Next Article in Journal
Microwave Synthetic Routes for Shape-Controlled Catalyst Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites
Next Article in Special Issue
π-Stacking Stopper-Macrocycle Stabilized Dynamically Interlocked [2]Rotaxanes
Previous Article in Journal
Intramolecular H-Bond Dynamics of Catechol Investigated by THz High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Its Low-Frequency Modes
Previous Article in Special Issue
Synthesis and Guest-Binding Properties of pH/Reduction Dual-Responsive Cyclophane Dimer
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Molecules
Volume 26
Issue 12
10.3390/molecules26123646
molecules-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

The Synthesis of a Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Macrocyclic Ligand and the Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and 68Ga(III) Complexes

by
Melyssa L. Grieve
1,
Patrick R. W. J. Davey
1,
Craig M. Forsyth
1 and
Brett M. Paterson
1,2,*
1
School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
2
Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2021, 26(12), 3646; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26123646
Submission received: 21 May 2021 / Revised: 10 June 2021 / Accepted: 11 June 2021 / Published: 15 June 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Properties of Macrocyclic Compound)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) variant bearing two thiosemicarbazone pendant groups has been prepared. The ligand forms complexes with Mn2+, Co2+ and Zn2+. X-ray crystallography of the Mn2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ complexes showed that the ligand provides a six-coordinate environment for the metal ions. The Mn2+ and Zn2+ complexes exist in the solid state as racemic mixtures of the Δ(δ,δ,δ,δ)/Λ(λ,λ,λ,λ) and Δ(λ,λ,λ,λ)/Λ(δ,δ,δ,δ) diastereomers, and the Co2+ complex exists as the Δ(δ,δ,δ,δ)/Λ(λ,λ,λ,λ) and Δ(λ,λ,λ,δ)/Λ(δ,δ,δ,λ) diastereomers. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the relative energies of the diastereomers are within 10 kJ mol−1. Magnetic susceptibility of the complexes indicated that both the Mn2+ and Co2+ ions are high spin. The ligand was radiolabelled with gallium-68, in the interest of developing new positron emission tomography imaging agents, which produced a single species in high radiochemical purity (>95%) at 90 °C for 10 min.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Thiosemicarbazone functional groups are versatile N,S donors that can coordinate metal ions as neutral or anionic ligands, with the resulting complexes displaying diverse coordination chemistry. In general, thiosemicarbazones are easy to synthesise by way of a condensation reaction between a thiosemicarbazide and an aldehyde or ketone. The structures can be modified in multiple ways, allowing for the generation of tri-, tetra-, penta- or even hexadentate ligands, as well as multinuclear complexes and coordination polymers [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Modifications to the thiosemicarbazone substituents can also result in dramatic changes to the structural, physical and biological properties of the metal complexes [10,11].
Hybrid ligands containing thiosemicarbazone groups and additional donor atoms can introduce modifiable properties to the complexes for a variety of biological applications [12,13,14]. N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones have been investigated for their pharmacological properties, which have shown that the metal complexes can display bioactivities which differ from those of either the ligand or the metal ion [15,16,17,18]. Lipophilic Mn2+, Zn2+ and Ga3+ complexes have demonstrated anti-tumour activity due to their ability to facilitate intracellular delivery of the free ligand upon metal dissociation or transmetallation to the Fe3+ or Cu2+ complexes [19,20,21,22,23,24]. Cobalt thiosemicarbazonato complexes have been isolated in the Co2+ and Co3+ oxidation states and have been investigated as redox-active prodrugs for hypoxia targeting and as anti-bacterial and anti-cancer agents [25,26,27]. Zinc ions have been found to play an important role in medicine, with compounds developed for treating neurodegeneration as well as anti-diabetic, anti-tumour, anti-bacterial, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory agents [16,28,29,30,31,32,33,34].
Radioactive metal complexes of bis(thiosemicarbazonato) ligands derived from 1,2-diones have been of interest for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The ligands form complexes with positron-emitting isotopes of copper such as copper-64 (64Cu, t1/2 = 12.7 h) that have been investigated as perfusion and hypoxia imaging agents and as probes for measuring altered copper trafficking in the brain during Alzheimer’s disease [35,36,37,38]. Copper complexes of thiosemicarbazone-pyridylhydrazone hybrid ligands, incorporating a targeting group within the chelate domain, demonstrate blood–brain barrier permeability and an ability to bind to amyloid-β plaques in vitro, and have the potential to assist with Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis [39,40]. Bis(thiosemicarbazones) have also gained attention as bifunctional chelators for labelling small peptides with radioactive isotopes of copper due to their fast radiolabelling kinetics under ambient conditions, and peptide coupling routes by way of ligands with pendant amine or carboxylic acid groups [41,42,43].
The positron emitter gallium-68 (68Ga, t1/2 = 68 min) is readily obtained from a 68Ge/68Ga generator from which it is eluted as a [68Ga][GaCl4]- solution in aqueous acidic solution and is increasingly utilised for positron emission tomography (PET) [44]. The 68Ga3+ ion, administered as the citrate and nitrate salts, has been used to image tumours, inflammation and infection [45]. Incorporating the radionuclide into a stable bifunctional chelator is a method that allows for effective targeting to a wide range of disease states such as prostate cancer and neuroendocrine tumours [46,47,48]. Interest in the development of chelating agents for 68Ga3+ has been ongoing, mostly due to the requirements for fast radiolabelling in high yields at moderate temperatures and in vivo stability [49,50].
Macrocyclic polyamines such as 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) have been utilised in materials chemistry, medicinal chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry and chemical biology [51,52,53,54]. The metal complexes of macrocyclic polyamines have been vital to the development of radiopharmaceuticals owing to the higher kinetic inertness and thermodynamic stability in comparison to metal complexes of acyclic ligands [55,56,57,58]. The modifiable structures and the versatile chemistry of macrocyclic polyamines make them attractive scaffolds for generating hybrid ligands. These ligands incorporate various functional groups in an effort to assemble metal complexes suitable for a multitude of applications. The chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) is widely utilised to produce Gd3+ and Mn2+ magnetic resonance contrast agents and 68Ga3+, 64Cu2+ and 177Lu3+ radiopharmaceuticals [58,59,60,61,62].
Previously, we have used the tetraazamacrocyclic framework of cyclen to integrate two pendant semicarbazone groups to produce an octadentate chelator for Pb2+ and Bi3+ radionuclides [63]. In this work, we investigated the coordination chemistry of a tetraazamacrocycle incorporating thiosemicarbazone pendant groups with the transition metals Mn2+, Co2+ and Zn2+. Thiosemicarbazone complexes of 68Ga3+ and the gamma emitting radioisotope 67Ga3+ have been prepared previously, which prompted an investigation of the 68Ga3+ radiolabelling properties of the new chelator [64,65,66,67].

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis of H2L and the Manganese(II), Cobalt(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes

The synthesis of the diketone 1,1′-(4,10-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diyl)bis(propan-2-one) (1) has been previously reported [63]. The synthesis of H2L involves a condensation reaction between the ketone groups of 1 and two equivalents of 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (Scheme 1).
H2L was characterised by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. Variable-temperature 1H NMR demonstrated sharpening of the macrocyclic CH2 proton signals (δ = 2.70–2.85 ppm) as the temperature increased, which suggested fluxionality (Figure S3) [68]. High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis showed an isotopic pattern at m/z = 487.31987 corresponding to the [H2L + H]+ cation (Figure S7). Analytical-HPLC indicated the presence of a single compound (RT = 5.27 min) (Figure S11).
The addition of the metal acetate salts to a suspension of H2L in methanolic solution gave the complexes [MnHL]+, [CoHL]+ and [ZnHL]+ (Scheme 2). Addition of NaBPh4 resulted in precipitation of the complexes as the tetraphenylborate salts. High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis showed isotopic patterns at m/z = 540.2335, 544.2298 and 549.2249 attributed to the [MnHL]+, [CoHL]+ and [ZnHL]+ complex cations, respectively (Figures S8–S10). Analytical-HPLC showed the presence of the compounds at retention times of 6.06, 6.05 and 6.01 min attributed to the [MnHL](BPh4), [CoHL](BPh4) and [ZnHL](BPh4) complexes, respectively (Figures S12–S14). Single crystals of the tetraphenylborate coordination compounds were obtained by slow diffusion of diethyl ether into solutions of the compounds in acetone.

