Shell Deformities in the Green-Lipped Mussel Perna viridis: Occurrence and Potential Environmental Stresses on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Shell Measurements
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Name | Latitude | Longitude |
---|---|---|
1. Kuala Sebatu | 2°11′46.5″ N | 102°46′41.0″ E |
2. Parit Karang Tangkak | 2°08′00.0″ N | 102°52′38.4″ E |
3. Parit Jawa | 1°95′19.80″ N | 102°63′39.1″ E |
4. Teluk Jawa | 1°47′82.0″ N | 103°84′59.0″ E |
5. Kg. Kuala Masai | 1°47′61.0″ N | 103°87′18.0″ E |
6. Kg. Pasir Puteh | 1°26′30.0″ N | 103°55′50.0″ E |
Sites | Deformity Types | Shell Counts | Total Shell Deformities of All Types |
---|---|---|---|
Parit Jawa | Normal | 130 | 35.3% |
Discontinuous | 58 | ||
Continuous | 13 | ||
Unidentified | 0 | ||
Sub-total | 201 | ||
Parit Karang Tangkak | Normal | 57 | 53.3% |
Discontinuous | 48 | ||
Continuous | 17 | ||
Unidentified | 0 | ||
Sub-total | 122 | ||
Kuala Sebatu | Normal | 40 | 75.6% |
Discontinuous | 126 | ||
Continuous | 17 | ||
Unidentified | 64 | ||
Sub-total | 164 | ||
Kuala Masai | Normal | 93 | 37.6% |
Discontinuous | 38 | ||
Continuous | 15 | ||
Unidentified | 3 | ||
Sub-total | 149 | ||
Teluk Jawa | Normal | 6 | 87.5% |
Discontinuous | 38 | ||
Continuous | 2 | ||
Unidentified | 13 | ||
Sub-total | 48 | ||
Kg. Pasir Puteh | Normal | 117 | 15.8% |
Discontinuous | 19 | ||
Continuous | 3 | ||
Unidentified | 0 | ||
Sub-total | 139 | ||
Total | 823 |
Types of Shell Deformities | Mean Length (mm) | Mean Width (mm) | Mean Height (mm) | Mean Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 70.03 ± 1.61 | 31.77 ± 0.76 | 22.50 ± 0.72 | 8.28 ± 0.44 |
Discontinuous | 70.06 ± 0.72 | 32.62 ± 0.29 | 22.71 ± 0.28 | 8.98 ± 0.23 |
Continuous | 70.99 ± 1.10 | 32.85 ± 0.44 | 22.53 ± 0.32 | 9.37 ± 0.36 |
Unidentified | 70.10 ± 0.99 | 32.43 ± 0.38 | 22.41 ± 0.31 | 8.95 ± 0.32 |
Shell Deformity Type | Mean Length (mm) | Mean Width (mm) | Mean Height (mm) | Mean Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 90.87 ± 2.48 | 41.54 ± 1.15 | 29.82 ± 0.78 | 19.19 ± 1.82 |
Discontinuous | 94.36 ± 1.88 | 41.74 ± 0.63 | 30.52 ± 0.64 | 22.04 ± 1.10 |
Continuous | 98.92 ± 2.62 | 44.74 ± 1.37 | 31.90 ± 0.69 | 25.12 ± 1.85 |
Unidentified | 94.45 ± 2.56 | 41.16 ± 0.97 | 30.39 ± 0.71 | 22.33 ± 1.40 |
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Yap, C.K.; Ahmad Wakid, S.; Chew, J.M.; Sutra, J.; Syazwan, W.M.; Aziz, N.A.A.; Mustafa, M.; Nulit, R.; Okamura, H.; Horie, Y.; et al. Shell Deformities in the Green-Lipped Mussel Perna viridis: Occurrence and Potential Environmental Stresses on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Pollutants 2023, 3, 406-418. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pollutants3030028
Yap CK, Ahmad Wakid S, Chew JM, Sutra J, Syazwan WM, Aziz NAA, Mustafa M, Nulit R, Okamura H, Horie Y, et al. Shell Deformities in the Green-Lipped Mussel Perna viridis: Occurrence and Potential Environmental Stresses on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Pollutants. 2023; 3(3):406-418. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pollutants3030028
Chicago/Turabian StyleYap, Chee Kong, Sarini Ahmad Wakid, Jia Ming Chew, Jumria Sutra, Wan Mohd Syazwan, Nor Azwady Abd Aziz, Muskhazli Mustafa, Rosimah Nulit, Hideo Okamura, Yoshifumi Horie, and et al. 2023. "Shell Deformities in the Green-Lipped Mussel Perna viridis: Occurrence and Potential Environmental Stresses on the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia" Pollutants 3, no. 3: 406-418. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/pollutants3030028