Exploring the Relationships between Four New Species of Boletoid Fungi from Northern China and Their Related Species

Abstract

The family Boletaceae primarily represents ectomycorrhizal fungi, which play an essential ecological role in forest ecosystems. Although the Boletaceae family has been subject to a relatively global and comprehensive history of work, novel species and genera are continually described. During this investigation in northern China, many specimens of boletoid fungi were collected. Based on the study of their morphology and phylogeny, four new species, Butyriboletus pseudoroseoflavus, Butyriboletus subregius, Tengioboletus subglutinosus, and Suillellus lacrymibasidiatus, are introduced. Morphological evidence and phylogenetic analyses of the single or combined dataset (ITS or 28S, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1) confirmed these to be four new species. The evidence and analyses indicated the new species’ relationships with other species within their genera. Detailed descriptions, color photographs, and line drawings are provided. The species of Butyriboletus in China were compared in detail and the worldwide keys of Tengioboletus and Suillellus were given.

1. Introduction

Boletaceae Chevall. [1], a family with more than 70 genera, is one of the most prominent and diverse among the basidiomycetes [2]. It is mainly characterized by being tubulose with infrequent lamellate or loculate hymenophora, and by a fleshy context. Most Boletaceae species have value for humans and are essential for mutualistic symbiosis with trees [3,4,5,6]. Although the family Boletaceae was established nearly two centuries ago, the species diversity of the family increased significantly in the last few decades [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Because the morphology of Boletaceae has convergent characteristics, the classification did not correspond to the phylogeny of Boletaceae for a long time. With the development of molecular biology, the method of genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) [20] was used to identify species of fungi, resolved some doubts about the status of taxa, and contributed to a better understanding of the relationships of the genera in this family [5,21,22]. In the past two decades, new genera and new species have rapidly increased, and the evolution of ectomycorrhizas of Boletales was gradually disclosed [23,24].

In China, the family Boletaceae has continued to receive increasing attention from mycologists [5,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. However, the previous studies were focused on southern China, and the species diversity remained unclear in northern China. During previous field collection in the north of China, we obtained many specimens. Based on our analyses of their morphology and phylogeny, we propose four new species: Butyriboletus pseudoroseoflavus, Butyriboletus subregius, Tengioboletus subglutinosus, and Suillellus lacrymibasidiatus.

Butyriboletus was erected by Arora et al. [33] to accommodate the Boletus sect. Appendiculati. It is characterized by a reddish to brown pileus and a yellow hymenophore, usually staining blue when bruised. Five species have been described in China, i.e., Bu. huangnianlaii N.K. Zeng, H. Chai & Zhi Q. Liang [28], Bu. pseudospeciosus Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang [5], Bu. roseoflavus (Hai B. Li & Hai L. Wei), D. Arora & J.L. Frank [33], Bu. sanicibus D. Arora & J.L. Frank [33], and Bu. yicibus D. Arora & J.L. Frank [32].

Tengioboletus was established by Wu et al. [5], including three species: T. glutinosus G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, T. reticulatus G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, and T. fujianensis N.K. Zeng & Zhi Q. Liang [5,34]. Tengioboletus can be distinguished easily from other Boletaceae genera by combining the following characteristics: a yellow context; hymenophore that change color when injured; tubes that are concolorous with the surface; cystidia that are scattered; subfusiform-ventricose or clavate shape; and an epithelium to ixotrichodermium pileipellis.

Suillellus, typified by Boletus luridus Schaeff, was established by Murrill in 1909 [7]. According to Vizzini et al. [13], Suillellus s.str. is characterized by basidiomata that are usually slender, stipes that are cylindrical and sometimes covered with reticulation, pileus that are reddish brown to olivaceous and turn to blue when bruised, the presence or absence of Bataille’s line, and a context that is reddish in the stipe base and bluing when exposed to air and positive amyloid reaction.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Samplings and Morphological Analyses

Materials were collected from Jilin province and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of Mycology of the Jilin Agriculture University (HMJAU). Descriptions of the colors of basidiomata used color coding from Kornerup and Wanscher [35]. The micro-morphological structures were performed in a 5% KOH solution and then in a 1% Congo Red or Melzer’s reagent solution. The amyloid reaction was tested following Imler’s procedure [36,37]. The abbreviations for basidiospore measurements (n/m/p) indicate “n” basidiospores from “m” basidiomata of “p” specimens. The sizes of basidiospores are given as (a) b–m–c (d), where “a” is the smallest value, “d” is the largest value, “m” is the average value point, and “b–c” covers a minimum of 95% of the values. “Q” stands for the ratio of the length and the width of the basidiospores and “Q ± av” stands for for the average Q of all basidiospores ± sample standard deviation. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the ultrastructure of the spores.

2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Sequencing

Genomic DNA was extracted from dried specimens, using the NuClean Plant Genomic DNA kit (CWBIO). For the amplification of ITS, 28S, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1, we used primer pairs ITS1/4, LROR/LR5, RPB1-B-F/RPB1-B-R, RPB2-B-F1/RPB2-B-R, and 983F/1567R, respectively [5,22,25,38,39,40,41,42]. PCR amplification procedures were set to refer to Zhang et al. [43], White et al. [39], and Kuo and Ortiz-Santana [44]. Then, PCR productions were sent to Sangon Biotech Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China) to be directly sequenced using the ABI 3730xl DNA analyzer.

2.3. Data Analysis

Newly generated sequences were uploaded to NCBI (https://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/, accessed on 10 January 2022), as shown in

Table 1. Information of DNA sequences used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees. Sequences newly generated in this study are indicated in bold.