2.2. NMR Studies

The complex [ZnHL](BPh4) was characterised by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The presence of one equivalent of tetraphenylborate and a single hydrazinic nitrogen proton (δ = 10.01 ppm) indicated deprotonation of the ligand at the hydrazinic nitrogen of the coordinated pendant arm. The ligand resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum for the thiosemicarbazonato coordinated pendant arm of [ZnHL](BPh4) have shifted compared to the spectrum for H2L and the non-coordinated arm (Figure 1). For example, the methyl group in the pendant arm at δ = 1.96 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum of H2L splits into two peaks at δ = 1.96 and 2.03 ppm for the complex. The two methyl groups attached to the macrocycle shifted from δ = 2.45 ppm for H2L to δ = 2.31 ppm for [ZnHL](BPh4). A significant shift was observed for the terminal NH proton of the thiosemicarbazonato arm from δ = 8.22 ppm to 6.56 ppm. Although the signals due to the protons of the macrocycle of [ZnHL](BPh4) (δ = 2.40–3.04 ppm) are somewhat broad, variable-temperature analysis of the 1H NMR spectra indicated that, unlike H2L, this was not temperature dependent (Figure S6).

2.3. X-ray Crystal Structures of [MnHL](BPh4), [CoHL](BPh4) and [ZnHL](BPh4)

The coordination compounds [MnHL](BPh4), [CoHL](BPh4)·(C3H6O) and [ZnHL](BPh4)·1.67(C3H6O) crystallised in the monoclinic P21/c space group. Each asymmetric unit contains two discrete diastereomeric complexes, [M1HL]+ and [M2HL]+, that are present as racemic mixtures of enantiomers in the unit cell. A single pendant thiosemicarbazonato arm is coordinated to the M2+ centre through the sulfur (S1) and azomethinic (Nazo) nitrogen donor atoms (N5), along with the four macrocyclic (Nmac) nitrogen atoms (N1, N2, N3 and N4), forming six five-membered chelate rings. The Mn2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ structures are consistent with the loss of one proton from the ligand. The C12–S1 bond lengths for the Mn2+ (1.745(2) Å), Co2+ (1.735(6) Å) and Zn2+ (1.743(3) Å) structures are indicative of more thiolate character than the thione character of the C18–S2 bond lengths (1.683(2) Å, 1.685(5) Å and 1.687(3) Å, respectively). Crystallographic data are shown in Table 1. Representations of the isostructural [Mn1HL]+ and [Zn1HL]+ complex cations are shown in Figure 2. A list of metal to donor bond lengths is given in Table 2. The donor atoms N1, N2, N3, N4, N5 and S1 are analogous to the donor atoms N11, N12, N13, N14, N15 and S3 of the Mn2, Co2 and Zn2 complexes.
The bonds between the metal ions and N3/N13 are significantly longer than the other bonds between the metal and nitrogen donor atoms of the macrocycle. This is presumably a result of the steric effects of the uncoordinated thiosemicarbazone pendant arm. The metal to sulfur donor bond lengths are typical of Mn2+ and Zn2+ thiosemicarbazonato complexes [11,20]. The Mn1, Mn2, Zn1, Zn2 and Co1 ions sit above the plane defined by the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle by 1.1 Å, while the Co2 ion sits above the plane by 1.0 Å.
The torsion angles defined by the N–C–C–N bonds in the macrocycle are described as δ (positive value) or λ (negative value) [69]. The average N–C–C–N torsion angles in the [Mn1HL]+ and [Mn2HL]+ complexes are ±58° and in [Zn1HL]+ and [Zn2HL]+ are ±57°. The trigonal distortion from an idealised octahedral geometry can be analysed using the dihedral angle (θ) defined as the twist angle between the corners of the trigonal planes [70]. The trigonal planes of the complexes are defined by N1-N4-N5 and N2-N3-S1 (Figure 3).
A positive torsion angle indicates the Δ enantiomer, and a negative torsion value indicates the Λ enantiomer. A trigonal prismatic geometry is indicated by a torsion angle of 0°, whereas a torsion angle of 60° indicates an octahedral geometry. The average torsion angles within the complexes are shown in Table 3. Interestingly, [Mn1HL]+ and [Zn1HL]+ exist as the Δ(δ,δ,δ,δ) and Λ(λ,λ,λ,λ) enantiomers, and [Mn2HL]+ and [Zn2HL]+ exist as the Δ(λ,λ,λ,λ) and Λ(δ,δ,δ,δ) enantiomers.
Representations of the [Co1HL]+ and [Co2HL]+ complex cations are shown in Figure 4. The [Co1HL]+ complex occurs as the Δ(δ,δ,δ,δ) and Λ(λ,λ,λ,λ) enantiomeric pair with average N–C–C–N torsion angles of ±55°. Interestingly, the [Co2HL]+ complex is a racemic mixture of the Δ(λ,λ,λ,δ) and Λ(δ,δ,δ,λ) enantiomeric pair. The N–C–C–N torsion angles in the Δ(λ,λ,λ,δ) enantiomer are 48.1°, 40.7°, 48.8° and −60.2°. This results in a Co2–N13 bond length of 2.317(4) Å, which is significantly shorter than the Co1–N3 bond length of 2.610(4) Å. The average dihedral angle for [Co2HL]+ is 30.9°, resulting in an intermediate geometry between trigonal prismatic and octahedral. The change in chirality probably reflects the competition between steric effects imposed by the ligand and the metal to donor atom bond length requirements of each of the complexes. Experimentally observed Co2+ complexes with (λ,λ,λ,δ) and (δ,δ,δ,λ) isomers have been reported previously in a complex with tetraethylcyclen and proline [71].
Several instances of trigonal prismatic high-spin 3d5 Mn2+, high-spin 3d7 Co2+ and 3d10 Zn2+ azamacrocyclic complexes have been reported [72,73,74,75,76,77]. While most six-coordinate complexes have a distinct octahedral preference over trigonal prismatic, high-spin d5 and d10 electron-configurations have no octahedral preference due to the absence of crystal field stabilisation energy, and high-spin d7 configurations have only a marginal preference [78]. A trigonal prismatic geometry can be forced upon Co2+ complexes by sterically constrained pendant arms, whereas two discrete ligands can give trigonal prismatic complexes with Mn2+ and Zn2+, including the formation of a Mn2+ complex with an N4S2 donor sphere [72,73,76,77]. Only two N5S cyclen-based complexes have been previously reported with Co2+ and Zn2+, both with octahedral geometry [79,80]. H2L is the first example of an azamacrocyclic N5S donor for Mn2+. A trigonal prismatic Zn2+ complex has been previously reported with a N5O ligand containing a single pendant arm [75].

2.4. Magnetic Susceptibility

The distorted coordination geometries of the [MnHL](BPh4) and [CoHL](BPh4) complexes suggested that the metal ions were high-spin 3d5 and 3d7, respectively. To confirm this hypothesis, the magnetic susceptibility of both the Mn2+ and Co2+ complexes were measured. The [MnHL](BPh4) complex had a magnetic moment of 5.82 B.M corresponding to five unpaired electrons (µs = 5.92 B.M.). The [CoHL](BPh4) complex had a magnetic moment of 4.24 B.M. corresponding to three unpaired electrons (µs = 3.87 B.M.). The difference from the spin-only value is due to the mixing of angular momentum from the excited state and spin-orbit coupling [81]. The Co2+ value indicates a spin quartet ground state, obtained from six-coordinate octahedral or trigonal prismatic geometry [82].

2.5. Density Functional Theory Calculations

Complexes incorporating the cyclen scaffold with pendant groups are known to have multiple stereoisomeric forms that result from the combination of the two chiral elements [83]. The diastereomers can have distinctly different coordination geometries and properties [77,84]. Furthermore, formation of a predominant diastereoisomer can result when there is a free-energy difference between the diastereomers [85,86]. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to investigate the energetics of each species identified from the X-ray crystallography. The calculations were performed using the Becke, 3-parameter, Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP) functional for all complexes investigated. The standard Ahlrichs valence triple-ξ including polarization functions (TZVP) basis set was used for the high-spin Co2+ complexes and the DGDZVP basis set for the Zn2+ complexes. These combinations of functional and basis sets were chosen because they have shown good agreement with experimental values for similar combinations of ligands and metals [87,88]. For comparison with the XRD data, values for selected bond lengths of the optimised structures are shown in Table 4. The optimised geometries of [Co1HL]+, [Co2HL]+, [Zn1HL]+ and [Zn2HL]+ are provided in Figures S16–S23. A bond length difference of ~0.074 Å for Zn-S and ~0.078 Å for Zn-Nmac and Zn-Nazo was observed between the DFT optimised and XRD experimental values that was attributed to solvent effects.
DFT analysis of the [ZnHL]+ complexes in the presence of water indicated four energy minima corresponding to the following diastereomeric pairs: Δ(δ,δ,δ,δ) and Λ(λ,λ,λ,λ) for [Zn1HL]+, and Δ(λ,λ,λ,λ) and Λ(δ,δ,δ,δ) for [Zn2HL]+. According to these calculations, the minimum energy conformation corresponds to the Λ(λ,λ,λ,λ) isomer, with the relative energies of the Δ(δ,δ,δ,δ), Δ(λ,λ,λ,λ) and Λ(δ,δ,δ,δ) isomers being 0.34, 1.27 and 2.53 kJ mol−1, respectively. The optimisation of the Co2+ structures indicated that the minimum energy conformation corresponds to the Δ(δ,δ,δ,δ) isomer, with the relative energies of the Λ(λ,λ,λ,λ), Δ(λ,λ,λ,δ) and Λ(δ,δ,δ,λ) isomers being 4.17, 8.14 and 8.14 kJ mol−1, respectively.

