Pretreatment of Loblolly Pine Tree Needles Using Deep Eutectic Solvents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials and Chemicals
2.2. Synthesis of DES
2.3. Preparation of Biomass for Pretreatment
2.4. Pretreatment of Pine Needles Using DES
2.5. Separation of Biomass and DES
2.5.1. Filtration
2.5.2. Lignin Precipitation
2.6. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.7. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.8. Carbohydrate Analysis Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
2.9. Acid Soluble Lignin Analysis
2.10. Soxhlet Extraction
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mass Yield from Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) Pretreatment
3.2. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis of Pretreated Loblolly Pine Needles and Precipitate from Deionized Water
3.3. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
3.4. Fiber Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hydrogen Bond Donor | Hydrogen Bond Acceptor | Molar Ratio of DES | pH of DES | pH of DES Diluted 10% with Water | pH of DES Diluted 90% with Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formic acid | Choline chloride | 2:1 | −0.92 | 0.70 | 1.24 |
Lactic acid | Choline chloride | 10:1 | −0.60 | 0.54 | 1.91 |
Acetic acid | Choline chloride | 2:1 | 0.47 | 1.01 | 1.84 |
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Gujjula, P.; Kumar, N.; Lynam, J.G. Pretreatment of Loblolly Pine Tree Needles Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Biomass 2021, 1, 1-10. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomass1010001
Gujjula P, Kumar N, Lynam JG. Pretreatment of Loblolly Pine Tree Needles Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Biomass. 2021; 1(1):1-10. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomass1010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleGujjula, Prathima, Narendra Kumar, and Joan G. Lynam. 2021. "Pretreatment of Loblolly Pine Tree Needles Using Deep Eutectic Solvents" Biomass 1, no. 1: 1-10. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/biomass1010001