Growth of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Aeroponics, DRF, and Raft Systems with Effluents of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Decoupled Aquaponics (s.s.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Hydroponics Unit
2.1.1. Dynamic Root Floating Technique (DRF)
2.1.2. Floating Raft Culture (Raft)
2.1.3. Aeroponics (AERO)
2.1.4. Fish Production and Feeding
2.2. Plant Cultivation
2.3. Physicochemical Parameters
2.4. Mathematical and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fish Growth
3.2. Plant Growth
3.3. Physicochemical Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Fish Growth
4.2. Physicochemical Parameters
4.3. Plant Growth
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Weight Class 1 | Weight Class 2 | Weight Class 3 | P-I 1 | P-II 1 | P-III 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fish initial length (cm) | 56.93 ± 1.38 a,2 | 48.10 ± 1.81 b | 17.33 ± 1.58 c | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Fish final length (cm) | 57.43 ± 3.01 a | 53.26 ± 1.98 b | 27.81 ± 1.28 c | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Fish initial weight (g) | 1266.68 ± 86.46 a | 838.46 ± 17.66 b | 42.78 ± 0.69 c | 0.023 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Fish final weight (g) | 1571.48 ± 44.06 a | 1147.13 ± 11.52 b | 133.24 ± 2.20 c | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Tank initial mass (kg) | 148.00 ± 3.69 a | 100.71 ± 2.29 b | 5.13 ± 0.08 c | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Tank final mass (kg) | 182.74 ± 1.71 a | 133.44 ± 3.21 b | 15.63 ± 0.30 c | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Growth per tank (kg) | 34.74 ± 2.00 a | 32.73 ± 1.07 a | 10.50 ± 0.25 b | 0.226 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Growth per tank (%) | 23.50 ± 1.93 c | 32.73 ± 0.65 b | 204.56 ± 4.29 a | 0.020 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) 3 | 1.27 ± 0.09 a | 1.17 ± 0.03 a | 0.84 ± 0.02 b | 0.132 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Specific growth rate (%/day) 3 | 0.45 ± 0.03 c | 0.60 ± 0.01 b | 2.37 ± 0.03 a | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Condition factor (C) | 0.83 ± 0.10 a | 0.76 ± 0.07 a | 0.81 ± 0.15 a | 0.447 | 0.931 | 0.665 |
Growth Parameters | DRF | Raft | AERO | P-I 1 | P-II 1 | P-III 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total wet weight (g) | 46.80 ± 13.78 b,2 | 44.28 ± 13.19 b | 62.20 ± 17.01 a | 0.694 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
Total height (cm) | 70.38 ± 10.40 a | 70.62 ± 10.46 a | 70.96 ± 6.81 a | 0.996 | 0.979 | 0.993 |
Leaf mass wet weight (g) | 20.19 ± 6.57 b | 20.35 ± 7.14 b | 28.53 ± 8.74 a | 0.997 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Leaves (No.) | 102.25 ± 23.67 a | 101.33 ± 29.42 a | 119.45 ± 29.55 a | 0.994 | 0.131 | 0.100 |
Shoot axis wet weight (g) | 12.48 ± 4.20 b | 12.22 ± 3.92 b | 17.93 ± 5.51 a | 0.996 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Shoot axis height (cm) | 40.81 ± 5.48 b | 42.22 ± 7.29 b | 52.04 ± 6.83 a | 0.772 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Root wet weight (g) | 14.13 ± 3.74 a | 11.71 ± 2.90 b | 15.72 ± 4.24 a | 0.031 | 0.364 | 0.002 |
Root length (cm) | 29.58 ± 6.44 a | 28.41 ± 6.11 a | 18.80 ± 5.00 b | 0.800 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Leaf wet weight (mg) 3 | 696.83 ± 143.47 b | 704.62 ± 138.11 b | 789.33 ± 159.41 a | 0.927 | 0.031 | 0.036 |
Leaf length (cm) 3 | 7.31 ± 0.69 b | 7.35 ± 0.72 b | 7.89 ± 0.74 a | 0.820 | 0.005 | 0.010 |
Leaf width (cm) 3 | 4.81 ± 0.59 b | 4.79 ± 0.52 b | 5.14 ± 0.52 a | 0.928 | 0.017 | 0.020 |
Leaf SPAD-Value 3 | 37.00 ± 2.86 a | 33.58 ± 3.15 b | 36.58 ± 4.08 a | 0.006 | 0.921 | 0.019 |
Dry Weight Parameters | DRF | Raft | AERO | P-I 1 | P-II 1 | P-III 1 |
Total dry weight (g) | 5.20 ± 1.63 b | 4.96 ± 1.78 b | 7.60 ± 2.21 a | 0.913 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Leaf mass dry weight (g) | 2.83 ± 0.90 b | 2.84 ± 1.04 b | 4.26 ± 1.23 a | 0.999 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Shoot axis dry weight (g) | 1.55 ± 0.50 b | 1.45 ± 0.55 b | 2.26 ± 0.75 a | 0.848 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Root dry weight (g) | 0.82 ± 0.36 b | 0.67 ± 0.27 b | 1.08 ± 0.38 a | 0.336 | 0.047 | 0.001 |
Total Weight Parameters 4 | DRF | Raft | AERO | |||
Total wet mass (g) | 935.90 | 929.90 | 1244.00 | - | - | - |
Wet mass of leaves (g) | 403.80 | 427.40 | 570.60 | - | - | - |
Total dry mass (g) | 103.95 | 104.10 | 151.99 | - | - | - |
Dry mass of leaves (g) | 56.55 | 59.65 | 85.24 | - | - | - |
Colorimeter Index 5 | DRF | Raft | AERO | P-I 1 | P-II 1 | P-III 1 |
L | 42.96 ± 1.89 a | 44.36 ± 1.95 a | 44.24 ± 2.33 a | 0.084 | 0.134 | 0.983 |
a | −13.46 ± 0.82 a | −14.11 ± 0.71 b | −13.60 ± 1.03 ab | 0.045 | 0.861 | 0.150 |
b | 23.89 ± 2.04 b | 25.56 ± 1.59 a | 25.41 ± 2.01 a | 0.017 | 0.039 | 0.965 |
Color Difference (∆Ex,y) | ∆EDRF,raft 6 | ∆Eraft,AERO 6 | ∆EDRF,AERO 6 | |||
2.59 | 0.15 | 1.98 | - | - | - |
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Pasch, J.; Appelbaum, S.; Palm, H.W.; Knaus, U. Growth of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Aeroponics, DRF, and Raft Systems with Effluents of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Decoupled Aquaponics (s.s.). AgriEngineering 2021, 3, 559-574. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriengineering3030036
Pasch J, Appelbaum S, Palm HW, Knaus U. Growth of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Aeroponics, DRF, and Raft Systems with Effluents of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Decoupled Aquaponics (s.s.). AgriEngineering. 2021; 3(3):559-574. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriengineering3030036
Chicago/Turabian StylePasch, Johannes, Samuel Appelbaum, Harry Wilhelm Palm, and Ulrich Knaus. 2021. "Growth of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Aeroponics, DRF, and Raft Systems with Effluents of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in Decoupled Aquaponics (s.s.)" AgriEngineering 3, no. 3: 559-574. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/agriengineering3030036