Taxon	Voucher ID	ITS	28S	TEF1	RPB1	RPB2	References
Tengioboletus glutinosus	HKAS53425	–	KF112341	KF112204	KF112578	KF112800	[22]
T. glutinosus	HKAS53452	–	KT990655	KT990844	KT990994	KT990480	[5]
T. reticulatus	HKAS53426	–	KF112491	KF112313	KF112649	KF112828	[22]
T. reticulatus	HKAS52241	–	KT990657	KT990845	KT990995	KT990481	[5]
T. reticulatus	HKAS53453	–	KT990656	KT990846	–	KT990482	[5]
T. funjianensis	HKAS76661	–	KF112342	KF112205	–	KF112801	[22]
T. funjianensis	HKAS77869	–	KT990658	KT990847	KT990996	KT990483	[5]
T. subglutinosus	HMJAU59034 (T286)	–	OL588198	OL739119	OL739121	–	this study
T. subglutinosus	HMJAU59035 (T293)	–	OL588197	OL739120	OL739122	OL739118	this study
Porphyrellus porphyrosporus	MB97-023	–	DQ534643	GU187734	GU187475	GU187800	[50]
P. porphyrosporus	HKAS76671	–	KF112482	KF112243	KF112611	KF112718	[22]
Tylopilus sp.	HKAS50211	–	KT990552	KT990752	KT990920	KT990389	[22]
Tylopilus sp.	HKAS59826	–	KT990558	–	–	–	[5]
Tylopilus sp.	HKAS90198	–	KT990559	–	–	–	[5]
Strobilomyces atrosquamosus	HKAS55368	–	KT990648	KT990839	KT990989	KT990476	[5]
S. atrosquamosus	HKAS78563	–	KT990649	KT990833	KT990983	KT990470	[5]
S. echinocephalus	HKAS59420	–	KF112463	KF112256	KF112600	KF112810	[22]
P. aff. alboater	HKAS55375	–	KT990622	KT990816	KT990969	–	[5]
P. nigropurpureus	HKAS74938	–	KF112466	KF112246	–	KF112763	[22]
P. nigropurpureus	HKAS52685	–	KT990627	KT990821	KT990973	KT990459	[5]
P. nigropurpureus	HKAS53370	–	KT990628	KT990822	KT990974	KT990460	[5]
P. holophaeus	HKAS50508	–	KF112465	KF112244	KF112553	–	[22]
P. holophaeus	HKAS74894	–	KF112474	KF112245	KF112554	–	[22]
P. castaneus	HKAS63076	–	KT990548	KT990749	KT990916	KT990386	[5]
P. castaneus	HKAS52554	–	KT990697	KT990883	KT991026	KT990502	[5]
P. orientifumosipes	HKAS75078	–	KF112481	KF112242	–	KF112717	[22]
P. orientifumosipes	HKAS53372	–	KT990629	KT990823	KT990975	KT990461	[5]
Boletus bainiugan	HKAS52235	–	KF112457	KF112203	KF112587	KF112705	[22]
B. bainiugan	HKAS55393	–	JN563852	–	JN563868	–	[51]
B. fagacicola	HKAS55975	–	JN563853	–	JN563879	–	[51]
B. fagacicola	HKAS71347	–	JQ172790	–	JQ172791	–	[51]
Xanthoconium affine	NY00815399 (REH8660)	–	KT990661	KT990850	KT990999	KT990486	[5]
X. porophyllum	HKAS90217	–	KT990662	KT990851	KT991000	KT990487	[5]
Baorangia pseudocalopus	HKAS63607	–	KF112355	KF112167	–	–	[22]
Ba. pseudocalopus	HKAS75081	–	KF112356	KF112168	–	–	[22]
Butyriboletus abieticola	Arora11087	KC184412	KC184413	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. appendiculatus	Bap1	KJ419923	AF456837	JQ327025	–	–	[52]
Bu. appendiculatus	BR50200893390-25	KT002598	KT002609	KT002633	–	–	[53]
Bu. appendiculatus	BR50200892955-50	KJ605668	KJ605677	KJ619472	–	KP055030	[54]
Bu. appendiculatus	MB000286	KT002599	KT002610	KT002634	–	–	[53]
Bu. autumniregius	Arora11108	KC184423	KC184424	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. brunneus	NY00013631	KT002600	KT002611	KT002635	–	–	[53]
Bu. fechtneri	AT2003097	KC584784	KF030270	–	–	–	[21]
Exsudoporus frostii	JLF2548	KC812303	KC812304	–	–	–	[33]
E. frostii	NY815462	–	JQ924342	KF112164	–	KF112675	[22]
E. floridanus	BOS 617, BZ 3170	MN250222	MK601725	MK721079	–	MK766287	[43]
Bu. hainanensis	N.K. Zeng 1197 (FHMU 2410)	KU961653	KU961651	–	–	KU961658	[32]
Bu. hainanensis	N.K. Zeng 2418 (FHMU 2437)	KU961654	KU961652	KU961656	–	KX453856	[32]
Bu. huangnianlaii	N.K. Zeng 3245 (FHMU 2206)	MH885350	MH879688	MH879717	–	MH879740	[28]
Bu. huangnianlaii	N.K. Zeng 3246 (FHMU 2207)	MH885351	MH879689	MH879718	–	MH879741	[28]
Bu. peckii	3959	–	JQ326999	JQ327026	–	–	[55]
Bu. persolidus	Arora11110	KC184444	–	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. primiregius	DBB00606	–	KC184451	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. fuscoroseus	BR50201618465-02	KT002602	KT002613	KT002637	–	–	[53]
Bu. fuscoroseus	BR50201533559-51	KT002603	KT002614	KT002638	–	–	[53]
Bu. pseudospeciosus	HKAS59467	–	KF112331	KF112176	–	KF112672	[22]
Bu. pseudospeciosus	HKAS63513	–	KT990541	KT990743	–	KT990380	[5]
Bu. pseudospeciosus	HKAS63596	–	KT990542	KT990744	–	KT990381	[5]
Bu. pseudospeciosus	N.K. Zeng 2127 (FHMU 1391)	MH885349	MH879687	MH879716	–	–	[28]
Bu. fuscoroseus	MG383a	KC184458	–	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. pulchriceps	DS4514	–	KF030261	KF030409	–	–	[21]
Bu. pulchriceps	R. Chapman 0945	KT002604	KT002615	KT002639	–	–	[53]
Bu. querciregius	Arora11100	KC184461	–	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. regius	MB000287	KT002605	KT002616	KT002640	–	–	[53]
Bu. regius	MG408a	KC584789	KC584790	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. regius	PRM:923465	KJ419920	KJ419931	–	–	–	[56]
Bu. roseoflavus	Arora11054	KC184434	KC184435	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. roseoflavus	HKAS63593	KJ909517	KJ184559	KJ184571	–	–	[53]
Bu. roseoflavus	HKAS54099	KJ909519	KF739665	KF739779	–	–	[53]
Bu. roseoflavus	N.K. Zeng 2123 (FHMU 1387)	MH885348	MH879686	MH879715	–	–	[28]
Bu. pseudoroseoflavus	HMJAU59470 (T274)	OL604164	OL587853	OL739124	–	OL739126	this study
Bu. pseudoroseoflavus	HMJAU59471 (R383)	OL604165	OL587852	OL739123	–	OL739125	this study
Bu. Roseopurpureus	E.E. Both3765	KT002606	KT002617	KT002641	–	–	[53]
Bu. Roseopurpureus	JLF2566	KC184466	KC184467	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. Roseopurpureus	MB06-059	KC184464	KF030262	KF030410	–	–	[21]
Bu. sanicibus	Arora99211	KC184469	KC184470	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. subregius	HMJAU60200 (T95)	OM237336	OM237339	OM285111	–	OM285109	this study
Bu. subregius	HMJAU60201 (T198)	OM237337	OM237340	OM285112	–	OM285110	this study
Butyriboletus sp.	MHHNU7456	–	KT990539	KT990741	–	KT990378	[5]
Butyriboletus sp.	HKAS52525	–	KF112337	KF112163	–	KF112671	[22]
Butyriboletus sp.	HKAS57774	–	KF112330	KF112155	–	KF112670	[22]
Bu. hainanensis	HKAS59814	–	KF112336	KF112199	–	KF112699	[22]
Butyriboletus yicibus	HKAS63528	–	KF112332	KF112156	–	KF112673	[22]
Bu. Subappendiculatus	MB000260	KT002607	KT002618	KT002642	–	–	[53]
Bu. subsplendidus	HKAS52661	–	KF112339	KF112169	–	KF112676	[5]
Bu. taughannockensis	263101	MH257559	MH236172	–	–	–
Bu. taughannockensis	250839	MH234472	MH234473	–	–	–
Bu. taughannockensis	252208	MH236100	MH236099	–	–	–
Bu. yicibus	Arora9727	KC184474	KC184475	–	–	–	[33]
Bu. yicibus	HKAS57503	KT002608	KT002620	KT002644	–	–	[53]
Bu. yicibus	HKAS68010	KJ909521	KT002619	KT002643	–	–	[53]
Gymnogaster boletoides	NY01194009 (REH9455)	–	KT990572	KT990768	–	KT990406	[5]
Rugiboletus brunneiporus	HKAS83209	–	KM605134	KM605144	–	KM605168	[27]