2.6. Radiolabelling with 68Ga3+

Preliminary radiolabelling studies were performed with 68Ga3+ eluted from a 68Ge/68Ga generator. The eluate was buffered with 1 M sodium acetate to pH 3.5 or 6 and reacted with H2L (0.5, 5, 50 and 500 μM) at ambient temperature, 40 and 90 °C for 10 min. The 68 min half-life of 68Ga3+ necessitates relatively short reaction times. The reaction mixtures were analysed by radio-HPLC, which showed a single product with a retention time (RT) of 5.3 min while there was negligible retention of the [68Ga]Ga3+ ion on the C18 column (RT = 1.5 min). The synthesis of the non-radioactive Ga3+ complex was attempted but isolation was unsuccessful. The radiolabelling reaction with DOTA was performed previously under the same conditions and used as a comparison [49]. The percentage of 68Ga3+ incorporation is dependent on ligand concentration, pH and temperature. 68Ga3+ incorporation was investigated at both pH 3.5 and pH 6 at 50 µM with an activity to ligand ratio of 0.2 MBq nmol−1 (Figure 5). A radiochemical yield (RCY) > 95% was achieved at pH 6 at both 40 and 90 °C but required a ligand concentration of 500 µM (Table 5). At pH 3.5, a RCY > 95% was achieved with a ligand concentration of 50 µM at 90 °C.
Under similar conditions, DOTA required concentrations of 50 µM or above to reach yields > 95%, similar to H2L. At pH 6, a RCY > 95% for DOTA was achieved with a concentration of 500 μM at 25 °C or 50 μM at 90 °C [49]. The RCY for DOTA with a concentration of 50 μM at 25 °C is ~87% whereas H2L achieved only 2% RCY under the same conditions. These results demonstrate that H2L radiolabelling with 68Ga3+ is temperature dependent at both pH values studied, and that it does not possess the radiolabelling efficiency properties to be a potential alternative chelator for 68Ga3+ radiolabelling. This is perhaps unsurprising given the combination of soft base sulfur donor atoms and the hard acid Ga3+ [89]. A ligand design incorporating oxygen donor-containing semicarbazone pendant arms may be better suited for use in 68Ga3+ radiopharmaceuticals [90].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Procedures

Reagents were purchased from standard commercial sources unless otherwise stated and used without further purification. Cyclen was purchased from Strem Chemicals (Newburyport, MA, USA). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data were collected on a Bruker AVANCE III 600 (1H at 600.27 MHz, 13C{1H} at 150.95 MHz) (Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). Spectra were processed using MestReNova 10.0 software. DMSO-d6 was obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in parts per million (ppm) with respect to TMS and are referenced to residual solvent peaks. Coupling constants (J) are reported in Hz. Unless specified, all NMR spectra were recorded at 25 °C. Low-resolution mass spectrometry (LR–MS) was carried out using an Agilent 1260 Infinity liquid chromatograph system coupled with a 6120 series quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) in MeOH using ESI. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HR–MS) was carried out with an Agilent 6540 UHD Accurate Mass Q-TOF LCMS (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The mass spectrometer was fitted with the Agilent Jet Stream Source using ESI. Positive detection is shown by the charge on the ion, e.g., [M + H]+ for a positive protonated ion. All calculated values were determined using the PerkinElmer software ChemDraw® Professional 19.0 to four decimal places. HPLC traces of both radiolabelled and non-radiolabelled complexes were acquired using a Shimadzu HPLC system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a Phenomenex Luna C18(2) column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm), a 1 mL/min flow rate gradient elution of 0.05% TFA in 5% MeCN in H2O to 100% MeCN over 15 min at 25 °C with UV spectroscopic detection at 254 nm and 280 nm. Data were processed and analysed using Laura radio chromatography software (Lablogic, Brandon, FL, USA). Magnetic susceptibility was measured at room temperature by calibrating a Johnson Matthey MSB balance with [Ni(en)3]S2O3 at 295 K and diamagnetic corrections of the paramagnetic susceptibilities were calculated using standard Pascal’s constants [91,92].

3.2. Synthesis

1,1′-(4,10-Dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-diyl)bis(propan-2-one) (1) was prepared according to previously published methods [63].
H2L: To a solution of 1 (1.432 g, 4.582 mmol, 1 equiv.) and 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (1.060 g, 10.08 mmol, 2.2 equiv.) in EtOH (40 mL) was added 7 drops of glacial acetic acid. The solution was stirred for 72 h at room temperature. The precipitate was collected on a vacuum glass frit, washed with EtOAc and Et2O to afford a light-yellow solid (0.6532 g, 1.342 mmol, 29%). RP-HPLC: RT = 5.27 min; 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ = 1.96 (s, 6H, CH2CCH3), 2.45 (s, 6H, CH2NCH3), 2.75 (s, 16H, NCH2CH2N), 2.98 (d, 6H, CSNCH3, 3JH-H = 4.6 Hz), 3.34 (s, 4H, NCH2C), 8.18 (d, 2H, CSNHCH3 3JH-H = 4.6 Hz), 10.03 (s, 2H, NNHCS); 13C{1H} NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ = 15.8 (CH2CCH3), 30.9 (CSNCH3), 40.1 (CH2NCH3), 49.8 (NCH2CH2N), 63.3 (NCH2C), 150.8 (C=N), 178.8 (C=S); HRMS (ESI) [H2L + H]+: m/z = 487.3199 (experimental), 487.3035 (calculated).

General Procedure for the Synthesis of the Complexes

To a solution of H2L (0.0500 g, 0.103 mmol, 1 equiv.) in MeOH (4 mL) was added a solution of Mn(OAc)2·4H2O, Co(OAc)2·4H2O or Zn(OAc)2·2H2O (0.103 mmol, 1 equiv.) in MeOH (2 mL), and the solution was left to stir for 17 h at ambient temperature. A solution of NaBPh4 (0.0352 g, 0.103 mmol, 1 equiv.) in MeOH (3 mL) was added and the resulting suspension was stirred for an additional 4 h at ambient temperature. The product was collected on a glass frit and washed with Et2O. ([MnHL](BPh4): 0.0498 g, 0.0579 mmol, 56%), ([CoHL](BPh4): 0.0271 g, 0.0314 mmol, 30%), ([ZnHL](BPh4): 0.0565 g, 0.0649 mmol, 63%). The solids were each dissolved in acetone (1 mL) and Et2O was vapour diffused to form crystals suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction. RP-HPLC [MnHL][BPh4]: RT = 6.06 min; [CoHL][BPh4]: RT = 6.05 min; [ZnHL][BPh4]: RT = 6.01 min; 1H NMR [ZnHL](BPh4) (600 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ = 1.96 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.03 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.31 (s, 6H, CH3), 2.40, 2.59, 2.72, 2.88, 3.04 (m, 16H, NCH2CH2N), 2.74 (d, 3H, CH3, 3JH-H = 4.3 Hz), 2.98 (d, 3H, CH3, 3JH-H = 4.5 Hz), 3.40 (s, 2H, NCH2CN), 3.60 (s, 2H, NCH2CN), 6.78 (t, 4H, ArH, 3JH-H = 7.0 Hz), 6.92 (t, 8H, ArH, 3JH-H = 7.5 Hz), 7.17 (m, 8H, ArH), 6.56 (q, 1H, NHCH3), 8.22 (q 1H, NHCH3), 10.01 (s, 2H, NH); 13C{1H NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ = 17.2 (CH2CCH3), 18.1 (CH2CCH3), 28.9 (CSNCH3), 30.7 (CSNCH3), 45.2 (CH2NCH3), 51.8, 54.1, 54.9 (NCH2CH2N), 58.7 (NCH2CN), 61.3 (NCH2CN), 121.5 (ArC), 125.3 (ArC), 135.5 (ArC), 148.6 (C=N), 157.3 (C=N), 163.2 (ArCB), 179.8 (C=S); HRMS (ESI) [ZnHL + H]+: m/z = 549.2249 (experimental), 549.2249 (calculated); [MnHL + H]+: m/z = 540.2335 (experimental), 540.2338 (calculated); [CoHL + H]+: m/z = 544.2298 (experimental), 544.2289 (calculated).

