Barcelona, Naples and Salonika: Ethnic and Civic Nationalism in Three Mediterranean Port Cities (1888–1915) †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Barcelona: Civic Values and Self-Declared Civic Nationalism
“The peoples who inhabit these passageways are subjected to considerable human pressures, some peaceful, other bellicose and warlike. The play of both trends continually aroused by the ebb and flow of historical events, engenders a permanent vital tension and develops particular qualities… A passageway people finds always itself in dangerous historical situations, so that powerful currents of resistance rise up in the spirit of the people, creating and recreating it over the centuries”.
3. Naples: From Capital City to Cultural Capital
4. Salonika: Europe’s Lost Cultural Legacy
5. Comparing Three Port Cities with Different Legacies and Civic Traditions
6. Reconsidering Kohn’s Distinction
7. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | For a critical assessment of Kohn’s views, see Yack (1996). Arguing for a time-centred, rather than space-centred, dimension Kuzio argues that Western states have only become “civic” in recent times: civicness is related to democratic consolidation, rather than geography—while, in times of crisis, the civic element can always be rescinded by ethnicization. Thus, Kohn’s idealized framework does “not reflect historical reality and is out of step with contemporary theories of nationalism” (Kuzio 2002). |
2 | Interestingly, the term for the parallel and coeval phenomenon, deruralization, is not even mentioned in the same edition of the Oxford History of English. |
3 | However, massive immigration was not exclusive of the Principat area (Catalonia proper), but is well documented, for instance, in the case of Valencia (Vilar 1965, vol. 2: 42–94; and 43: map 56). |
4 | After a sharp decline in the fifteenth century, the population of Catalonia underwent a spectacular demographic recovery between 1550 and 1620. Part of this increase was due to mass immigration from France. By the end of the sixteenth century, some 20% of the male population was made up of French (Occitan) immigrants. (Until the nineteenth century, most immigrants came from the North, especially from this area. Important migratory movements occurred during the eighteenth century, when Barcelona recovered part of its economic splendour (see Nadal and Giralt i Raventós 1960). |
5 | E. D’ Ors, «Per la reconstrucció de la Ciutat», Papers anteriors.., op. cit., pp. 295–300. (Castellanos et al. 1994). |
6 | E. D’ Ors, «“Les aspiracions autonomistes a Europa”. VIII. Conclusió (a)», Glosari 1912–1913–1914, Barcelona, Quaderns Crema, 2005, pp. 380–382. |
7 | Such fragility of Italy’s political sphere is identified as a permanent trait of Italy’s post-unification politics “from the Risorgimento, through fascism, to the First and Second Republics and Berlusconism…” (Revelli 2013). |
8 | On trasformismo as a conservative system of government used to marginalize ‘extreme’ factions, that is, non-conformist trends, thus blocking the possibility of political alternance, see (Sabbatucci 2003). |
9 | For a recent review of the South’s ‘counter-histories of the Risorgimento’, see (Davis 2014). |
10 | The foremost Neapolitan poet Salvatore Di Giacomo (1860–1934) identified the Risanamento as a major cause in the spread of prostitution (Di Giacomo 1899). |
11 | On the policies of assimilation, conversion and forced marriage in ‘secular’ Turkey, see (Akçam 2012, pp. 287–340). |
12 | For a vivid and powerful personal evocation of daily life in the city, see the Memoirs of the journalist and publisher Sa’adi Besalel a-Levi, one of the creators of modern Sephardic print culture, originally written in Ladino (Rodrigue and Stein 2011). |
13 | For a recent history of Jewish integration within the Ottoman Empire and the dramatic reversal of emancipation in about half a century, see (Cohen 2014). On the ‘fluidity of social, geographical, and cultural boundaries before 1912’, see (Yavuz and Blumi 2013). For the relevance of Ottomanism in contemporary discourses about the importance of civic identities and nationalism, see (Grigoriadis 2007). |
14 | This was “mostly drawn from the elite, Tanzimat-founded metropolitan military academies, the Tibbiye, and, more especially the Harbiye—the senior School of Military Science” (Levene 2014b, p. 114) |