R. extremiorientalis	HKAS63635	–	KF112403	KF112198	–	KF112720	[22]
Crocinoboletus laetissimus	HKAS50232	—	KT990567	KT990762	KT990925	—	[5]
C. laetissimus	HKAS59701	—	KF112436	—	—	KF112711	[22]
C. rufoaureus	HKAS53424	—	KF112435	KF112206	KF112533	KF112710	[22]
C. rufoaureus	HKAS59820	—	KF112434	—	KF112532	KF112709	[22]
Cyanoboletus brunneoruber	HKAS63504	—	KF112368	KF112194	KF112531	KF112702	[22]
Cy. brunneoruber	HKAS80579 (1)	—	KT990568	KT990763	KT990926	KT990401	[5]
Cy. brunneoruber	HKAS80579 (2)	—	KT990569	KT990764	KT990927	KT990402	[5]
Cy. instabilis	HKAS59554	—	KF112412	KF112186	KF112528	KF112698	[22]
Cy. pulverulentus	9606	—	KF030313	KF030418	KF030364	—	[21]
Baorangia pseudocalopus	HKAS63607	—	KF112355	KF112167	KF112519	KF112677	[22]
Ba. pseudocalopus	HKAS75081	—	KF112356	KF112168	KF112520	KF112678	[22]
Lanmaoa angustispora	HKAS74765	—	KF112322	KF112159	KF112521	KF112680	[22]
L. angustispora	HKAS74752	—	KM605139	KM605154	KM605166	KM605177	[27]
L. angustispora	HKAS74759	—	KM605140	KM605155	KM605167	KM605178	[27]
L. asiatica	HKAS54094	—	KF112353	KF112161	KF112522	KF112682	[22]
L. asiatica	HKAS63516	—	KT990584	KT990780	KT990935	KT990419	[5]
L. fragrans	18555	JF907800	–	–	–	–
Neoboletus brunneissimus	HKAS52660	—	KF112314	KF112143	KF112492	KF112650	[22]
N. hainanaensis	HKAS63515	—	KT990614	KT990808	KT990964	KT990449	[5]
N. ferrugineus	HKAS77617	—	KT990595	KT990788	KT990943	KT990430	[5]
N. ferrugineus	HKAS77718	—	KT990596	KT990789	KT990944	KT990431	[5]
N. flavidus	HKAS59443	—	KU974139	KU974136	KU974142	KU974144	[5]
N. flavidus	HKAS58724	—	KU974140	KU974137	KU974143	KU974145	[5]
Porphyrellus castaneus	HKAS52554	—	KT990697	KT990883	KT991026	KT990502	[5]
P. castaneus	HKAS63076	—	KT990548	KT990749	KT990916	KT990386	[5]
P. castaneus	HKAS68575	—	KT990560	—	—	—	[5]
P. holophaeus	HKAS59407	—	KT990708	KT990888	KT991030	KT990506	[5]
P. nigropurpureus	HKAS52685	—	KT990627	KT990821	KT990973	KT990459	[5]
P. nigropurpureus	HKAS53370	—	KT990628	KT990822	KT990974	KT990460	[5]
P. orientifumosipes	HKAS75078	—	KF112481	KF112242	—	KF112717	[22]
P. orientifumosipes	HKAS53372	—	KT990629	KT990823	KT990975	KT990461	[5]
Rubroboletus dupainii	JAM0607	—	—	KF030413	KF030361	—	[21]
R. latisporus	HKAS63517	—	KP055022	KP055019	KP055025	KP055028	[25]
R. latisporus	HKAS80358	—	KP055023	KP055020	KP055026	KP055029	[25]
R. rhodosanguineus	4252	—	KF030252	KF030412	—	—	[21]
R. rhodoxanthus	HKAS84879	—	KT990637	KT990831	KT990981	KT990468	[5]
R. sinicus	HKAS68620	—	KF112319	KF112146	KF112504	KF112661	[22]
R. sinicus	HKAS56304	—	KJ605673	KJ619483	KJ619482	KP055031	[54]
Suillellus amygdalinus	112605ba	—	JQ326996	JQ327024	KF030360	—	[55]
S. amygdalinus	NY00035656 (Thiers54483)	—	KT990650	KT990840	KT990990	KT990477	[5]
S. subamygdalinus	HKAS57262	—	KF112316	KF112174	KF112501	KF112660	[22]
S. subamygdalinus	HKAS53641	—	KT990651	KT990841	KT990991	KT990478	[5]
S. subamygdalinus	HKAS57953	—	KT990652	KT990842	KT990992	—	[5]
S. subamygdalinus	HKAS74745	—	KT990653	KT990843	KT990993	KT990479	[5]
S. lacrymibasidiatus	HMJAU60202 (W3194)	OM237315	OM230174	OM285117	OM285113	OM285115	this study
S. lacrymibasidiatus	HMJAU60203 (W3229)	OM237338	OM230172	OM285116	–	OM285114	this study
Sutorius eximius	REH9400	—	JQ327004	JQ327029	—	—	[55]
Su. eximius	HKAS52672	—	KF112399	KF112207	KF112584	KF112802	[22]
Su. luridiformis	AT1998054	UDB000658	–	–	–	–
Tylopilus alpinus	HKAS55438	—	KF112404	KF112191	KF112538	KF112687	[22]
Ty. argillaceus	HKAS90201	—	KT990588	KT990783	—	—	[5]
Ty. argillaceus	HKAS90186	—	KT990589	KT990784	—	KT990424	[5]
Ty. atripurpureus	HKAS50208	—	KF112472	KF112283	KF112620	KF112799	[22]
Ty. badiceps	MB03-052	—	KF030336	—	—	—	[21]
Ty. badiceps	78206	—	KF030335	KF030429	—	—	[21]
Veloporphyrellus alpinus	HKAS68301	—	JX984538	JX984550	—	—	[57]
V. alpinus	HKAS57490	—	KF112380	KF112209	KF112555	KF112733	[22]
V. conicus	BZ2408	—	JX984545	—	—	—	[57]
V. conicus	BZ1670	—	JX984543	JX984555	—	—	[57]
V. gracilioides	HKAS53590	—	KF112381	KF112210	KF112556	KF112734	[22]
Zangia citrina	HKAS52677	—	HQ326940	HQ32687	—	—	[58]
Z. citrina	HKAS52684	—	HQ326941	HQ326872	—	—	[58]
Z. erythrocephala	HKAS52843	—	HQ326943	—	—	—	[58]
Z. erythrocephala	HKAS52844	—	HQ326944	—	—	—	[58]
Z. olivaceobrunnea	HKAS52275	—	HQ326947	HQ326875	—	—	[58]
Z. roseola	HKAS75046	—	KF112414	KF112269	KF112579	KF112791	[22]
S. luridus	IB2004270	EF644104	–	–	–	–	[59]
S. luridus	18902	JF907802	–	–	–	–	[60]
S. luridus	18182	JF907793	–	–	–	–	[60]
S. luridus	Blu3	AY278765	–	–	–	–	[61]
S. luridus	AMB12636	KC734542	–	–	–	–	[13]
S. luridus	AMB12638	KC734544	–	–	–	–	[13]
S. luridus	TL-6877	AJ889930	–	–	–	–
S. luridus	TL-6877	UDB000077	–	–	–	–
S. luridus	1968	AY278766	–	–	–	–	[61]
S. luridus	BL2-VII-10	JQ685714	–	–	–	–	[61]
S. luridus	AT-04	UDB002401	–	–	–	–
S. luridus	UP12	DQ658866	–	–	–	–	[62]
S. luridus	17696	JF907789	–	–	–	–	[60]
S. luridus	BL1-VII-09	JQ685715	–	–	–	–
S. luridus	MA-Fungi 47706	AJ419191	–	–	–	–	[63]
S. mendax	AMB12632	KC734547	–	–	–	–	[13]
S. mendax	AMB12633	KC734548	–	–	–	–	[13]
S. mendax	AMB12634	KC734543	–	–	–	–	[13]
S. mendax	AMB12635	KC734545	–	–	–	–	[13]
S. mendax	AMB12637	KC734540	–	–	–	–	[13]
S. mendax	AMB12640	KC734541	–	–	–	–	[13]
Boletus luridus	UF107	HM347662	–	–	–	–
B. amygdalinus	src491	DQ974705	–	–	–	–	[64]
B. comptus	17827	JF907791	–	–	–	–	[60]
B. comptus	AMB12639	KC734539	–	–	–	–	[13]
B. queletii	17196	JF907784	–	–	–	–	[60]
B. queletii	17208	JF907785	–	–	–	–	[60]
B. queletii	AMB12641	KC734546	–	–	–	–	[13]
B. queletii	JV01-231	UDB000760	–	–	–	–
N. erythropus	MA-Fungi 47702	AJ419188	–	–	–	–	[63]
N. erythropus	BOER_TO_2 (AAM630/06)	FM958177	–	–	–	–
N. erythropus	UF278	HM347644	–	–	–	–
N. erythropus	UF276	HM347643	–	–	–	–
N. erythropus	UF269	HM347665	–	–	–	–
N. erythropus	DG05-54	UDB001523	–	–	–	–
N. erythropus	SU46	DQ131633	–	–	–	–	[65]
N. erythropus	SU47	DQ131634	–	–	–	–	[65]
N. erythropus	Daniels 582	AJ496595	–	–	–	–	[63]
Caloboletus calopus	AT1998059	UDB000659	–	–	–	–
Ca. radicans	TUF106003	UDB003224	–	–	–	–
Bu. fuscoroseus	AH96025	UDB000649	–	–	–	–
Bu. fuscoroseus	AT1996017	UDB000652	–	–	–	–
Bu. fechtneri	AT2003097	UDB000703	–	–	–	–	[21]
Imperator rhodopurpureus	AT1996058	UDB000654	–	–	–	–
R. pulchrotinctus	GS0860	UDB000407	–	–	–	–
R. satanas	AT1998051	UDB000415	–	–	–	–
R. rubrosanguineus	GS0405	UDB000410	–	–	–	–
R. rhodoxanthus	AT2000182	UDB001116	–	–	–	–
Cyanoboletus pulverulentus	RT00004	EU819502	–	–	–	–
Cyanoboletus pulverulentus	AH97030	UDB000408	–	–	–	–	[66]
B. aestivalis	AT2004040	UDB001113	–	–	–	–
B. aereus	AT2000198	UDB000943	–	–	–	–