3.3. Radiolabelling with 68Ga

68Ga was eluted from an Eckert and Ziegler 68Ge/68Ga generator system (Eckert and Ziegler, Berlin, Germany). Aqueous HCl solution (0.1 M, 5 mL) was passed through the generator and the eluate was collected in five 1 mL fractions. Aqueous NaOAc (1 M) was added to the fourth fraction (1 mL, containing ~77.6 MBq 68Ga) to increase the pH to either pH 3.5 or pH 6. Aliquots from the pH adjusted fraction were used for radiolabelling reactions. H2L was dissolved in DMSO (1 mg/mL) and diluted with ultrapure water. 68Ga (15 µL, ~1.16 MBq in pH adjusted solution) was added to chelator solutions (105 µL) to provide solutions with chelator concentrations ranging from 0.5–500 µM and the final reaction solution was incubated at 25 °C, 40 °C or 90 °C for 10 min. The reaction solutions were analysed via radio-HPLC (5–20 µL injection).

3.4. Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction Procedure

Low-temperature (123 K or 173 K) X-ray intensity data were collected using a Rigaku XtaLAB Synergy diffractometer (Rigaku Oxford Diffraction, Chalgrove, Oxford, United Kingdom) fitted with a Hypix6000HE hybrid photon counting detector and MoKα (λ = 0.71073 Å) or CuKα (λ = 1.54184 Å) radiation. Data were processed, including a multiscan absorption correction, using the proprietary diffractometer software package CrysAlisPro v1.171.39.46 [93]. The structure was solved by conventional methods and refined on F2 using full matrix least squares using the SHELX 2018/3 software suite [94]. Non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters. Hydrogen atoms attached to carbon were placed in calculated positions and were refined using a riding model. The positions of the acidic hydrogen atoms attached to nitrogen were initially located in the difference Fourier map but were included in calculated positions and refined using a riding model. In the [CoHL](BPh4) and [ZnHL](BPh4) complexes, solvent molecules were successfully modelled. However, after refinement of the primary molecule [MnHL](BPh4), residual electron density was assumed to be isolated solvent molecules located in the crystal lattice. These were accounted for using PLATON/SQUEEZE [95]. CSD reference numbers 2072659-2072661.

3.5. DFT Calculations

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed using the Gaussian 16 program package with the Becke, 3-parameter, Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP) functional and the DGDZVP basis set for the Zn2+ complexes [96,97,98,99,100]. The B3LYP functional and the standard Ahlrichs valence triple-ξ including polarization functions (TZVP) basis set were used for the high-spin Co2+ complexes [101,102]. The geometries of the various complexes were fully optimised without imposing any symmetry constraint. No imaginary frequencies were found at the optimised molecular geometries, which indicate that they are real minima of the potential energy surface. The complexes were optimised in aqueous solution by using the polarizable continuum model with the integral equation formalism variant (IEFPCM), which creates a solvent cavity via a set of overlapping spheres [103]. The calculated relative energies of the complexes include nonpotential energy contributions. Calculation results were visualized and interpreted using GaussView version 6.1.1 [104].

4. Conclusions

Hybrid thiosemicarbazone ligands are of interest in the development of biologically-active metal complexes and radiopharmaceuticals. A variant of cyclen with two thiosemicarbazone pendant groups was synthesised and the coordination complexes with Mn2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ were prepared and characterised. 1H NMR spectroscopy of [ZnHL](BPh4) indicated the formation of a singly deprotonated ligand with one pendant arm coordinated to the metal centre. X-ray crystallography of [MnHL](BPh4) and [ZnHL](BPh4) indicated the formation of the Δ(δ,δ,δ,δ)/Λ(λ,λ,λ,λ) and Δ(λ,λ,λ,λ)/Λ(δ,δ,δ,δ) diastereomers, whereas [CoHL](BPh4) was present as the Δ(δ,δ,δ,δ)/Λ(λ,λ,λ,λ) and Δ(λ,λ,λ,δ)/Λ(δ,δ,δ,λ) diastereomers. The distorted trigonal prismatic geometries of the high-spin Mn2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ complexes are a result of the steric constraints of the ligand. DFT calculations indicated small differences in the relative energies of the diastereomers, which suggests that they likely also exist in solution. Further studies are required to indicate whether the particular diastereomers could have distinct biological activities. Radiolabelling with 68Ga3+ produced a single species at ligand concentrations between 50 and 500 µM at 90 °C to achieve RCY > 95%, indicating the potential of hybrid thiosemicarbazone ligands with radiometals in the development of radiopharmaceuticals. Investigations into additional metal ions and their properties are in progress.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online: 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectra, ESI–MS spectra, HPLC spectra and computational methods.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, B.M.P.; methodology, M.L.G., P.R.W.J.D. and B.M.P.; validation, M.L.G. and P.R.W.J.D.; formal analysis, M.L.G., P.R.W.J.D., C.M.F. and B.M.P.; investigation, M.L.G., P.R.W.J.D. and C.M.F.; resources, C.M.F. and B.M.P.; writing—original draft preparation, M.L.G., P.R.W.J.D. and B.M.P.; writing—review and editing, M.L.G., P.R.W.J.D., C.M.F. and B.M.P.; visualization, M.L.G. and P.R.W.J.D.; supervision, B.M.P.; project administration, M.L.G. and B.M.P.; funding acquisition, B.M.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Australian Research Council, grant number DE170100540 and a National Imaging Facility Fellowship (B.M.P.). M.L.G. and P.R.W.J.D. were supported by the Australian Government with a Research Training Program Stipend.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data are available within the article or Supplementary Information.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the facilities and scientific and technical assistance of the National Imaging Facility, a National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy capability at Monash Biomedical Imaging, and the Monash Analytical Platform in the School of Chemistry, Monash University. We also thank S. R. Batten and K. S. Murray (School of Chemistry, Monash University) for the use of their laboratory facilities.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of compounds H2L, [MnHL](BPh4), [CoHL](BPh4) and [ZnHL](BPh4) are available from the authors.

