Analysis and Correction of the Crosstalk Effect in a Three-Axis SERF Atomic Magnetometer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Experimental Setup and Procedure
4. Result and Discussion
4.1. Optimization of the Modulation Parameters
4.2. Correction of the Transition Matrix
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Burgess, R.C. MEG for Greater Sensitivity and More Precise Localization in Epilepsy. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 2020, 30, 145–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soheilian, A.; Tehranchi, M.M.; Ranjbaran, M. Detection of magnetic tracers with Mx atomic magnetometer for application to blood velocimetry. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 7156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rea, M.; Holmes, N.; Hill, R.M.; Boto, E.; Leggett, J.; Edwards, L.J.; Woolger, D.; Dawson, E.; Shah, V.; Osborne, J.; et al. Precision magnetic field modelling and control for wearable magnetoencephalography. NeuroImage 2021, 241, 118401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, Y.J.; Savukov, I.; Newman, S. Magnetocardiography with a 16-channel fiber-coupled single-cell Rb optically pumped magnetometer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2019, 114, 143702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smiciklas, M.; Brown, J.M.; Cheuk, L.W.; Smullin, S.J.; Romalis, M.V. New Test of Local Lorentz Invariance Using a 21Ne-Rb-K Comagnetometer. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 107, 171604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padniuk, M.; Kopciuch, M.; Cipolletti, R.; Wickenbrock, A.; Budker, D.; Pustelny, S. Response of atomic spin-based sensors to magnetic and nonmagnetic perturbations. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ledbetter, M.P.; Savukov, I.M.; Acosta, V.M.; Budker, D.; Romalis, M.V. Spin-exchange-relaxation-free magnetometry with Cs vapor. Phys. Rev. A 2008, 77, 033408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Xu, M.; Liang, A.; Yin, Y.; Ma, X.; Gao, Y.; Ning, X. A new wearable multichannel magnetocardiogram system with a SERF atomic magnetometer array. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 5564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clancy, R.J.; Gerginov, V.; Alem, O.; Becker, S.; Knappe, S. A study of scalar optically-pumped magnetometers for use in magnetoencephalography without shielding. Phys. Med. Biol. 2021, 66, 175030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marhl, U.; Sander, T.; Jazbinšek, V. Simulation Study of Different OPM-MEG Measurement Components. Sensors 2022, 22, 3184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, H.; Dong, H.; Chen, L.; Gao, Y. Single-beam three-axis atomic magnetometer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2016, 109, 062404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, W.; Su, S.; Zhang, G.; Bi, X.; Lin, Q. Vector magnetocardiography measurement with a compact elliptically polarized laser-pumped magnetometer. Biomed. Opt. Express 2020, 11, 649–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhivun, E.; Bulatowicz, M.; Hryciuk, A.; Walker, T. Dual-axis pi-pulse spin-exchange relaxation-free magnetometer. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2019, 11, 034040. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Namita, K.; Ito, Y.; Kobayashi, T. Vector measurement of pico tesla magnetic fields using an optically pumped magnetometer by varying pump beam direction. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2021, 60, 076507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, F.; Lu, J.; Li, B.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, S.; Yin, K.; Ye, M.; Han, B. Triaxial Vector Operation in Near-zero Field of Atomic Magnetometer with Femtotesla Sensitivity. Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2022, 71, 1501210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z.; Wakai, R.T.; Walker, T.G. Parametric modulation of an atomic magnetometer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 134105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seltzer, S.J.; Romalis, M.V. Unshielded three-axis vector operation of a spin-exchange-relaxation-free atomic magnetometer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 4804–4806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osborne, J.; Orton, J.; Alem, O.; Shah, V. Fully integrated, standalone zero field optically pumped magnetometer for biomagnetism. In Proceedings of the Steep Dispersion Engineering and Opto-Atomic Precision Metrology XI, San Francisco, CA, USA, 27 January–1 February 2018; Volume 10548, p. 105481G. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, W.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Feng, Y.; Sun, C.; Wu, T.; Chen, J.; Peng, X.; Guo, H. Single-beam three-axis optically pumped magnetometers with sub-100 femtotesla sensitivity. Appl. Phys. Express 2021, 14, 066002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boto, E.; Shah, V.; Hill, R.M.; Rhodes, N.; Osborne, J.; Doyle, C.; Holmes, N.; Rea, M.; Leggett, J.; Bowtell, R.; et al. Triaxial detection of the neuromagnetic field using optically-pumped magnetometry: Feasibility and application in children. NeuroImage 2022, 252, 119027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pradhan, S.; Behera, R. Characterization of polarimetric based three axis atomic magnetometer. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2019, 290, 48–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Ma, M.; Luo, Y.; Xie, Y.; Wang, J.; Xu, F. Discussion of cross-axis isolation in vector atomic magnetometry via longitudinal field modulation. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference of Optical Imaging and Measurement (ICOIM), Xi’an, China, 27–29 August 2021; pp. 234–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, J.; Zhai, Y.; Zhou, B.; Han, B.; Liu, G. Dual-Axis Closed Loop of a Single-Beam Atomic Magnetometer: Toward High Bandwidth and High Sensitivity. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2021, 70, 1504808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, H.C.; Dong, H.F.; Hu, X.Y.; Chen, L.; Gao, Y. Three-axis atomic magnetometer based on spin precession modulation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 107, 182403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, W.; Wu, T.; Peng, X.; Guo, H. Atomic spin-exchange collisions in magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. A 2021, 103, 043116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Happer, W.; Tam, A.C. Effect of rapid spin exchange on the magnetic-resonance spectrum of alkali vapors. Phys. Rev. A 1977, 16, 1877–1891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savukov, I.M.; Romalis, M.V. Effects of spin-exchange collisions in a high-density alkali-metal vapor in low magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. A 2005, 71, 023405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, Y.; Yan, Y.; Lu, J.; Lu, J.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, S.; Lu, F.; Lu, F.; Yin, K.; Yin, K.; et al. Three-axis closed-loop optically pumped magnetometer operated in the SERF regime. Opt. Express 2022, 30, 18300–18309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Lu, J.; Ma, D.; Wang, K.; Gao, Y.; Sun, C.; Han, B. In Situ Measurement of Nonorthogonal Angles of a Three-Axis Vector Optically Pumped Magnetometer. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2022, 71, 7001109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goleman, K.; Sasada, I. A Triaxial Orthogonal Fluxgate Magnetometer Made of a Single Magnetic Wire With Three U-Shaped Branches. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2007, 43, 2379–2381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, J. Adaptive calibration algorithm of three axial magnetic fluxgate sensor using support vector regression. In Proceedings of the 2010 Chinese Control and Decision Conference, Xuzhou, China, 26–28 May 2010; pp. 4222–4225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shah, V.K.; Wakai, R.T. A compact, high performance atomic magnetometer for biomedical applications. Phys. Med. Biol. 2013, 58, 8153–8161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, J.; Lu, C.; Wang, S.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, S.; Lu, F. Optimized electric heater configuration design with magnetic-field self-suppression using genetic algorithm. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2022, 344, 113758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, J.; Qian, Z.; Fang, J.; Quan, W. Effects of AC magnetic field on spin-exchange relaxation of atomic magnetometer. Appl. Phys. B 2016, 122, 59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, S.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, K.; Zhang, K.; Zhou, Y.; Ye, M.; Ye, M.; Lu, J.; Lu, J.; Lu, J.; et al. Triaxial precise magnetic field compensation of a zero-field optically pumped magnetometer based on a single-beam configuration. Opt. Express 2022, 30, 24579–24588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allred, J.C.; Lyman, R.N.; Kornack, T.W.; Romalis, M.V. High-Sensitivity Atomic Magnetometer Unaffected by Spin-Exchange Relaxation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89, 130801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yan, Y.; Lu, J.; Zhou, B.; Wang, K.; Liu, Z.; Li, X.; Wang, W.; Liu, G. Analysis and Correction of the Crosstalk Effect in a Three-Axis SERF Atomic Magnetometer. Photonics 2022, 9, 654. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics9090654
Yan Y, Lu J, Zhou B, Wang K, Liu Z, Li X, Wang W, Liu G. Analysis and Correction of the Crosstalk Effect in a Three-Axis SERF Atomic Magnetometer. Photonics. 2022; 9(9):654. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics9090654
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Yeguang, Jixi Lu, Binquan Zhou, Kun Wang, Ziao Liu, Xiaoyu Li, Weiyi Wang, and Gang Liu. 2022. "Analysis and Correction of the Crosstalk Effect in a Three-Axis SERF Atomic Magnetometer" Photonics 9, no. 9: 654. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/photonics9090654