, with other similar sequences downloaded from the NCBI and UNITE (https://unite.ut.ee/, accessed on 10 January 2022) datasets. DNA sequences were aligned and manually modified using Bioedit v7.1.3 [45]. In the multi-locus dataset (28S + rpb1 + rpb2 + tef1) of Tengioboletus, 894 bp for 28S, 758 bp for rpb1, 710 bp for rpb2, and 638 bp for tef1, and in the four-locus dataset (tef1 + 28S + rpb2 + ITS) of Butyriboletus, 730 bp for tef1, 863 bp for 28S, 834 bp for rpb2, and 809 bp for ITS. The data used for phylogenetic analyses for Suillellus included the ITS dataset and a multi-locus dataset (tef1 + 28S + rpb1 + rpb2), For the multi-locus dataset, 907 bp for 28S, 791 bp for rpb1, 719 bp for rpb2, and 631 bp for tef1. The best models of the multi-locus datasets were searched via PartitionFinder 2 [46]. Meanwhile, the best model of the ITS dataset was searched via Modelfinder [47]. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using the maximum likelihood method (ML) and the Bayes inference (BI) method. The models employed for each of the four loci of Tengioboletus, and Butyriboletus were GTR + I + G for 28S, SYM + G for rpb1, K80 + G for rpb2, SYM + I + G for tef1, and GTR + I + G for ITS, GTR + I + G for 28S, K80 + G for rpb2, SYM + I + G for tef1, respectively. For the multi-locus dataset of Suillellus, the best models for each locus were K80 + I + G for rpb1 and SYM + I + G for 28S, rpb2, and tef1. In the ITS dataset of Suillellus, the best models for ML analysis and BI analyses were K2P + I + G4. For ML analyses, the datasets were analyzed using IQ-TREE [48] under an ultrafast bootstrap, with 5000 replicates. For BI analyses, the multi-locus datasets were analyzed using MrBayes 3.2.6 [49], running in a total of 2,000,000 generations, and sampled every 1000 generations. The initial 25% of the sampled data were discarded as burn-in. Other parameters were kept at their default settings.

