | not significant |
Pure Error | 1.50 | 2 | 0.7519 | |||
Cor Total | 286.12 | 10 |
COD | Color | |
---|---|---|
Std. Dev. | 3.72 | 2.46 |
Mean | 67.59 | 60.19 |
C.V. % | 5.51 | 4.08 |
R² | 0.8636 | 0.8944 |
Adjusted R² | 0.7273 | 0.7888 |
Predicted R² | 0.4222 | 0.2790 |
Adeq. precision | 6.6396 | 6.9549 |
COD | Color | |
---|---|---|
PRESS | 293.44 | 206.29 |
−2 Log Likelihood | 51.46 | 42.33 |
BIC | 65.84 | 56.72 |
AICc | 84.46 | 75.33 |
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Jagaba, A.H.; Kutty, S.R.M.; Abubakar, S.; Birniwa, A.H.; Lawal, I.M.; Umaru, I.; Usman, A.K.; Yaro, N.S.A.; Al-Zaqri, N.; Al-Maswari, B.M.; et al. Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Waste Sludge Biochar for COD and Color Removal from Agro-Industrial Effluent. Separations 2022, 9, 258. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/separations9090258
Jagaba AH, Kutty SRM, Abubakar S, Birniwa AH, Lawal IM, Umaru I, Usman AK, Yaro NSA, Al-Zaqri N, Al-Maswari BM, et al. Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Waste Sludge Biochar for COD and Color Removal from Agro-Industrial Effluent. Separations. 2022; 9(9):258. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/separations9090258
Chicago/Turabian StyleJagaba, Ahmad Hussaini, Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty, Sule Abubakar, Abdullahi Haruna Birniwa, Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal, Ibrahim Umaru, Abdullahi Kilaco Usman, Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro, Nabil Al-Zaqri, Basheer M. Al-Maswari, and et al. 2022. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Waste Sludge Biochar for COD and Color Removal from Agro-Industrial Effluent" Separations 9, no. 9: 258. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/separations9090258