The Synthetic Flavonoid Derivative GL-V9 Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Suppressing AKT-Regulated HK2 and mTOR Signals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. GL-V9 Induces Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis of A431 Cells
2.2. High Concentration of GL-V9 Induces Autophagy of A431 Cells, Which Potentially Antagonizes Its Apoptosis Inducing Effect
2.3. GL-V9 Induced Metabolome Changes in A431 Cells
2.4. GL-V9 Induces Apoptosis by Inhibiting AKT-Regulated Mitochondrial Location of HK2, and Caused Autophagy via Suppression of AKT/mTOR Pathway
2.5. GL-V9 Suppresses the Development of Primary Skin Cancer in Mice
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Agents and Materials
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Animal Model
4.4. MTT Assay
4.5. Apoptosis Assay
4.6. DAPI Staining
4.7. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) Assay
4.8. Extraction of Mitochondrial and Cytosolic Fractions
4.9. Immunofluorescence
4.10. Immunoprecipitation
4.11. Real-Time PCR Analysis
4.12. Western Blotting
4.13. Immunohistochemical Staining
4.14. Metabolomics
4.15. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
4.16. Transient Tranfection
4.17. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds GL-V9 are available from the Prof. Zhiyu Li of China Pharmaceutical University. |
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Zhu, Y.; Liu, M.; Yao, J.; Guo, Q.; Wei, L. The Synthetic Flavonoid Derivative GL-V9 Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Suppressing AKT-Regulated HK2 and mTOR Signals. Molecules 2020, 25, 5033. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25215033
Zhu Y, Liu M, Yao J, Guo Q, Wei L. The Synthetic Flavonoid Derivative GL-V9 Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Suppressing AKT-Regulated HK2 and mTOR Signals. Molecules. 2020; 25(21):5033. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25215033
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Yejin, Mengdi Liu, Jingyue Yao, Qinglong Guo, and Libin Wei. 2020. "The Synthetic Flavonoid Derivative GL-V9 Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Suppressing AKT-Regulated HK2 and mTOR Signals" Molecules 25, no. 21: 5033. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules25215033