15 | Ironically, Atatürk’s natal house is one of the few buildings to have survived urban devastation- and, even more incongruously, it has become a Museum and the seat of the Turkish consulate. |
16 | However, the related but half-forgotten Circassian genocide. 1864. preceded the Armenian genocide. 1915. (Richmond 2013; Shenfield 1999). |
17 | There is now a vast literature on ethnic and religious coexistence under the Ottomans. For the notions of ‘brokerage across networks’, ‘capacious administration of difference’ and the absence of inter-communal violence, see (Barkey 2008, part. 109–53). For the case of Sephardic Jews, see (Cohen 2014). |
18 | A sequel of tragedies from Italian unification to WW1, fascism, WW2, German occupation, Allied bombing (Naples was Italy’s most bombed city), street fights, the 1944 Vesuvius eruption, the 1980 earthquake and the subsequent explosion of the camorra in the 1980s with thousands of dead. |
19 | There is now an overflowing international scholarship trying to dismantle the process of historical systematic falsification carried out since 1913 by Greek and Turkish nationalist historians. For instance, a recent collection of essays engages with the “nationalist watershed” notion, which has been “artificially imposed” throughout the Balkans and Turkey “by manipulative historiography and political machinations” (Yavuz and Blumi 2013). |
20 | For a critique of Barcelona’s logic of progressive” tertiarization”, post-industrialization and ‘post-modern hegemony’, see (Balibrea 2001). |
21 | This usage is not homogeneous throughout Spain. For instance, Seville and Cáceres prefer the term Casco Antiguo (Ancient Shell), while in cities like Bilbao, even the metro station is called Casco Viejo and in Donostia/San Sebastián, the Centro (Erdialdea) is most often referred to as la Parte Vieja. In the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Toledo, Casco histórico is often preferred. In Catalan speaking areas, the term Centre Historic is used for Girona, Tarragona, Palma de Mallorca and a broader section of Barcelona, including the Ciutat Vella district. Since post-modernism, This emphasis on vernacular architecture and conservation is no longer disassociated from more avant-garde experiences. In Italy, the Razionalismo italiano prevalent under fascism merged with the post-war emphasis on Neorealismo architettonico (a name inspired by the Italian Neorealist cinema), with no emphasis on totalitarian ‘monumentalism’. For a view of ‘monumentalism’ in Barcelona during in 1888–1929 and today, see (Smith 2007). |
22 | Beyond academia, Barcelona has become a theme of attraction for popular movies in all the arts. Woody Allen’s inclusion of Barcelona in his European trilogy, together with two other capital cities, Paris and Rome, appeared as a great blow and snub to Madrid. Whit Stillman has compared Barcelona and New York. |
23 | The systematic destruction of the city’s past through urban ‘planning’ is well described in Maurice Amaraggi’s documentary ‘Salonika, City of Silence’ (Amaraggi 2006). Leon Sciaky’s memoir and novel also describes the extremely rich, vigorous and sparkling multicultural life in the city before it was forever erased by the advent of homogenizing nationalism (Sciaky 2003). |
24 | Rooted in an artificial land boom and urban ‘renewal’, Spain‘s construction-based economic burst once the real estate bubble had “shown the irrationality of the economic model and the serious social and environmental consequences” (Pérez 2010). |
25 | For an application of the civic/ethnic dichotomy to the case of Spain, see (Jacobson 2006). |
26 | He argued: “Common language, common literature and common religion are the most important and effective cultural assets that create a cultural and national sense of togetherness” (Meinecke 1970, p. 3) |
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Conversi, D. Barcelona, Naples and Salonika: Ethnic and Civic Nationalism in Three Mediterranean Port Cities (1888–1915). Histories 2023, 3, 288-307. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/histories3030020
Conversi D. Barcelona, Naples and Salonika: Ethnic and Civic Nationalism in Three Mediterranean Port Cities (1888–1915). Histories. 2023; 3(3):288-307. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/histories3030020
Chicago/Turabian StyleConversi, Daniele. 2023. "Barcelona, Naples and Salonika: Ethnic and Civic Nationalism in Three Mediterranean Port Cities (1888–1915)" Histories 3, no. 3: 288-307. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/histories3030020