3. Results

3.1. Molecular Phylogeny

The four-locus dataset (28S + rpb1 + rpb2 + tef1) of Tengioboletus (Supplementary File S1) contained 33 sequences and 3000 bp nucleotide sites. The alignment was submitted to TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S29030, accessed on 15 January 2022). Because the ML tree’s topology was the same as the BI tree’s topology, only the ML tree was shown (Figure 1). Xanthoconium affine (Peck) Singer and Xanthoconium porophyllum G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang were chosen as outgroups. The phylogenetic tree showed that two T. subglutinosus sequences formed an independent lineage, with bootstrap proportions (BP) = 100 and posterior probability (PP) = 1, and formed a sister group with T. glutinosus (BP = 100, PP = 1).

The four-locus dataset (ITS + 28S + tef1 + rpb2) of Butyriboletus (Supplementary File S2) consisted of 58 taxa and 3011 nucleotide sites (Figure 2). The alignment was submitted to TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S29034, accessed on 15 January 2022). Baorangia pseudocalopus (Hongo) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang was chosen as the outgroup. The phylogram indicated our collections—HMJAU59471, HMJAU59470, and HMJAU60200, HMJAU60201—were grouped together respectively and formed two independent lineages with high support value (BP = 100, PP = 1 and BP = 99, PP = 1).

The four-locus dataset (28S + rpb1 + rpb2 + tef1) of Suillellus (Supplementary File S3) involved 64 taxa and 3048 bp sites. Tylopilus alpinus Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang and Tylopilus atripurpureus (Corner) E. Horak were selected as outgroups. The alignment was submitted to TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S29037, accessed on 15 January 2022). The phylogram showed our species belongs to Suillellus (Figure 3). It formed an independent sister clade to Suillellus subamygdalinus Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang, with a solid support (BP = 92, PP = 1). The ITS dataset of Suillellus (Supplementary File S4) consisted of 55 taxa and 885 bp sites. Boletus aestivalis (Paulet) Fr. and Boletus aereus Bull. were chosen as outgroups (Figure 4). The alignment was submitted to TreeBASE (http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S29087, accessed on 15 January 2022). The phylogram showed that our species was close to Suillellus comptus (Simonini) Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi and formed an independent and robust support clade (BP = 98, PP = 1).

3.2. Taxonomy

Butyriboletus pseudoroseoflavus Yang Wang, Bo Zhang & Yu Li, sp. nov.

Mycobank No.: 842167.

Figure 5e, Figure 6 and Figure 7d.

Etymology. The epithet “pseudoroseoflavus” refers to its similarity to B. roseoflavus.

Holotypus. China. Jilin Province, Jian city, Wunvfeng National Forest Park, 125°34′33″ E, 40°52′7″ N, under Quercus mongolica, on dark-brown soil, alt. 1210 m, 16 August 2019, Gu Rao 383 (HMJAU 59471!).

Basidiomata large. Pileus 13.5–17.0 cm in diameter, hemispherical to applanate, with slightly or distinctly appendiculate margin, sometimes incurved at the margin when young; surface tomentose, pink (12A4) to greyish rose (11B5), context 1.1–1.8 cm thick, light yellow (1A5), unchanging in color when injured. Hymenophore adnate to decurrent, surface greenish yellow (1B8), becoming greenish blue (23B8) quickly when bruised; pores round to angular, ca. 1–3/mm; tubes 1.5–1.7 cm long, concolorous with pore surface, unchanging color when injured. Stipe 9.0–14.7 × 2.0–3.6 cm, subcylindrical, robust, yellow on the upper portion, vivid red (10A8) downwards, surface almost wholly covered yellow (2B8) reticulation or at least upper two thirds; basal mycelium white.

Basidiospores (60/3/2) (7.0) 10.2–10.6–11.0 (16.0) × (2.0) 3.1–3.2–3.7 (4.0) μm, Q = (2.0) 2.5–4.6 (5.3), Qm = 3.30 ± 0.58, elongate oblong to subfusoid, inequilateral with a suprahilar depression in side view, light yellow in 5% KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama boletoid, hyphae cylindrical, 2.5–10 μm wide. Basidia clavate, thin-walled, 16.0–33.0 × 2.0–10.0 μm, 2- and 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 31.5–50.0 × 5.0–10.0 μm, narrowly lageniform, thin-walled, pale yellow in 5% KOH. Pleurocystidia 37.5–62.5 × 5.0–11.5 μm, similar to cheilocystidia in shape. Pileipellis trichodermium, filamentous hyphae 1.7–7.5 μm wide. Stipitipellis fertile, hymeniform with thin-walled and inflated terminal cells (13.8–26.0 × 6.8–13.8 μm). Stipe trama composed of parallel hyphae 2.5–7.5 μm wide. Clamp connections not observed.

Habitat: solitary or scattered on a dark-brown soil of Quercus mongolica forest.

Known distribution: currently, only known from Jilin province, China.

Additional collection examined: China. Jilin Province, Jian city, Wunvfeng National Forest Park, 125°34′33″ E, 40°52′7″ N, under Quercus mongolica, on dark-brown soil, alt. 950 m, 5 August 2020, Yong-Lan Tuo 274 (HMJAU 59470).

Notes: Butyriboletus pseudoroseoflavus is characterized by a pink to greyish rose pileus, greenish yellow pores changing to greenish blue when bruised, a stipe surface almost wholly covered with yellow reticulation, a stipe of unchanging color when injured, and large and narrow basidiospores. Morphologically and phylogenetically, Bu. pseudoroseoflavus is similar to Bu. roseoflavus (Hai B. Li & Hai L. Wei) D. Arora & J.L. Frank, which was initially described in specimens from eastern China (Zhejiang province) and southwestern China (Yunnan province) by Li et al. [67]. However, Bu. pseudoroseoflavus differs from Bu. roseoflavus in its adnate to decurrent hymenophore and its relatively larger and narrower basidiospores, with a more considerable Q value and pleurocystidia larger than cheilocystidia [5]. In morphological features, Bu. pseudoroseoflavus is also similar to Bu. cepaeodoratus (Taneyama & Har. Takah.) Vizzini & Gelardi, Bu. roseogriseus (Šutara, M. Graca, M. Kolařík, Janda & Kříž) Vizzini & Gelardi, Bu. primiregius D. Arora & J.L. Frank, Bu. regius (Krombh.) D. Arora & J.L. Frank., and Bu. fuscoroseus (Smotl.) Vizzini & Gelardi, but the pileus of Bu. cepaeodoratus always has a duller color, its stipe stains blue when injured, and its basidiospores are broader than those of Bu. pseudoroseoflavus [68]. Both stipe and context of Bu. roseogriseus and Bu. primiregius turn blue when injured, and have broader basidiospores, Q = (1.95) 2.20–2.42 (2.57) and Q = 3.5, respectively [32,56]. The pores of Bu. regius are unchanging to blue when bruised; the stipe is usually ventricose when young, showing at the base rare faintly reddish or purplish spots, with basidiospores weakly dextrinoid [69]. Butyriboletus fuscoroseus is characterized by its brown-pink, reddish brown, or purplish brown pileus, decurrent hymenophore, stipe staining blue when bruised or cut, and the narrow basidiospores [56]. Phylogenetically, Bu. pseudoroseoflavus is similar to Bu. abieticola. However, Bu. abieticola is characterized by a light rose-colored pileus, with tan-colored spots interspersed, a white context, a hymenium dextrinoid, and hyaline spiral incrustations on most hyphae [70]. Reference

Table 2. Morphological comparisons of Butyriboletus pseudoroseoflavus sp. nov. and Butyriboletus subregius sp. nov. with other Butyriboletus spp. reported in China.

