Conversion of Polypropylene (PP) Foams into Auxetic Metamaterials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.3. Characterization
2.3.1. Characterization of the Original PP Foams
2.3.2. Foam Morphology
2.3.3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
2.3.4. Poisson’s Ratio
2.3.5. Mechanical Properties
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Physical Properties of the PP Recycled Foams
3.2. Auxetic Foams
3.2.1. Morphology
3.2.2. Poisson’s Ratio
Treatment Temperature
Heating and Vacuum Time
Mechanical Pressure
3.2.3. Mechanical Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Foam Code | Density (kg/m3) | Porosity (%) | OCP (%) |
---|---|---|---|
PP-O | 28.0 ± 1.1 | 97.1 ± 3.0 | 3.1 |
PP-T130-15-P1.0 | 114.3 ± 1.4 | 87.6 ± 5.2 | 4.1 |
PP-T130-15-P2.0 | 116.4 ± 1.5 | 86.8 ± 2.7 | 4.3 |
PP-T130-15-P3.0 | 130.1 ± 1.5 | 85.8 ± 2.6 | 4.5 |
PP-T130-15-P4.0 | 131.3 ± 1.6 | 85.5 ± 2.7 | 5.2 |
PP-T120-15-P3.0 | 90.1 ± 1.8 | 89.5 ± 4.2 | 4.0 |
Sample | Tm (°C) | ΔHm (J/g) | Xc (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Initial PP foam (PP-O) | 141.7 | 83.2 | 39.8 |
Auxetic foam (PP-T130-15-P2.0) | 142.1 | 74.0 | 35.8 |
Sample | Final Density (kg/m3) | Compression Ratio (⍴f/⍴o) | Minimum PR (Tension) | Minimum PR (Compression) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PP-O | 28.0 | 1 | 0.28 (mean) | 0.008 (mean) |
PP-T130-15-P1.0 | 114 | 4.07 | −0.78 | −0.28 |
PP-T130-15-P2.0 | 116 | 4.14 | −1.50 | −0.32 |
PP-T130-15-P3.0 | 130 | 4.64 | −1.45 | −0.08 |
PP-T130-15-P4.0 | 131 | 4.68 | −1.48 | −0.02 |
Samples | Density (kg/m3) | Tension | Compression | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modulus (kPa) | Strength (MPa) | Strain at Break (%) | Energy at Break (MPa) | Modulus (kPa) | Stress at 30% Strain (kPa) | ||
PP-O | 28.0 | 21.9 ± 2.8 | 0.30 ± 0.07 | 28.1 ± 3.2 | 6.10 ± 0.61 | 10.8 ± 2.5 | 125 ± 43 |
PP-T130-15-P1.0 | 114 | 35.2 ± 2.9 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 62.0 ± 6.1 | 34.5 ± 1.2 | 2.52 ± 4.5 | 247 ± 39 |
PP-T130-15-P2.0 | 116 | 40.3 ± 7.3 | 1.00 ± 0.09 | 76.7 ± 5.8 | 37.5 ± 2,6 | 2.72 ± 4.9 | 308 ± 41 |
PP-T130-15-P3.0 | 130 | 44.4 ± 8.3 | 1.24 ± 0.07 | 70.2 ± 7.2 | 57.0 ± 4.3 | 4.63 ± 5.3 | 331 ± 38 |
PP-T130-15-P4.0 | 131 | 51.1 ± 6.9 | 1.43 ± 0.08 | 72.9 ± 6.9 | 68.1 ± 5.4 | 8.06 ± 6.7 | 349 ± 39 |
Sample | Tension | Compression | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain Energy (Ep) (kPa) | Energy Loss (Ed) (mJ/cm3) | Damping Capacity (Ψ) (%) | Strain Energy (Ep) (kPa) | Energy Loss (Ed) (mJ/cm3) | Damping Capacity (Ψ) (%) | |
PP-O | 120 | 14.4 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 1.56 | 13.6 |
PP-T130-15-P1.0 | 170 | 21.5 | 12.6 | 15.3 | 3.60 | 18.7 |
PP-T130-15-P2.0 | 166 | 31.7 | 19.2 | 19.8 | 1.97 | 10.0 |
PP-T130-15-P3.0 | 316 | 39.5 | 12.5 | 18.8 | 2.00 | 10.7 |
PP-T130-15-P4.0 | 309 | 50.3 | 16.2 | 19.0 | 3.34 | 17.5 |
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Chen, X.-Y.; Rodrigue, D. Conversion of Polypropylene (PP) Foams into Auxetic Metamaterials. Macromol 2023, 3, 463-476. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/macromol3030028
Chen X-Y, Rodrigue D. Conversion of Polypropylene (PP) Foams into Auxetic Metamaterials. Macromol. 2023; 3(3):463-476. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/macromol3030028
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xiao-Yuan, and Denis Rodrigue. 2023. "Conversion of Polypropylene (PP) Foams into Auxetic Metamaterials" Macromol 3, no. 3: 463-476. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/macromol3030028