Hearts, Volume 3, Issue 3 (September 2022) – 4 articles

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of sacubitril/valsartan on left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling, potentially modifying the timing for cardiac device implantation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), which has not been specifically addressed. Methods and results: A secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort of HFrEF patients was conducted. Inclusion criteria: patients who started sacubitril/valsartan between November 2017 and August 2019 after previous optimal medical therapy. Primary endpoint: time to achieve LV Ejection Fraction (EF) > 35%. Kaplan–Meier was used to estimate median time and Cox regression model to investigate the patients’ characteristics associated with event incidence rate. In total, 48 patients were included, with a mean age of 72.5 years, predominantly male (70.8%). From the initial 48 patients with LVEF ≤ 35%, 27 (56%) reached LVEF > 35%, in a median time of 11.3 months (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 9.4–19.6). In multivariate analysis, baseline LVEF between 30 and 35% was associated with increased cumulative incidence of attaining LVEF > 35% (Incidence rate ratio = 3.9; 95%CI: 1.6–9.9; p-value = 0.004). Conclusion: We observed an improvement in LVEF to >35% in the majority of patients who switched to sacubitril/valsartan, illustrating its role in cardiac remodeling. We speculate that this improvement may allow delaying implantation of Cardioverter-Defibrillator/Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Full article

Aims: Sacubitril/valsartan has shifted the landscape of heart failure (HF) treatment. As renal function (RF) is often compromised in HF patients, this study aimed to assess the evolution of RF in patients with HF with a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and initiating treatment with sacubitril/valsartan. Methods and results: We present a secondary data analysis of a prospective cohort of HFrEF patients. Inclusion criteria: patients who started sacubitril/valsartan between November 2017 and August 2019, after previous optimal medical therapy, had a New York Heart Association classification of II or III, at least 6 months of follow-up, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 90 mL/min/1.73 m². Main endpoint: annualized change in eGFR. A total of 52 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average eGFR reduced from 54.2 to 52.5 mL/min/1.73 m², at baseline and last follow-up, respectively. The average eGFR annualized change from baseline decreased 3.1 mL/min/1.73 m²/year without statistical significance (95% confidence interval: −8.7 to 2.5). No subgroup analysis presented a statistically significant annualized change in eGFR. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 30.4% to 37.9% at last follow-up. Conclusion: This real-world study demonstrated sacubitril/valsartan promoted no major harm in renal function, while maintaining effectiveness in a population of HFrEF patients with mild to severe renal disease. Full article

An unroofed coronary sinus is a malformation that leads to a shunt between the coronary sinus and the left atrium. In our case, the shunt led to the formation of a gigantic left atrial aneurysm compressing the left atrium on transesophageal echocardiography. During surgery, a myxoma was incidentally discovered. Full article

COVID-19 mainly causes pulmonary manifestation; nonetheless, its systemic inflammatory response involves multiple organs, including the heart. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of myocardial injury in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods and Results: We performed an observational retrospective analysis on patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in a moderate-sized community hospital system. Myocardial injury was defined as highly sensitive troponin T levels in the 99th percentile above the normal upper limit for the respective biological sex. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to assess the association between the myocardial-injury and the no-myocardial-injury groups for primary and secondary outcomes. A total of 1632 (49.3% male, 41.7% aged 60–79 years) patients with COVID-19 were included, out of which 312 (19.1%) had a myocardial injury. Patients with myocardial injury were older (36.9% > 80 years) and had higher cardiovascular-related comorbidities than those without. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (78.5% vs. 52.0%) and cardiovascular diseases (78.2% vs. 56.1%) was much higher in the myocardial-injury group. Older age (50–64 years vs. <49 years; OR, 3.67 [1.99–6.74]), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) (OR, 1.44 [1.01–2.05]), Beta-blockers (OR, 2.37 [1.80–3.13]), and cardiovascular comorbidities (OR, 1.49 [1.09–2.05]) were strong predictors of cardiac injury after multivariable adjustment. Myocardial injury was strongly associated with ICU admission (adjusted OR, 1.68 [1.29–2.19]) and longer length of hospital stay (median days, 5 (3, 9) vs. 4 (2, 7)). The results do not show a significant difference in the use of mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.29 [0.87–1.89]) or in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.37 [0.98–1.91]) with respect to myocardial injury. Conclusion: This multicenter retrospective study of nearly 1600 patients revealed the following findings: Myocardial injury was observed in 1 out of 5 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 but was more often clinically insignificant. Patients of age > 65 had very high odds of having elevated troponin levels after adjusting for sex and other illnesses. Pre-existing cardiac diseases and risk factors were robust predictors of cardiac injury after adjusting for age and sex. In the adjusted model, myocardial injury was not associated with the requirement of mechanical ventilation or change in in-hospital mortality. Full article