References

  1. Richardson, D.; Kalinowski, D.S.; Richardson, V.; Sharpe, P.; Lovejoy, D.B.; Islam, M.; Bernhardt, P.V. 2-Acetylpyridine Thiosemicarbazones are Potent Iron Chelators and Antiproliferative Agents: Redox Activity, Iron Complexation and Characterization of their Antitumor Activity. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 1459–1470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Pedrido, R.; González-Noya, A.M.; Romero, M.J.; Martínez-Calvo, M.; López, M.V.; Gómez-Fórneas, E.; Zaragoza, G.; Bermejo, M.R.; Verez, G.Z. Pentadentate thiosemicarbazones as versatile chelating systems. A comparative structural study of their metallic complexes. Dalton Trans. 2008, 6776–6787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Nomiya, K.; Sekino, K.; Ishikawa, M.; Honda, A.; Yokoyama, M.; Kasuga, N.C.; Yokoyama, H.; Nakano, S.; Onodera, K. Syntheses, crystal structures and antimicrobial activities of monomeric 8-coordinate, and dimeric and monomeric 7-coordinate bismuth(III) complexes with tridentate and pentadentate thiosemicarbazones and pentadentate semicarbazone ligands. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2004, 98, 601–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Paterson, B.M.; White, J.M.; Donnelly, P.S. A hexadentate bis(thiosemicarbazonato) ligand: Rhenium(V), iron(III) and cobalt(III) complexes. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 2831–2837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Pavlishchuk, V.V.; Kolotilov, S.V.; Addison, A.W.; Butcher, R.J.; Sinn, E. Nickel(II) complexes with dithiadiiminoamine and dithiabis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 2000, 335–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Zaltariov, M.F.; Hammerstad, M.; Arabshahi, H.J.; Jovanović, K.; Richter, K.W.; Cazacu, M.; Shova, S.; Balan, M.; Andersen, N.H.; Radulović, S.; et al. New Iminodiacetate–Thiosemicarbazone Hybrids and Their Copper(II) Complexes Are Potential Ribonucleotide Reductase R2 Inhibitors with High Antiproliferative Activity. Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 3532–3549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  7. Paterson, B.M.; White, K.F.; White, J.M.; Abrahams, B.F.; Donnelly, P.S. Guest-induced Assembly of Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Zinc(II) Coordination Nanotubes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 8370–8374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Dayal, D.; Palanimuthu, D.; Shinde, S.V.; Somasundaram, K.; Samuelson, A.G. A novel zinc bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex for live cell imaging. JBIC J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 16, 621–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Huseynova, M.; Medjidov, A.; Taslimi, P.; Aliyeva, M. Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure of the coordination polymer Zn(II) with thiosemicarbazone of glyoxalic acid and their inhibitory properties against some metabolic enzymes. Bioorg. Chem. 2019, 83, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Crouch, P.J.; Hung, L.W.; Adlard, P.A.; Cortes, M.; Lal, V.; Filiz, G.; Perez, K.A.; Nurjono, M.; Caragounis, A.; Du, T.; et al. Increasing Cu bioavailability inhibits A oligomers and tau phosphorylation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106, 381–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Oliveira, C.; Maia, P.I.D.S.; Souza, P.C.; Pavan, F.R.; Leite, C.Q.F.; Viana, R.B.; Batista, A.A.; Nascimento, O.R.; Deflon, V.M. Manganese(II) complexes with thiosemicarbazones as potential anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis agents. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2014, 132, 21–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Beraldo, H.; Gambino, D. The Wide Pharmacological Versatility of Semicarbazones, Thiosemicarbazones and Their Metal Complexes. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 2004, 4, 31–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Paterson, B.; Donnelly, P.S. Copper complexes of bis(thiosemicarbazones): From chemotherapeutics to diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40, 3005–3018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Dilworth, J.R.; Hueting, R. Metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones for imaging and therapy. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2012, 389, 3–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Mendes, I.C.; Soares, M.A.; Dos Santos, R.G.; Pinheiro, C.; Beraldo, H. Gallium(III) complexes of 2-pyridineformamide thiosemicarbazones: Cytotoxic activity against malignant glioblastoma. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 44, 1870–1877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Li, M.X.; Chen, C.L.; Zhang, D.; Niu, J.Y.; Ji, B.S. Mn(II), Co(II) and Zn(II) complexes with heterocyclic substituted thiosemicarbazones: Synthesis, characterization, X-ray crystal structures and antitumor comparison. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2010, 45, 3169–3177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Yu, Y.; Kalinowski, D.S.; Kovacevic, Z.; Siafakas, A.R.; Jansson, P.J.; Stefani, C.; Lovejoy, D.B.; Sharpe, P.; Bernhardt, P.V.; Richardson, D.R. Thiosemicarbazones from the Old to New: Iron Chelators That Are More Than Just Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 5271–5294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Li, M.-X.; Zhang, D.; Zhang, L.-Z.; Niu, J.-Y.; Ji, B.-S. Synthesis, crystal structures and biological activities of 2-acetylpyridine N(4)-cyclohexylthiosemicarbazone and its manganese(II) and nickel(II) complexes. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2010, 13, 1572–1575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Bernhardt, P.V.; Sharpe, P.C.; Islam, M.; Lovejoy, D.B.; Kalinowski, D.S.; Richardson, D.R. Iron Chelators of the Dipyridylketone Thiosemicarbazone Class: Precomplexation and Transmetalation Effects on Anticancer Activity. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 407–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Stacy, A.E.; Palanimuthu, D.; Bernhardt, P.V.; Kalinowski, D.S.; Jansson, P.J.; Richardson, D.R. Zinc(II)–Thiosemicarbazone Complexes Are Localized to the Lysosomal Compartment Where They Transmetallate with Copper Ions to Induce Cytotoxicity. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 59, 4965–4984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Arion, V.B.; Jakupec, M.; Galanski, M.; Unfried, P.; Keppler, B.K. Synthesis, structure, spectroscopic and in vitro antitumour studies of a novel gallium(III) complex with 2-acetylpyridine 4N-dimethylthiosemicarbazone. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2002, 91, 298–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Kowol, C.R.; Berger, R.; Eichinger, R.; Roller, A.; Jakupec, M.; Schmidt, P.P.; Arion, V.B.; Keppler, B.K. Gallium(III) and Iron(III) Complexes of α-N-Heterocyclic Thiosemicarbazones: Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and Interaction with Ribonucleotide Reductase. J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 1254–1265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Qi, J.; Deng, J.; Qian, K.; Tian, L.; Li, J.; He, K.; Huang, X.; Cheng, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, Y. Novel 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones Ga(III) complexes with a high antiproliferative activity by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cell cycle. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 134, 34–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Qi, J.; Qian, K.; Tian, L.; Cheng, Z.; Wang, Y. Gallium(III)–2-benzoylpyridine-thiosemicarbazone complexes promote apoptosis through Ca2+ signaling and ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathways. New J. Chem. 2018, 42, 10226–10233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. King, A.P.; Gellineau, H.A.; Ahn, J.-E.; MacMillan, S.N.; Wilson, J.J. Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Complexes of Cobalt(III). Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Potential. Inorg. Chem. 2017, 56, 6609–6623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. West, D.X.; Nassar, A.; El-Saied, F.A.; Ayad, M.I. Cobalt(II) complexes with 2-aminoacetophenone N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazones. Transit. Met. Chem. 1999, 24, 617–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Deng, J.; Li, T.; Su, G.; Qin, Q.-P.; Liu, Y.; Gou, Y. Co(III) complexes based on α-N-heterocyclic thiosemicarbazone ligands: DNA binding, DNA cleavage, and topoisomerase I/II inhibitory activity studies. J. Mol. Struct. 2018, 1167, 33–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Di Vaira, M.; Bazzicalupi, C.; Orioli, P.; Messori, L.; Bruni, A.B.; Zatta, P. Clioquinol, a Drug for Alzheimer’s Disease Specifically Interfering with Brain Metal Metabolism: Structural Characterization of Its Zinc(II) and Copper(II) Complexes. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 3795–3797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Yoshikawa, Y.; Yasui, H. Zinc complexes developed as metallopharmaceutics for treating diabetes mellitus based on the bio-medicinal inorganic chemistry. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2012, 12, 210–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Chukwuma, C.I.; Mashele, S.S.; Eze, K.C.; Matowane, G.R.; Islam, S.M.; Bonnet, S.L.; Noreljaleel, A.E.; Ramorobi, L.M. A comprehensive review on zinc(II) complexes as anti-diabetic agents: The advances, scientific gaps and prospects. Pharmacol. Res. 2020, 155, 104744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Liu, Y.