A Fixed-Film Bio-Media Process Used for Biological Nitrogen Removal from Sewage Treatment Plant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Laboratory-Scale Experimental Setup
2.2. Operational Condition
2.3. Sampling and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phase I
3.2. Phase II
3.3. Phase III
3.4. Full-Scale
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AOB | Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria |
NOB | Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria |
COD | Chemical oxygen demand |
TCOD | Total chemical oxygen demand |
NO2-N | Nitrite nitrogen |
NO3-N | Nitrate nitrogen |
T-N | Total nitrogen |
TKN | Total Kjeldahl nitrogen |
NH3-N | Ammonia nitrogen |
BNR | Biological nutrient removal |
SS | Suspended solid |
DO | Dissolved oxygen |
References
- Waheed, H.; Hashmi, I.; Naveed, A.K.; Khan, S.J. Molecular detection of microbial community in a nitrifying-denitrifying activated sludge system. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2013, 85, 527–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dapena-Mora, A.; Campos, J.L.; Mosquera-Corral, A.; Mendez, R. Anammox process for nitrogen removal from anaerobically digested fish canning effluents. Water Sci. Technol. 2006, 53, 265–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Purwono, A.R.; Hibbaan, M.; Budihardjo, M.A. Ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) equilibrium on the process of removing nitrogen by using tubular plastic media. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 2017, 8, 4915–4922. [Google Scholar]
- Sajuni, N.R.; Ahmed, A.L.; Vadivelu, V.M. Effect of Filter Media Characteristics, pH and Temperature on the Ammonia Removal in the wastewater. J. Appl. Sci. 2010, 10, 1146–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, A.; Abushaikha, A.; Allen, S.J.; McKay, G. Ion exchange homogeneous surface diffusion modelling by binary site resin for the removal of nickel ions from wastewater in fixed beds. Chem. Eng. J. 2019, 358, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burakov, A.E.; Galunina, E.V.; Burakovaa, I.V.; Kucherovaa, E.A.; Agarwalb, S.; Tkacheva, A.G.; Gupta, V.K. Adsorption of heavy metals on conventional and nanostructured materials for wastewater treatment purposes: A review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2018, 148, 702–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arola, K.; Van der Bruggen, B.; Manttari, M.; Kallioinen, M. Treatment options for nanofiltration and reverse osmosis concentrates from municipal wastewater treatment: A review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019, 49, 2049–2116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jonoush, Z.A.; Rezaee, A.; Ghaffarinejad, A. Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction using Fe0/Fe3O4 nanoparticles immobilized on nickel foam: Selectivity and energy consumption studies. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 242, 118569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahot, K.; Idris, A.; Omar, R.; Yusoff, H.M. Review on Biofilm Processes for Wastewater Treatment. Life Sci. J. 2014, 11, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monfet, E.; Aubry, G.; Ramirez, A.A. Nutrient removal and recovery from digestate: A review of the technology. Biofuels 2018, 9, 247–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tavares, C.R.G.; Russo, C.; Santt Anna, J.G.L. Aerobic treatment of wastewater in three phases fluidized bed bioreactor: A comparison of two types of polymeric supports. Environ. Technol. 1994, 15, 687–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Odegaard, H.; Rusten, B.; Siljudalen, J. The development of the Moving Bed Biofilm Process from Idea to Commercial Product. In Proceedings of the WEC/EWPCA/ IWEM Specialty Conference, Innovations 2000, Cambridge, UK, 7–10 July 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Hayder, G.; Ahmed, A.N.; Fuad, N.S.M. A Review on Media Clogging in Attached Growth System. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 2017, 12, 8034–8039. [Google Scholar]
- Hasan, H.A.; Abdullah, S.R.S.; Kamarudin, S.K.; Kofli, N.T. A review on the design criteria of biological aerated filter for COD, ammonia and manganese removal in drinking water treatment. J. Inst. Eng. Malays. 2009, 70, 25–33. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227690115 (accessed on 31 July 2022).
- Bassin, J.P.; Dezotti, M. Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). In Advanced Biological Processes for Wastewater Treatment; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; pp. 37–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allan, M.; Leophldo, M.E.; Tom, S.A. Comparison of floating and sunken media biological aerated filters for nitrification. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1998, 72, 265–274. [Google Scholar]
- Mendoza-Espinosa, L.; Stephenson, T. A review of biological aerated filters for wastewater treatment. Environ. Eng. Sci. 1999, 16, 201–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Massoompour, A.R.; Raie, M.; Borghei, S.M.; Dewil, R.; Appels, L. Role of carrier characteristics affecting microbial density and population in enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater. J. Environ. Manag. 2022, 302, 113976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Henze, M. Capabilities of biological nitrogen removal processes from wastewater. Water Sci. Technol. 1991, 23, 669–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, D.W.; Yun, H.J.; Kim, D.J. Autotrophic nitrification and denitrification characteristics of an up flow biological aerated filter. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2001, 76, 1112–1116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ha, J.H.; Ong, S.K. Nitrification, and denitrification in partially aerated biological aerated filter (BAF) with dual size sand media. Water Sci. Technol. 2007, 55, 9–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chudoba, P.; Pujol, R. A three-stage biofiltration process: Performance of a pilot plant. Water Sci Technol. 1998, 38, 257–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feo, G.D. Carbon and nitrogen removal from low-strength domestic wastewater with a two-stage submerged biological filter. J. Environ. Sci. Health A 2007, 42, 641–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morgan-Sagastume, F. Biofilm development, activity and the modification of carrier material surface properties in moving-bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) for wastewater treatment. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 48, 439–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dias, J.; Bellingham, M.; Hassan, J.; Barrett, M.; Stephenson, T.; Soares, A. Influence of carrier media physical properties on start-up of moving attached growth systems. Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 266, 463–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chu, L.; Zhang, X.; Yang, F.; Li, X. Treatment of domestic wastewater by using a microaerobic membrane bioreactor. Desalination 2006, 189, 181–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jesmin, A.; Jaiyeop, L.; Kim, I. Recent advances in bio-media process for biological nitrogen removal—A review. J. War. Treat. 2021, 29, 69–77. [Google Scholar]
- Abdelsalam, E.; Omar, A.; Minerva, E. Performance of Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) under Variable Organic Load. In Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE’21), Lisbon, Portugal, 21–23 June 2021; pp. 108–113. [Google Scholar]
- Rusten, B.L.; Odegaard Hem, H. Nitrification of municipal wastewater in moving-bed biofilm reactors. Water Environ. Res. 1995, 67, 75–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzalez-Tineo, P.; Aguilar, A.; Reynoso, A.; Duran, U.; Garzon-Zuniga, M.; Meza-Escalante, E.; Alvarez, L.; Serrano, D. Organic matter removal in a simultaneous nitrification-denitrification process using fixed-film system. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 1882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garzon-zuniga, M.A. Mecanismos no convencionales de transformacion y remocion del nitrogeno en sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Ing. Hidraul. Mex. 2005, 20, 137–149. [Google Scholar]
- Gonzalez-Tineo, P.A.; Duran-Hinojosa, U.; Delgadillo-Mirquez, L.R.; Meza-Escalante, E.R.; Gortares-Moroyoqui, P.; Ulloa-Mercado, R.G.; Serrano-Palacios, D. Performance improvement of an integrated anaerobic-aerobic hybrid reactor for the treatment of swine wastewater. J. Water Process Eng. 2020, 34, 101164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Operating Conditions | Unit | Weeks of Operating | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase I | Phase II | Phase III | ||||
Week 1–3 | Week 4–8 | Week 8–17 | Week 18–21 | Week 22–28 | ||
Flow rate | mL/min | 20 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 15 |
HRT | h | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Methanol addition | mg/L | - | - | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Inflow water | Tertiary | Tertiary | Secondary | Secondary | Secondary | |
DO | mg/L | 5–7 | 3–7 | 2–3 | 2–3 | 2–3 |
Parameters | DO (mg/L) | pH | T (°C) | T-N (mg/L) | NH3+-N (mg/L) | NO3−-N (mg/L) | NO2−-N (mg/L) | Org-N (mg/L) | COD (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phase I | Inflow (Tertiary Water) | 2.5–6.5 | 6.3–7.3 | 9.50–18.00 | 6.50–13.60 | 0.01–1.10 | 0.40–5.60 | 1.00–3.00 | 2.20–7.40 | 8.30–14.90 |
Phase II | Inflow (Secondary Water) | 2.0–3.0 | 6.5–7.5 | 15.00–32.00 | 4.40–13.80 | 0.01–1.00 | 1.00–4.00 | 0.01–3.00 | 0.10–11.69 | 8.00–29.00 |
Phase III | Inflow (Secondary Water) | 2.0–3.0 | 6.0–7.0 | 22.00–32.00 | 2.30–6.70 | 0.01–1.00 | 0.30–2.40 | 0.01- 0.35 | 1.81–5.00 | 8.00–39.00 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Akter, J.; Lee, J.; Kim, I. A Fixed-Film Bio-Media Process Used for Biological Nitrogen Removal from Sewage Treatment Plant. Nitrogen 2022, 3, 528-538. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nitrogen3030034
Akter J, Lee J, Kim I. A Fixed-Film Bio-Media Process Used for Biological Nitrogen Removal from Sewage Treatment Plant. Nitrogen. 2022; 3(3):528-538. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nitrogen3030034
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkter, Jesmin, Jaiyeop Lee, and Ilho Kim. 2022. "A Fixed-Film Bio-Media Process Used for Biological Nitrogen Removal from Sewage Treatment Plant" Nitrogen 3, no. 3: 528-538. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nitrogen3030034