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Article

Molecular and Supramolecular Structure of a New Luminescent Hybrid Compound: (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O

by
Andrey V. Bykov
1,
Tatiana A. Shestimerova
1,
Mikhail A. Bykov
1,
Konstantin A. Lyssenko
1,
Vladislav M. Korshunov
2,
Mikhail T. Metlin
2,
Ilya V. Taydakov
2 and
Andrei V. Shevelkov
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
2
P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2022, 10(11), 181; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/inorganics10110181
Submission received: 10 August 2022 / Revised: 10 October 2022 / Accepted: 18 October 2022 / Published: 25 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light Emitting Metal Complexes)
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Abstract

:
The reaction of homopiperazine, C5N2H12, with BiBr3 in strong hydrobromic acid affords a new organic-inorganic hybrid (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group, Pbca, with unit cell dimensions of a = 15.0775 (2), b = 15.7569 (2), and c = 20.7881 (4) Å, and eight formula units per unit cell. The crystal structure features slightly distorted octahedral BiBr63− and monoatomic Br− anions in the inorganic substructure and C5N2H142+ dications and adjacent water molecules in the organic substructure. Various weak interactions that include (N)H···Br, (N)H···O, and (O)H···Br hydrogen bonds ensure the assembling of the structural moieties into a 3D supramolecular structure. (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O shows two emission bands in the photoluminescence spectrum, a rather narrow deep-blue PL at 432 nm, and a broadband red PL centered at 650 nm. Their nature and relations to the crystal structure are discussed in this paper.

1. Introduction

Recent interest in halometallates stems from striving to replace efficient yet toxic haloplumbates as light-harvesting materials for solar cells [1]. Apart from tin, which shows remarkable instability regarding Sn2+ halide complexes [2,3], bismuth is deemed as the closest analog of lead because of the similarity of 6s2 cations to Pb2+ and Bi3+. Consequently, a search for halobismuthates as potential photovoltaic materials has been launched; however, only 5% photovoltaic efficiency has been achieved so far [4,5,6]. At the same time, as hundreds of all-inorganic and hybrid halobismuthates have been discovered and studied, the new roles of these compounds emerge. Quite a number of halobismuthates have demonstrated intriguing properties, including photoluminescence [7,8,9,10,11,12], thermochromism [13,14,15], piezo- and ferroelectricity [16,17,18], and nonlinear optical activity [19,20], to name just a few. Consequently, more research into halobismuthates is now oriented towards other properties than light harvesting.
Bismuth forms many halide complexes in the oxidation state of +3. Apart from a number of subvalent cluster compounds [21,22,23] and Bi5+ fluorocomplexes [24,25], the +3 oxidation state is dominant in bismuth halide derivatives. Although halobismuthates (III) are numerous, almost all of them contain a BiX63− anion (X = Cl, Br, or I) as a primary building unit. These octahedra share vertices, edges, or faces to form a variety of anions ranging from 0D to 2D [26,27]. Surprisingly, those cases where single BiX63− anions do not combine into more complex structures are rare compared to other halometallate anions [28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. As a rule, such compounds form with large organic or inorganic cations and demonstrate high reactivity towards moisture. Their isolation is sometimes difficult because even if a starting solution contains a BiX63− anion, in a resulting solid, such octahedral anions join to form various bioctahedral units, chains, or layers [36]. Obviously, the anionic structure of such compounds is sensitive to cations, which serve as templates. Recently, we have shown that homopiperazine, C5N2H12, can govern the iodobismuthate anionic substructure of organic-inorganic hybrids by utilizing four hydrogen bonds, with two at each nitrogen atom of a cyclic diamine [37]. Moreover, due to the asymmetry of homopiperazine, the crystal structures are free from rotational/positional disorder and can be analyzed in terms of the influence of weak interactions on the overall stability of a hybrid compound.
In this paper, we present a new hybrid compound, (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O, that contains stand-alone BiBr63− octahedral and monoatomic Br− anions assembled into a 3D array by numerous weak interactions generated by homopiperazinum dications serving as templates. We discuss its crystal structure and optical properties, paying special attention to photoluminescent properties and their relations to the crystal structure.