-C.; Wei, J.-H.; Chen, Z.-F.; Liu, M.; Gu, Y.-Q.; Huang, K.-B.; Li, Z.-Q.; Liang, H. The antitumor activity of zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes with 5,7-dihalo-substituted-8-quinolinoline. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 69, 554–563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Zhang, Y.; Li, X.; Li, J.; Khan, Z.H.; Ma, F.; Liu, X. A novel zinc complex with antibacterial and antioxidant activity. BMC Chem. 2021, 15, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Kasuga, N.C.; Sekino, K.; Ishikawa, M.; Honda, A.; Yokoyama, M.; Nakano, S.; Shimada, N.; Koumo, C.; Nomiya, K. Synthesis, structural characterization and antimicrobial activities of 12 zinc(II) complexes with four thiosemicarbazone and two semicarbazone ligands. J. Inorg. Biochem. 2003, 96, 298–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Tarushi, A.; Totta, X.; Raptopoulou, C.; Psycharis, V.; Psomas, G.; Kessissoglou, D.P. Structural features of mono- and tri-nuclear Zn(II) complexes with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug as ligand. Dalton Trans. 2012, 41, 7082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Fujibayashi, Y.; Taniuchi, H.; Yonekura, Y.; Ohtani, H.; Konishi, J.; Yokoyama, A. Copper-62-ATSM: A new hypoxia imaging agent with high membrane permeability and low redox potential. J. Nucl. Med. 1997, 38, 1155–1160. [Google Scholar]
  36. Torres, J.B.; Andreozzi, E.M.; Dunn, J.T.; Siddique, M.; Szanda, I.; Howlett, D.R.; Sunassee, K.; Blowera, P.J.; Torres, J.B. PET Imaging of Copper Trafficking in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. J. Nucl. Med. 2015, 57, 109–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  37. Andreozzi, E.M.; Torres, J.B.; Sunassee, K.; Dunn, J.; Walker-Samuel, S.; Szanda, I.; Blower, P.J. Studies of copper trafficking in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease by positron emission tomography: Comparison of 64Cu acetate and 64CuGTSM. Metallomics 2017, 9, 1622–1633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  38. Paterson, B.M.; Cullinane, C.; Crouch, P.J.; White, A.R.; Barnham, K.J.; Roselt, P.D.; Noonan, W.; Binns, D.; Hicks, R.J.; Donnelly, P.S. Modification of Biodistribution and Brain Uptake of Copper Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Complexes by the Incorporation of Amine and Polyamine Functional Groups. Inorg. Chem. 2019, 58, 4540–4552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Hickey, J.L.; Lim, S.; Hayne, D.; Paterson, B.; White, J.M.; Villemagne, V.L.; Roselt, P.; Binns, D.; Cullinane, C.; Jeffery, C.M.; et al. Diagnostic Imaging Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease: Copper Radiopharmaceuticals that Target Aβ Plaques. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 16120–16132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. McInnes, L.E.; Noor, A.; Kysenius, K.; Cullinane, C.; Roselt, P.; McLean, C.A.; Chiu, F.C.K.; Powell, A.K.; Crouch, P.J.; White, J.M.; et al. Potential Diagnostic Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease with Copper-64 Complexes That Bind to Amyloid-β Plaques. Inorg. Chem. 2019, 58, 3382–3395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Cowley, A.R.; Dilworth, J.R.; Donnelly, P.S.; Heslop, J.M.; Ratcliffe, S.J. Bifunctional chelators for copper radiopharmaceuticals: The synthesis of [Cu(ATSM)–amino acid] and [Cu(ATSM)–octreotide] conjugates. Dalton Trans. 2007, 209–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Paterson, B.; Karas, J.A.; Scanlon, D.B.; White, J.M.; Donnelly, P.S. Versatile New Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Bifunctional Chelators: Synthesis, Conjugation to Bombesin(7−14)-NH2, and Copper-64 Radiolabeling. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 49, 1884–1893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Hueting, R.; Christlieb, M.; Dilworth, J.R.; Garayoa, E.G.; Gouverneur, V.; Jones, M.W.; Maes, V.; Schibli, R.; Sun, X.; Tourwé, D.A. Bis(thiosemicarbazones) as bifunctional chelators for the room temperature 64-copper labeling of peptides. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 3620–3632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Rösch, F. Past, present and future of 68Ge/68Ga generators. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2013, 76, 24–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Mjos, K.D.; Orvig, C. Metallodrugs in Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 4540–4563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Ramogida, C.F.; Orvig, C. Tumour targeting with radiometals for diagnosis and therapy. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 4720–4739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Hennrich, U.; Benešová, M. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC: The First FDA-Approved 68Ga-Radiopharmaceutical for PET Imaging. Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  48. Eder, M.; Neels, O.; Müller, M.; Bauder-Wüst, U.; Remde, Y.; Schafer, M.A.; Hennrich, U.; Eisenhut, M.; Afshar-Oromieh, A.; Haberkorn, U.; et al. Novel Preclinical and Radiopharmaceutical Aspects of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC: A New PET Tracer for Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Pharmaceuticals 2014, 7, 779–796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Tsionou, M.I.; Knapp, C.E.; Foley, C.A.; Munteanu, C.R.; Cakebread, A.; Imberti, C.; Eykyn, T.R.; Young, J.D.; Paterson, B.M.; Blower, P.J.; et al. Comparison of macrocyclic and acyclic chelators for gallium-68 radiolabelling. RSC Adv. 2017, 7, 49586–49599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  50. Sinnes, J.-P.; Nagel, J.; Waldron, B.P.; Maina, T.; Nock, B.A.; Bergmann, R.K.; Ullrich, M.; Pietzsch, J.; Bachmann, M.; Baum, R.P.; et al. Instant kit preparation of 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals via the hybrid chelator DATA: Clinical translation of [68Ga]Ga-DATA-TOC. EJNMMI Res. 2019, 9, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Joshi, T.; Graham, B.; Spiccia, L. Macrocyclic Metal Complexes for Metalloenzyme Mimicry and Sensor Development. Accounts Chem. Res. 2015, 48, 2366–2379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Lejault, P.; Duskova, K.; Bernhard, C.; Valverde, I.E.; Romieu, A.; Monchaud, D. The Scope of Application of Macrocyclic Polyamines Beyond Metal Chelation. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2019, 2019, 6146–6157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Shinoda, S. Dynamic cyclen–metal complexes for molecular sensing and chirality signaling. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 1825–1835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  54. Rashid, H.U.; Martines, M.A.U.; Jorge, J.; De Moraes, P.M.; Umar, M.N.; Khan, K.; Rehman, H.U. Cyclen-based Gd3+ complexes as MRI contrast agents: Relaxivity enhancement and ligand design. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2016, 24, 5663–5684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Cabbiness, D.K.; Margerum, D.W. Macrocyclic effect on the stability of copper(II) tetramine complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 6540–6541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Hancock, R.D.; Martell, A.E. The Chelate, Cryptate and Macrocyclic Effects. Comments Inorg. Chem. 1988, 6, 237–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Baranyai, Z.; Tircsó, G.; Rösch, F. The Use of the Macrocyclic Chelator DOTA in Radiochemical Separations. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2020, 2020, 36–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  58. Stasiuk, G.; Long, N.J. The ubiquitous DOTA and its derivatives: The impact of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid on biomedical imaging. Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 2732–2746. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  59. Burke, B.P.; Clemente, G.S.; Archibald, S.J. Recent advances in chelator design and labelling methodology for 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. 2014, 57, 239–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  60. Molnár, E.; Camus, N.; Patinec, V.; Rolla, G.A.; Botta, M.; Tircsó, G.; Kálmán, F.K.; Fodor, T.; Tripier, R.; Platas-Iglesias, C. Picolinate-Containing Macrocyclic Mn2+ Complexes as Potential MRI Contrast Agents. Inorg. Chem. 2014, 53, 5136–5149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  61. Pfeifer, A.; Knigge, U.; Mortensen, J.; Oturai, P.; Berthelsen, A.K.; Loft, A.; Binderup, T.; Rasmussen, P.; Elema, D.; Klausen, T.L.; et al. Clinical PET of Neuroendocrine Tumors Using 64Cu-DOTATATE: First-in-Humans Study. J. Nucl. Med. 2012, 53, 1207–1215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  62. Demirci, E.; Kabasakal, L.; Toklu, T.; Ocak, M.; Şahin, O.E.; Alan-Selcuk, N.; Araman, A. 177Lu-DOTATATE therapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumours including high-grade (WHO G3) neuroendocrine tumours: Response to treatment and long-term survival update. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2018, 39, 789–796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Lange, J.L.; Davey, P.R.W.J.; Ma, M.T.; White, J.M.; Morgenstern, A.; Bruchertseifer, F.; Blower, P.J.; Paterson, B.M. An octadentate bis(semicarbazone) macrocycle: A potential chelator for lead and bismuth radiopharmaceuticals. Dalton Trans. 