Species	Pileus	Context	Hymenophore	Stipe	Spores	Cystidia
Butyriboletus huangnianlaii	Surface dry, finely tomentose, brown to reddish brown	Yellowish to yellow, changing blue quickly when injured	Adnate or slightly depressed, changing blue quickly when injured	Stipitipellis, fertile hymeniform, fusiform, or subfusiform terminal cells	(7.0) 7.5–10.5 (11.0) × 3.0–4.0 μm, olive-brown to yellowish brown	Fusiform or subfusiform
Bu. pseudospeciosus	Purplish tint, staining dark blue quickly when bruised	Yellowish, staining blue to grayish blue promptly when injured	Adnate, rapidly bluing when bruised	Stipitipellis consisting of tufts of lageniform caulocystidia	9.0–11.0 (12.0) × 3.5–4.0 μm	Narrowly lageniform to lageniform
Bu. roseoflavus	Pinkish to purplish red or rose-red	Yellowish or light yellow, turning blue slowly or unchanging when bruised	Adnate, staining blue quickly when hurt	Stipe trama composed of parallel hyphae	9.0–12.0 (13.0) × 3.0–4.0 μm	Narrowly lageniform to lageniform
Bu. sanicibus	Dull brown	Pale yellow, usually turning blue when cut	Depressed, bruising blue	–	11.0–15.0 × 4.0–5.0 μm	Fusoid-ventricose
Bu. subregius	Pastel pink	Yellowish green, turning blue when cut	weakly decurrent, covered with a layer of whitish mycelium when young, surface yellowish green	Stipitipellis fertile, hymeniform, caulocystidia narrowly lageniform, caulobasidia subclavate, with yellowish intracellular pigments.	(10.0) 11.1–11.5 (13.0) × (3.0) 4.0–4.2 (5.0) μm	narrowly lageniform
Bu. yicibus	Covered with fibrillose squamules, ochreous, brown to dark brown	Nearly white, staining light blue very slowly when injured	Adnate, degrading bluish slowly when injured	Stipitipellis consisting of tufts of lageniform caulocystidia	(11.0) 13.0–15.0 (16.0) × 4.0–5.0 (5.5) μm	Narrowly lageniform to lageniform
Bu. pseudoroseoflavus	Tomentose, pink to greyish rose	Light yellow, unchanging in color when injured.	Adnate to decurrent, staining blue when bruised	Stipitipellis hymeniform, with terminal inflated cells	(7.0) 10.2–11.0 (16.0) × (2.0) 3.1–3.7 (4.0) μm	Narrowly lageniform

provides the critical characteristics distinguishing Bu. pseudoroseoflavus from other species in China.

Butyriboletus subregius Yang Wang, Bo Zhang & Yu Li, sp. nov.

Mycobank No.: 842517.

Figure 5d, Figure 7c and Figure 8.

Etymology.:“sub” means “near,” named because it is similar to B. regius.

Holotypus: China. Jilin Province, Jian city, Wunvfeng National Forest Park, 125°34′33″ E, 40°52′7″ N, under Quercus mongolica, on dark-brown soil, alt. 1050 m, 7 July 2020, Yong-Lan Tuo 95 (HMJAU 60200!).

Basidiomata middle to large. Pileus 7.0–13.0 cm in diameter, hemispherical or broadly hemispherical at maturity, with distinctly appendiculate margin initially, surface dry, covered with weak or distinct tomentum, pastel pink (11A4–5), context yellowish green (30A6), turning blue when cut. Hymenophore weakly decurrent, covered with a layer of whitish mycelium (1A1) when young, surface yellowish green (29A6), bluing when bruised, pores angular to nearly round, ca. 4–5/mm; tubes concolorous with hymenophore surface, about 1.1 cm long, turning blue when cut. Stipe 11.0–14.5 × 4.4–5.0 cm, subcylindrical or enlarged downwards, yellowish green (29A6) at maturity, covered with pastel red stains when young, upper 2/3 portion covered with yellowish green (29A6) reticulation, staining blue when bruised, context yellowish green (30A6), changing weakly to blue when cut.

Basidiospores (60/2/2) (10.0) 11.1–11.3–11.5 (13.0) × (3.0) 4.0–4.1–4.2 (5.0) μm, Q = (2.22) 2.40–3.00 (4.00), Qm = 2.76 ± 0.31, subfusoid to subcylindrical, inequilateral with a suprahilar depression in side view, brownish yellow in 5% KOH, smooth. Basidia 21.0–36.0 × 8.0–12.5 μm, clavate, 2– and 4–spored. Hymenophoral trama boletoid, composed of hyphae 4–7 μm in diameter. Pleurocystidia 36.3–56.7 × 7.0–14.6 μm, narrowly lageniform, thin-walled, yellowish in 5% KOH. Cheilocystidia 22.0–50.5 × 5.5–12.4 μm, narrowly lageniform. Pileipellis a trichodermium, composed of filamentous hyphae, 3.0–6.5 μm wide. Stipitipellis fertile, hymeniform, caulocystidia 23.0–43.5 × 9.0–12.5 μm, narrowly lageniform, caulobasidia 17.2–32.0 × 6.2–8.0 μm, subclavate, with yellowish intracellular pigments. Clamp connections not observed.

Habitat: solitary or scattered on a dark-brown soil of Quercus mongolica forest.

Known distribution: currently, only known from Jilin province, China.

Additional collection examined: China. Jilin Province, Jian city, Wunvfeng National Forest Park, under Quercus mongolica, on dark-brown soil, alt. 1050 m, 10 August 2019, Yong-Lan Tuo 198 (HMJAU 60201).

Notes: Butyriboletus subregius is characterized by a pastel pink pileus, a yellowish green stipe covered with reticulation of the same color and staining blue when the hymenophore and stipe are bruised. Morphologically and phylogenetically, Bu. subregius resembles Bu. autumniregius, Bu. primiregius, Bu. querciregius, Bu. regius and Bu. fuscoroseus. However, Bu. autumniregius is distinguished by its autumn fruiting season, a stipe that commonly has dark red stains toward the base, and longer spores with a larger Q value [33]; Bu. primiregius is characterized by its late spring season, and a pileus tending to dingy olive-brown as it ages or exposed in sunlight [33]; Bu. querciregius differs from Bu. subregius in its mycorrhizal host, the dull color of a pileus, relatively longer spores with larger Q value [33]; Bu. regius is different from Bu. subregius in its pileus covered with distinct scales with aging, a context usually not bluing when cut, and spores longer with larger Q value [69]. Butyriboletus fuscoroseus is different from Bu. subregius in its brown-pink, reddish brown, or purplish-brown pileus, fine reticulation covered only on the upper half of stipe and context of stipe strongly bluing when cut [56]. Reference Table 2 provides the critical characteristics distinguishing Bu. subregius from other species in China.

Tengioboletus subglutinosus Yang Wang, Bo Zhang & Yu Li, sp. nov.

Mycobank No.: 842168.

Figure 5f, Figure 7e,f and Figure 9.

Etymology: “sub” means “near,” named because it is similar to T. glutinosus.

Holotypus: China. Jilin Province, Jian city, Wunvfeng National Forest Park, 125°34′33″ E, 40°52′7″ N, under Quercus mongolica, on dark-brown soil, alt. 650 m, 6 August 2020, Y. L. Tuo 293 (HMJAU 59035!).