2. Results and Discussion

A facile reaction of homopiperazine with BiBr3 in concentrated hydrobromic acid yields light-yellow crystals of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O, which can be easily collected upon filtration. The phase identity and purity were confirmed by comparing the X-ray diffraction pattern taken on a finely crushed powder sample, calculated from the crystal data (Figure S1). The resulting solid is stable in air and can be stored in a closed vial. Upon heating, it starts to decompose near 60 °C, releasing a water molecule. The second step of decomposition starts at 240 °C, leading to the destruction and evaporation of the decomposition products (Figure S2).
The crystal structure of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O (Figure 1) consists of the inorganic anionic part comprised of BiBr63− and Br− anions, with the C5N2H142+ dications and adjacent water molecules forming the organic part. The BiBr63− octahedron shows a slight distortion; there are three shorter bonds in the range of 2.78–2.81 Å and three longer bonds at 2.85, 2.91, and 3.01 Å (Table 1). The distortion is not severe and is less pronounced than in mononuclear bromobismuthates with organic cations [32,38,39]. However, comparisons between all-inorganic bromobismuthates and small organic cations [40] show that the latter feature almost undistorted BiBr63− anions; for instance, the range of Bi-Br bond distances in Cs3BiBr6 is very narrow: 2.83–2.85 Å [28]. This confirms that the 6s2 lone pair on the Bi atom does not display stereochemical activity, which is normal unless very electronegative ligands like fluorine are present [41]. The distance between the bromine atoms of BiBr63− octahedra exceeds twice the van der-Waals radius of bromine [42,43]; besides, the bromine atoms of the octahedra and separate Br− anions do not interact. Therefore, the inorganic substructure can be described as stand-alone BiBr63− and Br− anions present in a 1:1 ratio.
The BiBr63− and Br− anions form hydrogen bonds with the homopiperazinium cations, C5N2H142+, and the water molecules of the organic substructure, thus, composing a 3D supramolecular ensemble. The Br− anion has a tetrahedral environment of four C5N2H142+ cations (Figure 2) with relatively short (N)H···Br distances, ranging from 2.41 to 2.69 Å. The tetrahedral arrangement of these hydrogen bonds is more typical for Cl− anions [31].
There are two independent homopiperazinium cations in the crystal structure. They utilize each nitrogen atom as a donor for making hydrogen bonds (Figure 3). In the first cation containing the N1 and N2 atoms, only the (N)H···Br bonds form from 2.41 to 2.86 Å (Table 2). The second cation, based on the N3 and N4 atoms, has the same kind of (N)H···Br bonds, ranging from 2.41 to 2.69 Å and also form one (N)H···O bond at 1.98 Å with the oxygen atom of the water molecule. Additionally, water has an (O)H···Br hydrogen bond of 2.53 Å with the Br3 atom of the BiBr63− anion. Previously, we have shown that homopiperazinium has the propensity to use all hydrogen attached to nitrogen atoms to form hydrogen bonds [37]. This is also observed in (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O; however, the difference is that some hydrogen bonds bifurcate in the title compound, which was not observed previously for this cation.
The network of hydrogen bonds can integrate inorganic and organic substructures into 1D [32], 2D [35], or 3D [44] arrays by quite a few weak interactions [45]. However, covalent bonds do not spread in any direction of the lattice as they are confined to the Bi-Br interactions in the BiBr63− anion and the C-C, C-N, C-H, and N-H bonds in the organic cations. In the title compound, a 3D network is formed. Consequently, it is expected that the energy bands in the electronic structure are flat and the band gap is direct [46]. Figure 4 shows the Kubelka–Munk transform of the diffuse reflectance spectrum, which gives a band gap value of 2.96 eV for the direct gap model. For comparison, the indirect gap model gives 2.87 eV. The small difference is not surprising since flat bands are expected; furthermore, both band gap values agree with the light-yellow color of the compound.
The photoluminescent measurements performed at room temperature returned no signal. However, upon excitation at 77 K, two emission bands were recorded, which are shown in Figure 5, together with the respective excitation spectra. The rather narrow band at 432 nm has a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of 44 nm and a Stokes shift of 0.2 eV. Typically, for bromobismuthates, the charge transfer across the band gap occurs from the 4p-states of bromine to the 6p-states of bismuth (ligand-to-metal charge transfer, LMCT) [47,48]. Such an LMCT excites an electron across the band gap, leaving a hole at the top of the valence band. The electron and hole can freely move, thus, forming a loosely bound exciton, for which the recombination yields a deep-blue emission with a relatively small Stokes shift, which can be explained by the defect-free molecular structure of the BiBr63−anion. This model is supported by a short exciton lifetime, as can be seen in Figure 6a. We note that such a high-energy emission is observed in bromobismuthates for the first time; to the best of our knowledge, no emission below 469 nm was reported previously [9].
A broad red emission centered at 645 nm has an FWHM of nearly 110 nm and a large Stokes shift of about 1.4 eV. Remarkably, the excitation bands are blue-shifted with respect to those for the deep-blue emission band, which is seen as an additional peak near 3.3 eV on the Kubelka–Munk plot. We infer that, in this case, the excitation does not involve LMCT but is rather metal-centered (MC). It involves a lower-lying 6s2 bismuth lone pair excited to 6p-states [49]. Most probably, the local distortions of the BiBi63− anions induce small polarons, which trap charge carriers, leading to self-trapped excitons [50,51,52], and finally, this results in a long exciton lifetime, as is shown in Figure 6b. Given the large Stokes shift, long lifetime, and broad emission band, we attribute the red emission to the 1S0 ← 3P1 transition, which is spin-forbidden but allowed, owing to strong spin-orbit coupling with the 1P1 state.

3. Materials and Methods

Synthesis. Homopiperazine C5N2H12 (98%, Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium), BiBr3 (pure, SoyuzReaktiv, Moscow, Russia), and hydrobromic acid HBr (pure for analysis, Reakhim, Staraya Kupavna, Russia) were used as received. A solution of 0.1936 g of BiBr3 in concentrated HBr (1.7 mL) was added to a solution of 0.0867 g of homopiperazine in the same acid (1.3 mL). Lightly-colored yellow crystals precipitated within a day and were filtered off under vacuum and dried in air at room temperature.
Powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD) was performed on an Imaging Plate Guinier Camera (Huber G670, Cu-Kα1 radiation, λ = 1.540598 Å, Rimsting, Germany)). For data collection, crystals were finely crushed in an agate mortar, and the resulting powder was fixed on a holder using scotch tape. The XRD pattern is given in Figure S1.
Thermal analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed (Table S1) using a NETZSCH 209 F1 Libra thermobalance (NETZSCH, Selb, Germany). Samples were heated in alumina crucibles under dry nitrogen flow up to 623 with the ramp rate of 5 K·min–1. The NETZSCH Proteus Thermal Analysis program was used for the data processing. The mass loss at the first stage above 60 °C is 1.98% (-H2O, 1.82%).
Crystal structure determination. Well-shaped single crystals of the title compound were selected from reaction product. The single crystal diffraction data were measured using a Bruker D8 Quest diffractometer (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Gemany) equipped with a CMOS detector (MoKα, λ = 0.71073 Å, graphite monochromator) at 110 and 300 K [53]. Data were corrected for absorption effects using semiempirical methods implemented in SADABS (2016/2) [54]. The crystal structure was solved by the intrinsic phase methods, which gave the positions of all the bromine and bismuth atoms. Difference Fourier syntheses in Shelxt (SHELXL-2018/3) gave the positions of all the nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms [55]. Additional difference Fourier synthesis gave two peaks near two neighboring carbon atoms with about 2–2.5 electrons. These peaks were stated as carbon atoms and refined; the result can be considered as two conformations of the cation. The conformations ratio in all tested cases stated was near to 75:25. The carbon and nitrogen hydrogen atoms were refined using riding models, whereas the hydrogen atoms of the H2O molecules were found in the final Fourier synthesis as small peaks near the oxygen atom and further refined using riding models. The crystal structure was refined by anisotropic approximations of the atomic displacement parameters for all atoms except hydrogens. Isotropic atomic displacement parameters were restricted 1.2 times for the carbon and nitrogen hydrogens and 1.5 times for the oxygen hydrogen atoms and their respective parent atom. Experimental and crystallographic information is given in Table 3 and Table S1 for 110 and 300 K, consequently. Further details of the crystal structures may be obtained from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre by quoting the CCDC number 2192630.
Optical spectroscopy. Optical diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded using a UV-vis spectrometer Perkin-Elmer Lambda 950 (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) with an attached diffuse reflectance accessory. Measurements were performed at 298 K in the spectral range of 250–1000 nm, with a scanning rate of 2 nm/s using finely ground polycrystalline samples. The data were transformed into absorbance using the Kubelka–Munk method and plotted as [(k/s)·hυ]2 against hυ, where k is the absorption coefficient, s is the scattering coefficient, and h is the Planck constant [56,57]. Optical band gap, Eg, was approximated by extrapolation to k = 0.
Photoluminescence excitation and steady-state emission spectra were recorded at room temperature and 77 K with a Horiba-Jobin-Yvon Fluorolog-QM spectrofluorimeter (Paris, France) equipped with a 75 W ArcTune xenon lamp and a Hamamatsu R13456 photomultiplier sensitive in the 200–980 nm emission range. For low-temperature measurements, the samples were placed in a quartz optical cryostat filled with liquid N2. Luminescence decays were acquired using the same instrument, using a pulsed DeltaLed excitation source (λ = 370 nm) and EZ-time software for data analysis.

4. Conclusions

We have synthesized a new organic-inorganic hybrid: (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O. Its crystal structure contains the inorganic anions, octahedral BiBr63−, and the monoatomic Br−, whereas the organic cationic part is composed of the C5N2H142+ dications and water molecules. The cationic and anionic parts are linked by a few hydrogen bonds (of various types), (N)H···Br, (O)H···Br, and (N)H···O, mainly executed by the C5N2H142+ cation, which utilizes all its potential hydrogen donor sites. In this way, the structural moieties are assembled into a 3D array. The title compound exhibits a photoluminescent emission composed of two bands. The deep-blue emission is narrow; it has a small Stokes shift and fast decay and is attributed to exciton recombination across the band gap. The red emission is broad, with a large Stokes shift and a long lifetime; it is assigned to the radiative recombination of the self-trapped excitons, appearing due to the local distortions of the BiBr63− anions induced by the excitation of the bismuth 6s2 lone pair.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://0-www-mdpi-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/article/10.3390/inorganics10110181/s1, Figure S1. X-ray powder diffraction pattern for (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br⋅H2O. Experimental profile, blue; calculated from the crystal data, magenta (both measured at 300 K); Table S1. Crystallographic data for (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br⋅H2O at 300 K; Figure S2. Thermal analysis data for (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br⋅H2O.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: T.A.S. and A.V.S.; methodology: A.V.B.; formal analysis: K.A.L. and I.V.T.; investigation: A.V.B., M.A.B., V.M.K., and M.T.M.; writing—original draft preparation: T.A.S. and A.V.S.; writing—review and editing: K.A.L., I.V.T. and A.V.S.; supervision: A.V.S.; project administration: A.V.S.; funding acquisition: A.V.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant number 20-03-00280. The X-ray study was supported by the Lomonosov Moscow State University Program of Development.

Data Availability Statement

CCDC 2192630 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures, accessed on 8 August 2022.

Acknowledgments

We thank A.V. Grigorieva for assisting with the diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Inorganics 10 00181 g001 550
Figure 1. Crystal structure of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O: (a) view slightly off the a-axis and (b) projection onto the (010) plane.
Figure 1. Crystal structure of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O: (a) view slightly off the a-axis and (b) projection onto the (010) plane.
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Inorganics 10 00181 g002 550
Figure 2. Arrangement of four C5N2H142+ cations around the Br− anion. Bromine: olive; nitrogen: blue; carbon: light grey; hydrogen: dark grey. (N)H···Br bonds are marked by dashed lines.
Figure 2. Arrangement of four C5N2H142+ cations around the Br− anion. Bromine: olive; nitrogen: blue; carbon: light grey; hydrogen: dark grey. (N)H···Br bonds are marked by dashed lines.
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Inorganics 10 00181 g003 550
Figure 3. Hydrogen bonds of two independent C5N2H142+ cations. Bromine: olive; oxygen: red; nitrogen: blue; carbon: light grey; hydrogen: dark grey. (N)H···Br and (N)H···O bonds are marked by dashed lines.
Figure 3. Hydrogen bonds of two independent C5N2H142+ cations. Bromine: olive; oxygen: red; nitrogen: blue; carbon: light grey; hydrogen: dark grey. (N)H···Br and (N)H···O bonds are marked by dashed lines.
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Inorganics 10 00181 g004 550
Figure 4. Kubelka–Munk plot for (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O; a direct gap approximation.
Figure 4. Kubelka–Munk plot for (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O; a direct gap approximation.
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Inorganics 10 00181 g005 550
Figure 5. The photoluminescence emission (red) and excitation (black) spectra of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O at 77 K.
Figure 5. The photoluminescence emission (red) and excitation (black) spectra of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O at 77 K.
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Figure 6. Photoluminescence lifetime for (a) deep-blue emission, τave = 2.19 ns and (b) red emission, τave = 0.71 μs.
Figure 6. Photoluminescence lifetime for (a) deep-blue emission, τave = 2.19 ns and (b) red emission, τave = 0.71 μs.
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Table
Table 1. Selected interatomic distances and angles in the BiBr63− anion in the crystal structures of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O.
Table 1. Selected interatomic distances and angles in the BiBr63− anion in the crystal structures of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O.
AtomsDistance, ÅAtomsAngle, °
Bi1–Br1
Bi1–Br2
Bi1–Br3
Bi1–Br4
Bi1–Br5
Bi1–Br6		2.8057(4)
2.9063(4)
3.0119(4)
2.7977(4)
2.7785(4)
2.8522(4)		Br1—Bi1—Br4
Br2—Bi1—Br6
Br3—Bi1—Br5


173.576(13)
177.504(13)
175.040(13)
Table
Table 2. Hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O.
Table 2. Hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O.
D–H···Ad (D–H), Åd (H···A), Åd(D···A), ÅAngle (D–H···A), °
N1–H1A···Br10.912.693.495 (3)147
N1–H1B···Br70.912.413.200 (3)144
N2–H2A···Br70.912.443.267 (3)151
N2-H2B···Br40.912.673.463 (4)146
N3-H3C···O1W0.911.982.695 (5)134
N3-H3C···Br70.912.623.448 (4)151
N4-H4C···Br70.912.453.331 (4)162
N4-H4D···Br30.912.533.263 (4)137
OW1-H1WA···Br10.85 (4)2.88 (5)3.513 (4)133 (5)
OW1-H1WB···Br30.87 (4)2.53 (4)3.351 (4)158 (6)
Table
Table 3. Crystallographic data for (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O at 110 K.
Table 3. Crystallographic data for (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O at 110 K.
Empirical FormulaC10H30BiBr7N4O
Temperature (K)110 (2)
Crystal systemOrthorhombic
Space groupPbca
Cell parameter, a, b, c [Å]15.0775 (2) 15.7569 (2), 20.7881 (4)
Volume [Å3]4938.73 (13)
Z8
Density (calculated) [g cm–3]2.665
DiffractometerBruker D8 Quest
Radiation, λ [Å]MoK\a, 0.71073
Data collection range (°)2.111–29.998
R1 [F0 > 4σF0]0.0278
wR2 [F0 > 4σF0]0.0513
Goodness-of-fit1.020
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Bykov, A.V.; Shestimerova, T.A.; Bykov, M.A.; Lyssenko, K.A.; Korshunov, V.M.; Metlin, M.T.; Taydakov, I.V.; Shevelkov, A.V. Molecular and Supramolecular Structure of a New Luminescent Hybrid Compound: (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O. Inorganics 2022, 10, 181. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/inorganics10110181

AMA Style

Bykov AV, Shestimerova TA, Bykov MA, Lyssenko KA, Korshunov VM, Metlin MT, Taydakov IV, Shevelkov AV. Molecular and Supramolecular Structure of a New Luminescent Hybrid Compound: (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O. Inorganics. 2022; 10(11):181. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/inorganics10110181

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bykov, Andrey V., Tatiana A. Shestimerova, Mikhail A. Bykov, Konstantin A. Lyssenko, Vladislav M. Korshunov, Mikhail T. Metlin, Ilya V. Taydakov, and Andrei V. Shevelkov. 2022. "Molecular and Supramolecular Structure of a New Luminescent Hybrid Compound: (C5N2H14)2[BiBr6]Br·H2O" Inorganics 10, no. 11: 181. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/inorganics10110181

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