2020, 49, 14962–14974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  64. Alam, I.S.; Arrowsmith, R.L.; Cortezon-Tamarit, F.; Twyman, F.; Kociok-Köhn, G.; Botchway, S.W.; Dilworth, J.R.; Carroll, L.; Aboagye, E.O.; Pascu, S.I. Microwave gallium-68 radiochemistry for kinetically stable bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes: Structural investigations and cellular uptake under hypoxia. Dalton Trans. 2015, 45, 144–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  65. Arrowsmith, R.L.; Waghorn, P.A.; Jones, M.W.; Bauman, A.; Brayshaw, S.K.; Hu, Z.; Kociok-Kohn, G.D.; Mindt, T.L.; Tyrrell, R.M.; Botchway, S.W.; et al. Fluorescent gallium and indium bis(thiosemicarbazonates) and their radiolabelled analogues: Synthesis, structures and cellular confocal fluorescence imaging investigations. Dalton Trans. 2011, 40, 6238–6252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  66. Jalilian, A.R.; Mehdipour, P.; Akhlaghi, M.; Yousefnia, H.; Shafaii, K. Evaluation of a [67Ga]-Thiosemicarbazone Complex as Tumor Imaging Agent. Sci. Pharm. 2009, 77, 343–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  67. Moghadam, F.H.; Jalilian, A.R.; Nemati, A.; Abedini, M. Preparation and biodistribution studies of [67Ga]2-acetylpyridine 4,4-dimethyl thiosemicarbazone complex as a possible SPECT tracer for detection of malignancies. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2007, 272, 115–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  68. Lima, L.; Beyler, M.; Delgado, R.; Platas-Iglesias, C.; Tripier, R. Investigating the Complexation of the Pb2+/Bi3+ Pair with Dipicolinate Cyclen Ligands. Inorg. Chem. 2015, 54, 7045–7057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Corey, E.J.; Bailar, J.C., Jr. The Stereochemistry of Complex Inorganic Compounds. XXII. Stereospecific Effects in Complex Ions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 2620–2629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Eisenberg, R.; Brennessel, W.W. Redetermination of the trigonal prismatic complex tris(cis-1,2-diphenylethylene-1,2-dithiolato)rhenium. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C Cryst. Struct. Commun. 2006, 62, 464–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Tsuboyama, S.; Matsudo, M.; Tsuboyama, K.; Sakurai, T. Structures of [(R)- and (S)-prolinato](optically active cyclen)cobalt(III) complexes. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C Cryst. Struct. Commun. 1989, 45, 872–876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Danker, F.; Näther, C.; Bensch, W. Synthesis and crystal structure of (1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-κ4N)(tetrasulfido-κ2S1, S4) manganese(II). Acta Crystallogr. Sect. E Crystallogr. Commun. 2020, 76, 456–460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  73. Vargová, Z.; Kotek, J.; Rudovsky, J.; Plutnar, J.; Gyepes, R.; Hermann, P.; Györyová, K.; Lukeš, I. Ternary Complexes of Zinc(II), Cyclen and Pyridinecarboxylic Acids. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2007, 2007, 3974–3987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. Martinelli, J.; Balali-Mood, B.; Panizzo, R.; Lythgoe, M.F.; White, A.J.P.; Ferretti, P.; Steinke, J.H.G.; Vilar, R. Coordination chemistry of amide-functionalised tetraazamacrocycles: Structural, relaxometric and cytotoxicity studies. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 10056–10067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  75. El Safadi, M.; Bhadbhade, M.; Shimmon, R.; Baker, A.T.; McDonagh, A.M. Cyclen-based chelators for the inhibition of Aβ aggregation: Synthesis, anti-oxidant and aggregation evaluation. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2017, 467, 343–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Bernier, N.; Costa, J.; Delgado, R.; Félix, V.; Royal, G.; Tripier, R. trans-Methylpyridine cyclen versus cross-bridged trans-methylpyridine cyclen. Synthesis, acid–base and metal complexation studies (metal = Co2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+). Dalton Trans. 2011, 40, 4514–4526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  77. Tsitovich, P.B.; Tittiris, T.Y.; Cox, J.M.; Benedict, J.B.; Morrow, J.R. Fe(II) and Co(II) N-methylated CYCLEN complexes as paraSHIFT agents with large temperature dependent shifts. Dalton Trans. 2017, 47, 916–924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Knight, J.C.; Alvarez, S.; Angelo, J.A.; Edwards, P.G.; Singh, N. A novel bipyridine-based hexadentate tripodal framework with a strong preference for trigonal prismatic co-ordination geometries. Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 3870–3883. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Aoki, S.; Zulkefeli, M.; Shiro, M.; Kimura, E. New supramolecular trigonal prisms from zinc(II)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) complexes and trithiocyanurate in aqueous solution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4894–4899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  80. Kojima, M.; Nakabayashi, K.; Ohba, S.; Okumoto, S.; Saito, Y.; Fujita, J. Green and Brown Isomers of the ((S)-1-Amino-2-propanethiolato-N,S)(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane)cobalt(III) Ion and Crystal Structure of the Green Isomer. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1986, 59, 277–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  81. Chandra, S. and Sangeetika. Synthesis and spectral studies on copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes of macrocyclic ligand containing thiosemicarbazone moiety. Ind. J. Chem. A 2002, 41, 1629. [Google Scholar]
  82. Chandra, S.; Pundir, M. Spectral studies of cobalt(II) complexes of 12-membered macrocyclic ligands having thiosemicarbazone moieties. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2007, 68, 883–890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  83. Tsitovich, P.B.; Morrow, J.R. Macrocyclic ligands for Fe(II) paraCEST and chemical shift MRI contrast agents. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2012, 393, 3–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Howard, J.A.K.; Kenwright, A.; Moloney, J.M.; Parker, D.; Woods, M.; Port, M.; Navet, M.; Rousseau, O. Structure and dynamics of all of the stereoisomers of europium complexes of tetra(carboxyethyl) derivatives of dota: Ring inversion is decoupled from cooperative arm rotation in the RRRR and RRRS isomers. Chem. Commun. 1998, 1381–1382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Enamullah, M.; Vasylyeva, V.; Janiak, C. Chirality and diastereoselection of Δ/Λ-configured tetrahedral zinc(II) complexes with enantiopure or racemic Schiff base ligands. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2013, 408, 109–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Chamayou, A.-C.; Lüdeke, S.; Brecht, V.; Freedman, T.B.; Nafie, L.A.; Janiak, C. Chirality and Diastereoselection of Δ/Λ-Configured Tetrahedral Zinc Complexes through Enantiopure Schiff Base Complexes: Combined Vibrational Circular Dichroism, Density Functional Theory, 1H NMR, and X-ray Structural Studies. Inorg. Chem. 2011, 50, 11363–11374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  87. Pescitelli, G.; Lüdeke, S.; Chamayou, A.-C.; Marolt, M.; Justus, V.; Górecki, M.; Arrico, L.; Di Bari, L.; Islam, M.A.; Gruber, I.; et al. Broad-Range Spectral Analysis for Chiral Metal Coordination Compounds: (Chiro)optical Superspectrum of Cobalt(II) Complexes. Inorg. Chem. 2018, 57, 13397–13408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Vargas, A.; Zerara, M.; Krausz, E.; Hauser, A.; Daku, L.M.L. Density-Functional Theory Investigation of the Geometric, Energetic, and Optical Properties of the Cobalt(II)tris(2,2′-bipyridine) Complex in the High-Spin and the Jahn−Teller Active Low-Spin States. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2006, 2, 1342–1359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  89. Wadas, T.; Wong, E.H.; Weisman, G.R.; Anderson, C.J. Coordinating Radiometals of Copper, Gallium, Indium, Yttrium, and Zirconium for PET and SPECT Imaging of Disease. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 2858–2902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  90. Prado, V.D.S.; Leitao, R.C.F.; Silva, F.; Gano, L.; Santos, I.C.; Marques, F.L.N.; Paulo, A.R.; Deflon, V.M. Gallium and indium complexes with new hexadentate bis(semicarbazone) and bis(thiosemicarbazone) chelators. Dalton Trans. 2021, 50, 1631–1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Earnshaw, A. Introduction to Magnetochemistry; Elsevier: London, UK, 1968. [Google Scholar]
  92. Kahn, O. Molecular Magnetism; Wiley-VCH: New York, NY, USA, 1993. [Google Scholar]
  93. CrysAlisPro; Rigaku Oxford Diffraction: Yarnton, UK, 2018.
  94. Sheldrick, G. Crystal Structure refinement with SHELXL. Acta Cryst. A 2015, 71, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  95. Spek, A.A. PLATON SQUEEZE: A tool for the calculation of the disordered solvent contribution to the calculated structure factors. Acta Cryst. C 2015, 71, 9–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  96. Frisch, M.J.; Trucks, G.W.; Schlegel, H.B.; Scuseria, G.E.; Robb, M.A.; Cheeseman, J.R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.; Petersson, G.A.; Nakatsuji, H.; et al. Gaussian 16 Rev. C.01; Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