Basidiomata medium to large. Pileus 6.5–9.0 cm in diameter, hemispherical to applanate, surface brownish yellow (5C8) to yellowish brown (5D8), glabrous, viscid when wet, context deep yellow (4A8), 0.6–1.5 cm thick, color unchanging when cut; hymenophore sinuate to decurrent; tubes up to 1.3 cm long, vivid yellow (3A8), changing to indistinct blue erratically or unchanging color when cut; hymenophore surface concolorous with tubes or olive yellow (3C8), staining blue when bruised; pores angular, ca. 2–3/mm. Stipe 7.2–16.0 × 1.4–2.2 cm, central, clavate to subcylindrical, solid, sometimes tapered downwards, surface concolorous with pileus surface, covered with fine reticulation at apex, context deep yellow (4A8), color unchanging when cut; basal mycelium yellow (3B8).

Basidiospores (60/2/1) (10.0) 11.5–11.7–11.9 (13.0) × (4.0) 4.2–4.3–4.4 (6.0) μm [Q = (1.70) 2.00–3.17 (3.25) 2.75 ± 0.3], elongate ellipsoid and inequilateral in side view, with distinctly suprahilar depression; greenish yellow (1A8) in 5% KOH, smooth. Hymenophoral trama of the intermediate type between phylloporoid and boletoid types. Basidia 19.0–42.0 × 6.0–13.0 μm, clavate, 2- and 4-spored, hyaline in 5% KOH. Pleurocystidia scattered, 45.0–65.0 × 9.0–15.0 μm, fusoid-ventricose to broadly fusoid-ventricose, with subacute apex or long beak, thin-walled. Cheilocystidia 36.0–50.0 × 7.5–10.5 μm, similar to pleurocystidia in shape. Pileipellis an interwoven ixotrichodermium, with inflated terminal cells 28.5–57.0 × 15.0–23.0 μm. Stipitipellis fertile, hymeniform, with subglobose to globose terminal cells, and scattered clavate basidia.

Habitat: solitary or scattered on a dark-brown soil of Quercus mongolica forest.

Known distribution: currently, only known from Jilin province, China.

Additional collections examined: China. Jilin Province, Jian city, Wunvfeng National Forest Park, under Quercus mongolica, on dark-brown soil, alt. 900 m, 6 August 2020, Yong-Lan Tuo 286 (HMJAU 59034); alt. 750 m, 11 August 2020, Yong-Lan Tuo 344 (HMJAU 59036); alt. 650 m, 23 August 2020, Yong-Lan Tuo 471 (HMJAU 59037).

Notes: Tengioboletus subglutinosus is characterized by a hymenophore surface staining blue when bruised, a pileipellis in the form of an ixotrichodermium, with inflated or clavated terminal cells. Morphologically and phylogenetically, T. subglutinosus is similar to T. glutinosus. However, T. subglutinosus is different due to its hymenophoral surface staining blue when bruised, a hymenophore sinuate to decurrent, a stipe with reticulations at the apex, and narrower spores [5]. Tengioboletus fujianensis differs from T. subglutinosus in its hymenophoral surface staining brown when bruised, prominently reticulation nearly to the stipe base and hymenophoral trama boletoid [34]. Basidiomata of T. reticulatus show a distinct olive-brown, brown-to dark-brown pileus, shorter hymenophore of unchanging color when bruised, a distinct reticulation covering stipe, and a pileipellis trichodermium, not ixotrichodermium [5].

Suillellus lacrymibasidiatus Yang Wang, Bo Zhang & Yu Li, sp. nov.

Mycobank No.: 842518.

Figure 5a–c, Figure 7a,b and Figure 10.

Etymology: “lacrymibasidiatus” means most of its basidia seem lacrymoid.

Holotypus: China. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinyuan county, 84°31′20″ E, 43°15′43″ N, under Pinus schrenkiana, on light grayish brown loess, alt. 1899 m, 3 August 2021, W3194 (HMJAU 60202!).

Basidiomata medium. Pileus 4.1–8.2 cm in diameter, hemispherical then applanate, surface oak brown (5D6) when young, brownish orange (6C6) at maturity, weakly tomentose, context yellowish white (1A2), 0.4–0.9 cm thick, turning blue when cut. Hymenophore adnexed, surface tomato red (8C8) when young, brick red (7D7) at maturity, bluing quickly when injured, pores angular, ca. 1–3/mm; tubes up to 1.3 cm long, sulfur yellow (1A5), bluing promptly when cut. Stipe 7.2–7.4 × 1.7–2.0 cm, subcylindrical, relatively slender at middle part or attenuate downwards, surface red (10A6) when young, finely longitudinally reticulated over the apex, color of surface fading to yellow and covered with distinct squamules at the middle part in ages, context pastel green (30A4), turning blue when cut; basal mycelium white.

Basidiospores (60/2/2) (11.6) 14.5–14.7–15 (17.0) × (6.7) 7.7–7.8–7.9 (9.0) μm, Q = 1.5–2.1, Qm = 1.9 ± 0.1, subamygdaloid to broadly ellipsoid, brown in 5% KOH, smooth, neither amyloid nor dextrinoid. Hymenophoral trama boletoid type, composed of 2.0–16.5 μm wide hyphae, amyloid. Basidia 20.8–38.5 × 13.0–20.1 μm, lacrymoid, 2– and 4–spored, hyaline in 5% KOH. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia not observed. Pileipellis a trichodermium, composed of 5.0–9.5 μm wide, yellowish brown, inamyloid hyphae. Stipitipellis hymeniderm, terminal cells inflated, 25.8–61.2 × 12.0–15.5 μm. Hyphae of the flesh in the stipe base amyloid in Melzer’s reagent. Clamp connections not observed.

Habitat: solitary or scattered on a black loam soil of Salix spp. and Populus spp. mixed forest or a light grayish brown loess of Pinus schrenkiana forest.

Known distribution: currently, only known from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.

Additional collection examined: China. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Zhaosu County, 80°42′30″ E, 42°59′37″ N, under river valley with presence of Salix spp. and Populus spp., on black loam soil, alt. 1697 m, 6 August 2021, W3229 (HMJAU 60203).

Notes: Suillellus lacrymibasidiatus is characterized by its oak brown to brownish orange pileus, the context staining blue when injured, and inamyloid basidiospores. Morphologically, S. lacrymibasidiatus is related to S. luridus (Schaeff.) Murrill, S. mendax (Simonini & Vizzini) Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi, S. queletii (Schulzer) Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi, and S. subamygdalinus Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang. S. luridus is characterized by its prominent reticulation on the stipe and smaller basidiospores [71]; S. mendax is different from S. lacrymibasidiatus in its promptly bluing when pileus bruised, value of Q larger, and basidia clavate [13]; S. queletii can be distinguished from S. lacrymibasidiatus by its stipe wholly covered with fine granulation without reticulation, basidia clavate [72]; S. subamygdalinus is characterized by its basidia clavate [5]. Phylogenetically, S. lacrymibasidiatus is related to S. comptus. However, S. comptus differs from S. lacrymibasidiatus in its stipe surface staining blue when bruised, and smaller spores [71]. Among the other morphologically allied boletes, S. adalgisae (Marsico & Musumeci) N. Schwab [73], S. austrinus (Singer) Murrill [74], S. gabretae (Pilát) Blanco-Dios [75], S. luridiceps Murrill [76], and S. subvelutipes (Peck) Murrill. [77], none of them could represent a possible concurrent of S. lacrymibasidiatus.

A key to worldwide species of Tengioboletus:

1. Pores changing color when bruised	2
1. Pores unchanging color when bruised	3
2. Pores staining blue when bruised, pileipellis an ixotrichodermium	T. subglutinosus
2. Pores staining brown when bruised, pileipellis an trichodermium	T. fujianensis
3. Stipe covered with distinct reticulations, basidiospores larger, 12.0–14.5 × 4.5–6.0 μm, pileipellis an trichodermium	T. reticulatus
3. Stipe nearly glabrous, basidiospores 10.0–12.0 × 3.5–4.5 μm, pileipellis, an ixotrichodermium	T. glutinosus

A key to worldwide species of Suillellus s.str.:

1. Basidiospores usually longer than 15 μm	2
1. Basidiospores shorter than or equal to 15 μm	4
2. Stipe covered with pruinose or granulose, but without any trace of reticulation	S. amygdalinus
2. Stipe covered with reticulation	3
3. Basidia lacrymoid, Q = 1.5–2.1	S. lacrymibasidiatus
3. Basidia clavate, Q = 2.0–2.6	S. subamygdalinus
4. Surface of stipe rough, but without reticulation	5
4. Stipe covered with reticulation	6
5. Stipe covered with distinct pruinose, basidiospores less than 14 μm, basidia broad clavate	S. adonis
5. Stipe covered with reddish to brown granules, basidiospores can be longer than 14 μm, hymenophoral basidia clavate	S. queletii
6. Stipe covered with prominent, red to orange reticulation. Basidiospores 11–14 × 4.5–6 μm	S. luridus
6. Stipe with indistinctly or finely reticulation, usually distributed erratically	7
7. Q value higher than 2.6	S. mendax
7. Q value less than or equal to 2.6	8
8. Basidiospores dextrinoid, Q value can reach 2.6, reticulation yellow and fine at the upper portion of stipe	S. atlanticus
8. Q value less than or equal to 2.2, pores red to orange red, stipe covered with very fine yellow, pale orange, orange, reddish orange, or pale red granules	S. comptus

4. Discussion

In this study, four new species, Butyriboletus pseudoroseoflavus, Butyriboletus subregius, Tengioboletus subglutinosus, and Suillellus lacrymibasidiatus, were discovered in northern China based on morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses.

Seven species of Butyriboletus were previously reported in China, and all of them were collected from tropical and subtropical regions of China. The two new species of Butyriboletus we proposed here are the first reports of this genus in northern China. Moreover, according to Arora et al. [33], the species diversity of the genus should be more abundant in temperate climes than tropical, subtropical, or boreal ones. Based on this, we presume that northern China may be a species diversity hotspot of Butyriboletus waiting to be explored further.

Butyriboletus subregius is easily confused with Bu. autumniregius, Bu. primiregius, Bu. querciregius, and Bu. regius, morphologically. The primary distinguishing characteristics are the fruiting time and different ecological niches. According to Queiroz [78], these differences mean that the features formerly treated as secondary species criteria are relevant to species delimitation, to the extent that they provide evidence of a lineage separation. Although one ITS sequence of Bu. loyo (Phillippi) Mikšík, was uploaded to the GeneBank [79], the authors did not give a detailed morphological description to prove identification accuracy, so it was excluded from the current phylogeny. However, Bu. loyo is unique within this genus, given its combined morphological characteristics of being equilateral in profile and having red-brown basidiospores and a viscid pileus.

Due to the different color of the hymenophore surface and tubes and the usually vivid red color of basidiomata, Farid et al. [19], Bozok et al. [80], and Biketova et al. [37] all recommended Exsudoporus as a genus separate from Butyriboletus, including B. floridanus (Singer) G. Wu, Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang, B. frostii (J.L. Russell) G. Wu, Kuan Zhao, & Zhu L. Yang, and E. permagnificus (Pöder) Vizzini, Simonini, & Gelard. However, only the result of Farid et al. [19] showed that the B. subsplendidus (W.F. Chiu) Kuan Zhao, G. Wu, & Zhu L. Yang clade has affinity with other Butyriboletus. Our phylogram accords with the findings of Chai [28] and Biketova et al. [37] that B. subsplendidus is a sister to the Exsudoporus clade. We agree with Biketova et al. [37] that Exsudoporus should be elevated to genus status, and B. subsplendidus and B. hainanensis N.K. Zeng, Zhi Q. Liang, & S. Jiang should separate from Butyriboletus and represent two distinct genera, as their apparently different characteristics from other species of Butyriboletus.

Tengioboletus is a small genus, with only three species previously reported in southern China. Tengioboletus reticulatus was the first species of the genus collected at Liaoning province in northeastern China [81]. In our study, one new species, T. subglutinosus, was also collected at Jilin province in northeastern China. This means a geographical extension of Tengioboletus into temperate zones, which may also indicate a potentially wide distribution, given that their previously known main distribution was subtropical and tropical China. Our study showed that sequences of Tengioboletus formed an independent clade, which corresponded to the findings of Wu et al. [5] and supported Tengioboletus as a separate genus. As found by Wu et al. [5], Porphyrellus E.-J. Gilbert is a polyphyletic genus in the phylogram (Figure 1); it formed two clades; one clade named “Porphyrellus?” is a sister to Strobilomyces Berk., as was implied by Han et al. [82]. Clarification of the relationships among the genera will require additional specimens and future studies.

Recently, many genera were merged or erected in boletes as part of the development of molecular technology. Wu et al. [5] treated Neoboletus Gelardi, Simonini, & Vizzini as synonymized with Sutorius Halling, Nuhn, & N.A. Fechner, based on molecular data. However, Chai et al. [28] studied the morphological characteristics and reconstructed phylogenetic trees of Neoboletus, Sutorius, Costatisporus T.W. Henkel & M.E. Sm., and Caloboletus Vizzini. They considered that Neoboletus do not belong to Sutorius. Our phylogenetic analyses (Figure 3) confirmed their results.

Rubroboletus Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang, Neoboletus, Sutorius, and Lanmaoa G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang shares some characteristics with Suillellus, such as the orange-red surface of the hymenophore and the bluing color change. Nevertheless, none of them has the amyloid hyphae of the context [5,25,83,84,85]. In contrast, Rubroboletus species have a vivid or dark red pileus with rose-to-red reticulation, and the stipes of species of Neoboletus usually have fine dots but never reticulation. The basidiomata of Sutorius always have a dull color and a reddish color change [28,86]; the hymenophore of Lanmaoa is thin, with a thickness about 1/3–1/5 times that of the pileal context at the position halfway to the pileus center.