  97. Becke, A.D. Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 5648–5652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  98. Stephens, P.J.; Devlin, F.J.; Chabalowski, C.F.; Frisch, M.J. Ab Initio Calculation of Vibrational Absorption and Circular Dichroism Spectra Using Density Functional Force Fields. J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 11623–11627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Godbout, N.; Salahub, D.R.; Andzelm, J.; Wimmer, E. Optimization of Gaussian-type basis sets for local spin density functional calculations. Part I. Boron through neon, optimization technique and validation. Can. J. Chem. 1992, 70, 560–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  100. Sosa, C.; Andzelm, J.; Elkin, B.C.; Wimmer, E.; Dobbs, K.D.; Dixon, D.A. A local density functional study of the structure and vibrational frequencies of molecular transition-metal compounds. J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 6630–6636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  101. Schäfer, A.; Horn, H.; Ahlrichs, R. Fully optimized contracted Gaussian basis sets for atoms Li to Kr. J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 2571–2577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  102. Schäfer, A.; Huber, C.; Ahlrichs, R. Fully optimized contracted Gaussian basis sets of triple zeta valence quality for atoms Li to Kr. J. Chem. Phys. 1994, 100, 5829–5835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  103. Tomasi, J.; Mennucci, B.; Cammi, R. Quantum Mechanical Continuum Solvation Models. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2999–3094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  104. Dennington, T.A.K.R.; Millam, J.M. GaussView; Version 6.1.1; Semichem Inc.: Shawnee Mission, KS, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
Molecules 26 03646 sch001 550
Scheme 1. The synthetic route for the synthesis of H2L. i) 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide, acetic acid, ethanol, rt, 48 h.
Scheme 1. The synthetic route for the synthesis of H2L. i) 4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazide, acetic acid, ethanol, rt, 48 h.
Molecules 26 03646 sch001
Molecules 26 03646 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Synthesis of [MnHL](BPh4), [CoHL](BPh4) and [ZnHL](BPh4). i) Mn(OAc)2·4H2O, methanol, rt, NaBPh4, 24 h; ii) Co(OAc)2·4H2O, methanol, rt, NaBPh4, 24 h; iii) Zn(OAc)2·2H2O, methanol, rt, NaBPh4, 24 h.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of [MnHL](BPh4), [CoHL](BPh4) and [ZnHL](BPh4). i) Mn(OAc)2·4H2O, methanol, rt, NaBPh4, 24 h; ii) Co(OAc)2·4H2O, methanol, rt, NaBPh4, 24 h; iii) Zn(OAc)2·2H2O, methanol, rt, NaBPh4, 24 h.
Molecules 26 03646 sch002
Molecules 26 03646 g001 550
Figure 1. (a) The 1H NMR spectrum of H2L in DMSO-d6 at 25 °C. (b) The 1H NMR spectrum of [ZnHL](BPh4) in DMSO-d6 at 25 °C. Residual solvent peaks are marked with an asterisk.
Figure 1. (a) The 1H NMR spectrum of H2L in DMSO-d6 at 25 °C. (b) The 1H NMR spectrum of [ZnHL](BPh4) in DMSO-d6 at 25 °C. Residual solvent peaks are marked with an asterisk.
Molecules 26 03646 g001
Molecules 26 03646 g002 550
Figure 2. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure representations of the (a) [Mn1HL]+ and (b) [Zn1HL]+ complex cations at 30% thermal ellipsoid probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity (except hydrogen atoms bound to nitrogen).
Figure 2. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure representations of the (a) [Mn1HL]+ and (b) [Zn1HL]+ complex cations at 30% thermal ellipsoid probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity (except hydrogen atoms bound to nitrogen).
Molecules 26 03646 g002
Molecules 26 03646 g003 550
Figure 3. A representation of the torsion angles defined by the two trigonal planes.
Figure 3. A representation of the torsion angles defined by the two trigonal planes.
Molecules 26 03646 g003
Molecules 26 03646 g004 550
Figure 4. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure representations of the (a) [Co1HL]+ and (b) [Co2HL]+ complex cations at 30% thermal ellipsoid probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity (except hydrogen atoms bound to nitrogen).
Figure 4. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure representations of the (a) [Co1HL]+ and (b) [Co2HL]+ complex cations at 30% thermal ellipsoid probability. Hydrogen atoms are omitted for clarity (except hydrogen atoms bound to nitrogen).
Molecules 26 03646 g004
Molecules 26 03646 g005 550
Figure 5. (a) Radio-HPLC chromatogram of the reaction between 68Ga3+ (1.2 MBq) and H2L (50 µM) after 10 min at pH 6 and 90 °C. (b) Radiochemical yields for the reaction of 68Ga3+ at various concentrations (0.5 to 500 μM) and temperatures (25, 40 and 90 °C) at pH 6 after 10 min.
Figure 5. (a) Radio-HPLC chromatogram of the reaction between 68Ga3+ (1.2 MBq) and H2L (50 µM) after 10 min at pH 6 and 90 °C. (b) Radiochemical yields for the reaction of 68Ga3+ at various concentrations (0.5 to 500 μM) and temperatures (25, 40 and 90 °C) at pH 6 after 10 min.
Molecules 26 03646 g005
Table
Table 1. Experimental, crystallographic and refinement data for [MnHL](BPh4), [CoHL](BPh4)·(C3H6O) and [ZnHL](BPh4)·1.67(C3H6O).
Table 1. Experimental, crystallographic and refinement data for [MnHL](BPh4), [CoHL](BPh4)·(C3H6O) and [ZnHL](BPh4)·1.67(C3H6O).
[MnHL](BPh4)[CoHL](BPh4)·(C3H6O)[ZnHL](BPh4)·1.67(C3H6O)
Empirical formulaC44H61BMnN10S2C47H67BCoN10OS2C49H70.75BN10O1.67S2Zn
Formula weight859.89921.96966.86
Crystal systemMonoclinicMonoclinicMonoclinic
Space groupP21/cP21/cP21/c
Temperature (K)123(2)173(2)123(1)
a (Å)17.4842(3)17.2017(2)17.32220(10)
b (Å)35.9904(5)35.8919(4)36.0585(2)
c (Å)17.4662(3)17.3716(2)17.36950(10)
α (°)909090
β (°)100.8860(10)102.2170(10)101.7190(10)
γ (°)909090
V (Å3)10,793.1(3)10,482.410,623.06(11)
Z888
Dc (g cm−3)1.0581.1681.209
Absorption coefficient (mm−1)0.3583.6391.729
F(000)365639284121
Angle range 2θ, °MoKα
6.630 to 55.754		CuKα
7.168 to 154.048		CuKα
7.012 to 154.846
Reflections collected143,110102,026115,251
Independent reflections25,679
[R(int) = 0.0469]		21,504
[R(int) = 0.0832]		22,186
[R(int) = 0.0456]
Final R1 values (I > 2σ(I))0.04400.08890.0572
Final wR1(F2) values (I > 2σ(I))0.11110.23890.1622
Final R1 values (all data)0.06060.12520.0617
Final wR1(F2) values (all data)0.11800.27640.1667
GoF on F21.0761.0361.023
CSD no.2,072,6592,072,6602,072,661
Table
Table 2. Metal to donor bond lengths for [Mn1HL]+, [Mn2HL]+, [Co1HL]+, [Co2HL]+, [Zn1HL]+ and [Zn2HL]+.
Table 2. Metal to donor bond lengths for [Mn1HL]+, [Mn2HL]+, [Co1HL]+, [Co2HL]+, [Zn1HL]+ and [Zn2HL]+.
Mn1 (Å)Mn2 (Å)Co1 (Å)Co2 (Å)Zn1 (Å)Zn2 (Å)
M-N1/112.362(2)2.397(1)2.331(4)2.325(4)2.340(2)2.393(2)
M-N2/122.264(2)2.254(2)2.156(4)2.183(5)2.152(2)2.140(2)
M-N3/132.501(2)2.471(2)2.620(4)2.317(4)2.737(2)2.630(2)
M-N4/142.244(2)2.250(2)2.113(4)2.159(4)2.121(2)2.125(2)
M-N5/152.257(2)2.218(2)2.120(4)2.087(4)2.147(2)2.130(2)
M-S1/32.462(1)2.455(1)2.323(2)2.365(1)2.346(7)2.344(7)
Table
Table 3. The dihedral angles between the two trigonal planes in the [Mn1HL]+, [Mn2HL]+, [Co1HL]+, [Co2HL]+, [Zn1HL]+ and [Zn2HL]+ metal centres.
Table 3. The dihedral angles between the two trigonal planes in the [Mn1HL]+, [Mn2HL]+, [Co1HL]+, [Co2HL]+, [Zn1HL]+ and [Zn2HL]+ metal centres.
θ1 (°)θ2 (°)θ3 (°)Av (°)
Mn135.720.28.121.4
Mn232.018.67.019.2
Co137.521.412.323.7
Co240.731.220.930.9
Zn137.421.713.124.1
Zn233.721.512.622.6
Table
Table 4. Selected bond lengths (Å) of the optimised and XRD structures of [Co1HL]+, [Co2HL]+, [Zn1HL]+ and [Zn2HL]+.
Table 4. Selected bond lengths (Å) of the optimised and XRD structures of [Co1HL]+, [Co2HL]+, [Zn1HL]+ and [Zn2HL]+.
Zn1 XRDZn1 DFTZn2 XRDZn2 DFTCo1 XRDCo1 DFTCo2 XRDCo2 DFT
M-N1/N112.340(2)2.3902.393(2)2.4112.331(4)2.3512.325(4)2.402
M-N2/N122.151(2)2.2402.140(2)2.2602.156(4)2.2482.183(5)2.259
M-N3/N132.737(2)2.7272.630(2)2.7012.620(4)2.6802.317(4)2.400
M-N4/N142.120(2)2.2282.125(2)2.2382.113(4)2.2172.159(4)2.239
M-N5N/152.147(2)2.2112.130(2)2.2122.120(4)2.1642.087(4)2.128
M-S1/S32.346(7)2.4202.344(7)2.4192.323(2)2.4012.365(1)2.412
Table
Table 5. The radiochemical yields for the reaction of 68Ga3+ with H2L (50 µM) and DOTA (50 µM) at pH 3.5 and pH 6 and various temperatures (25, 40 and 90 °C) [49].
Table 5. The radiochemical yields for the reaction of 68Ga3+ with H2L (50 µM) and DOTA (50 µM) at pH 3.5 and pH 6 and various temperatures (25, 40 and 90 °C) [49].
H2LDOTA
pH 3.5pH 6pH 3.5pH 6
25 °C1.8 ± 1.719.8 ± 2.686.7 ± 5.073.2 ± 6.4
40 °C60.4 ± 3.170.3 ± 1.9--
90 °C95.1 ± 2.389.0 ± 4.395.3 ± 0.997.2 ± 0.3
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Grieve, M.L.; Davey, P.R.W.J.; Forsyth, C.M.; Paterson, B.M. The Synthesis of a Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Macrocyclic Ligand and the Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and 68Ga(III) Complexes. Molecules 2021, 26, 3646. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26123646

AMA Style

Grieve ML, Davey PRWJ, Forsyth CM, Paterson BM. The Synthesis of a Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Macrocyclic Ligand and the Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and 68Ga(III) Complexes. Molecules. 2021; 26(12):3646. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26123646

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grieve, Melyssa L., Patrick R. W. J. Davey, Craig M. Forsyth, and Brett M. Paterson. 2021. "The Synthesis of a Bis(thiosemicarbazone) Macrocyclic Ligand and the Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and 68Ga(III) Complexes" Molecules 26, no. 12: 3646. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26123646

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop