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Article

Ferrocene-Containing Pseudorotaxanes in Crystals: Aromatic Interactions with Hammett Correlation

by
Yuji Suzaki
1,
Tomoko Abe
1,
Asami Takei
1,
Yugo Fukuchi
1,
Take-aki Koizumi
2,
Kohtaro Osakada
1,3,* and
Masaki Horie
4
1
Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
2
Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Fukuroi 437-8555, Shizuoka, Japan
3
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2022, 27(5), 1745; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27051745
Submission received: 30 December 2021 / Revised: 28 February 2022 / Accepted: 5 March 2022 / Published: 7 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coordination Programming for Electro-, Magneto-, and Photofunctional Molecular Systems: A Theme Issue in Honor of Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Nishihara)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Single crystals of pseudorotaxanes, [(FcCH2NH2CH2Ar)(DB24C8)][PF6] (DB24C8 = dibenzo[24]crown-8, Fc = Fe(C5H4)(C5H5), Ar = -C6H3-3,4-Cl2, -C6H3-3,4-F2, -C6H4-4-F, -C6H4-4-Cl, -C6H4-4-Br, -C6H3-3-F-4-Me, -C6H4-4-I) and [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me)(DB24C8)][Ni(dmit)2] (dmit = 1,3-dithiole-2,4,5-dithiolate), were obtained from solutions containing DB24C8 and ferrocenylmethyl(arylmethyl)ammonium. X-ray crystallographic analyses of the pseudorotaxanes revealed that the aryl ring of the axle moiety and the catechol ring of the macrocyclic component were at close centroid distances and parallel or tilted orientation. The structures with parallel aromatic rings showed correlation of the distances between the centroids to Hammett substituent constants of the aryl groups.

1. Introduction

Rotaxanes and pseudorotaxanes have been investigated as supramolecules with unique structures, having macrocyclic molecules threaded by axle molecules [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Their stimulus–response behavior has been applied to molecular shuttles [10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18] and molecular elevators [19] in solutions and molecular muscles in both the solid state and in solution [20,21,22,23]. Further applications of the rotaxanes include catalysis [24,25,26,27,28], functional polymeric materials [29,30,31,32], amphiphilic materials [33,34,35,36], and nanometal precursors [37]. Pseudorotaxanes have an axle component whose end groups are smaller than the size of the central hole of the macrocyclic component. Intermolecular interaction, such as hydrogen bonding and aromatic interaction, stabilizes the interlocked structure of the pseudorotaxanes. Dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8) forms various pseudorotaxanes and rotaxanes with dialkyl- or diarylammonium because they are bound by multiple N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the NH2+ group and the oxygen atoms. X-ray crystallographic studies of the pseudorotaxane of DB24C8 and dibenzylammonium, [((PhCH2)2NH2)(DB24C8)][PF6], revealed interaction between the macrocyclic and axle components [38,39]. The pseudorotaxane contained multiple N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the NH groups of the axle component and O atoms of the macrocycle. One of the two crystallographically independent pseudorotaxanes was stabilized not only by the hydrogen bonds but also by π–π interaction between a Ph group of the axle component and a catechol group of the macrocycle. The two aromatic groups had parallel orientation and close positions with a centroid distance of 3.79 Å. Such double stabilization was observed in many rotaxanes and pseudorotaxanes of DB24C8 and bis(arylmethyl)ammonium [40,41,42,43].
In the last few decades, we have investigated structures and properties of the crystalline pseudorotaxanes of DB24C8 and ferrocenylmethyl(arylmethyl)ammonium, [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me)(DB24C8)][EF6] (E = P, As) [44,45,46,47,48,49,50]. The pseudorotaxanes caused the crystalline phase transition upon heating and photo-irradiation. Related crystalline supramolecules were reported to exhibit new stimulus–response behavior [51,52,53,54]. Scheme 1 shows two structures of the pseudorotaxane of DB24C8 with ferrocenylmethyl(4-methylphenylmethyl)ammonium in the crystals. The pseudorotaxane with the PF6− counter anion was supported by multiple N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, π–π interaction between the 4-methylphenyl group and a catechol group, and C(Cp)–H⋯π interaction between the ferrocenyl group and the other catechol group (Scheme 1a, α–form). The distance and angle of the catechol ring and p-methylphenyl ring was determined to be 3.71 Å and 6.2°, respectively. The pseudorotaxane with AsF6− anion preferred the structure with C⋯H–π interaction between the 4-methylphenyl group of the axle component and a catechol group (Scheme 1b, β–form). Heating crystals of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me)(DB24C8)]PF6 above 128 °C caused thermal crystalline phase transition from α–form to β–form. Recent studies revealed that the crystalline phase transition temperature of the crystals was influenced largely by size of the counter anions [47,50].
In solution, the pseudorotaxanes of DB24C8 and benzyl(arylmethyl)ammonium, [(ArCH2(PhCH2)NH2)(DB24C8)][PF6] have been reported to show different stabilities, depending on the substituents on the aromatic groups of the axle component [55]. However, there have been no reports on relevance of the crystalline structures of such (pseudo)rotaxanes to the substituents of the aromatic group of the arylmethylammonium axle component. Here we report the crystal structures of pseudorotaxanes composed of DB24C8 and ferrocenylmethyl(arylmethyl)ammonium and show the effect of the aryl group on the molecular structures of the pseudorotaxanes. This study focuses on relative positions and orientation of the neighbouring aromatic groups of the axle and cyclic components in the α–form pseudorotaxane crystals.

2. Results and Discussion

Mixing DB24C8 with ferrocenylmethyl(arylmethyl)ammonium in solution caused crystal growth of the corresponding pseudorotaxanes. Their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography (vide infra). The reaction of DB24C8 with ferrocenylmethyl(arylmethyl)ammonium formed the corresponding pseudorotaxanes, 1a–1g, as crystals, as shown in Equation (1). Similar pseudorotaxanes with Ph, C6H4-4-Me, and C6H4-4-OMe groups in the axle component, 1h–1i, were reported previously [46,47,48]. Counter anion exchange of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me)][PF6] by [Ni(dmit)2]– (dmit = 1,3-dithiole-2-4,5-dithiolate) and subsequent addition of DB24C8 formed [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me)(DB24C8)][Ni(dmit)2] (1i-Ni). X-ray crystallographic study showed the pseudorotaxane structure with [Ni(dmit)2] counter anion, although IR measurement and elemental analyses of the crystalline product were unsuccessful.
Molecules 27 01745 i001
Figure 1a shows structure of pseudorotaxane 1d with a chlorophenyl group in the axle component. The ammonium hydrogens, H1 and H2, are at close positions to the oxygen atoms of DB24C8 (N1–H1⋯O2: 2.216 Å, N1–H1⋯O3: 2.240 Å, N1–H2⋯O1: 2.537 Å, N1–H2⋯O8: 2.368 Å), suggesting N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The cyclopentadienyl ligand forms a C–H⋯π interaction (3.09 Å) with a C6H4 ring of DB24C8. The distance between the centroid of phenylene ring A of the axle component and that of the catechol ring B of DB24C8 (d, Å) and the angle formed by the aromatic planes (θ, °) are 3.70 Å and 5.26°, respectively. Thus, the structure of pseudorotaxane 1d belongs to the α–form of Scheme 1.
Pseudorotaxane 1c has two aromatic groups A and B with the orientation close to orthogonal, suggesting C-H⋯π interaction between the aromatic groups A and B, as shown in Figure 1b. The structure is similar to 1i above the crystalline phase transition temperature and belongs to β–form in Scheme 1. Pseudorotaxane 1i-Ni contains the 4-methylphenyl group of the axle component and a phenylene group of a catechol group in parallel fashion, as shown in Figure 1c. Previous crystallographic studies of 1h, 1i, and 1j showed that multiple C–H⋯F interactions between DB24C8 and PF6− impart the relative stability of α– to the β–form [46,47,50]. Figure 2 depicts interaction of the cationic pseudorotaxane with [Ni(dmit)2]− anion of 1i-Ni, which differs largely from that of pseudorotaxane 1i with PF6− anions.
Table 1 summarizes synthesis and structures of the ferrocene-containing pseudorotaxanes, [(FcCH2NH2CH2Ar)(DB24C8)][PF6] (1a–1j) and [(FcCH2NH2CH2Ar)(DB24C8)] [Ni(dmit)2] (1i-Ni). The IR peaks of the symmetric and asymmetric vibration of ammonium N–H bonds of 1a–1d, 1f, 1g (3065–3080, 3166–3195 cm−1) were observed at lower wavenumbers than those of starting ammonium, 2a–2g (3233–3236 and 3262–3268 cm−1), due to the hydrogen bonding between the ammonium and oxygen atoms of DB24C8.
The pseudorotaxane crystals of 1i in α–form and in β–form were reported to have different conformation of the axle molecule and co-conformation of the axle and macrocyclic molecules (orientation of the axle molecule within the pseudorotaxane framework) [50]. The rotaxanes in α–form (1a, 1d–1i) and those in β–form (1b, 1c, 1h) in Table 1 showed different wavenumbers of the IR peaks due to νas vibrations of the NH2 group, 3184 cm−1 on average for 1a and 1d–1i and 3161 cm−1 on average for 1b, 1c, and 1h. The distances between N1 and O2 atoms of 1a and 1d–1i, 3.079 Å on average, were longer than those of 1b, 1c, and 1h (2.960 Å on average). Thus, these spectroscopic and structural parameters relating to the N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds differ clearly between the crystals of α–form and those of β–form. Table 2 summarizes relative positions and orientations of two aromatic planes A and B of the pseudorotaxanes in the crystalline state. The two aromatic planes of α–form were almost parallel in the structures with tilt angles, in the range of 3.65–7.94°. Distances between centroids of aromatic planes A and B, are in the range of 3.573–3.779 Å. Both values are much smaller than the corresponding values of pseudorotaxanes in β–form, 1b, 1c, and 1h.
Figure 3 shows Hammett plots of structural parameters of crystalline pseudorotaxanes with α–form, 1a, 1d–1g and 1i–1j. The distances between centroids (Figure 3a) and dihedral angles (Figure 3b) of aromatic groups A and B were plotted against the Hammett constants, σ, of A [56]. Hammett constants of disubstituted aromatic group in 1a and 1f were calculated by assuming additivity of Hammett constants [57,58]. Linear relationships were observed for d and θ values to Hammett constants, and σ-values were calculated as −0.21 and −4.1, respectively. Thus, aromatic group A with a larger σ-value was positioned at a closer position to aromatic group B with a smaller dihedral angle. Coefficients of determination of the plots in Figure 3a,b were similar (R2 = 0.76 and 0.73), suggesting that parameters d and θ were correlated with each other. Attempts to plot averaged distances between aromatic planes of A and B to Hammett constants resulted in lower correlation than that between d and θ. The two aromatic planes were almost parallel in the structures but had slight differences in the structural parameters. The d and θ values of pseudorotaxanes were increased by electron-donating substituents (negative σ values) of the terminal aryl group of the axle component.
Centroid distances of the pseudorotaxanes with monosubstituted aromatic groups A, such as 1d, 1e, 1g, 1i, and 1j, were plotted against R+ constants in order to estimate the contribution of the resonance effect for the Hammett plots in Figure 3. Centroid distance of pseudorotaxane 1j with OMe group at the 4-position of A (3.779 Å) is much longer than other pseudorotaxanes with Cl, Br, I, and Me groups. The coefficient of determination obtained from the plots of the five pseudorotaxanes is high (R2 = 0.95). This indicates that resonance effect of the aromatic group A is significant among the mono-substituted aromatic groups. These results indicate that the pseudorotaxanes bearing mono- and disubstituted aromatic group A showed that the electronic nature of A influenced the relative positions and orientations of the aryl groups A and B.
The centroid distance (d) and dihedral angle (θ) of 1i-Ni (3.665 Å and 4.59°) were smaller than those of 1i with PF6 anion (3.710 Å and 6.20°). Such effects of the counter anion on the structure of cationic pseudorotaxane are ascribed to the different co-conformation of the pseudorotaxanes caused by the counter anions (vide supra) [50].
Theoretical studies compared three possible geometries for the aromatic interactions, slipped-parallel, parallel, and perpendicular ones (Scheme 2). Tsuzuki et al. calculated stabilities of the benzene dimers as the function of distance (d) and angles (θ) between them and reported the optimized position for slipped paralleled conformation (d = 3.5 Å, ΔG° = −2.48 kcal mol−1 (at the CCSD(T) level)) which is more stable than the parallel type interaction (ΔG° = −1.48 kJ mol−1) and similar to C-H⋯π interaction (ΔG° = −2.46 kJ mol−1) [59,60,61,62]. Thus, the energy differences among the possible interacted structures are small. Recently, parallel stacking of the aromatic rings (Scheme 2b) was found in the crystals of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) derivatives, although it was considered to be less stable than the others [63]. The combination of two aromatic rings at close positions was known to influence stability of their π–π stacking. As a further important factor, donor–acceptor interaction was known to stabilize the aromatic interaction significantly.
Figure 4 depicts partial X-ray structures of 1a and 1j, showing the relative positions of their A and B rings. Both A and B rings of 1a and 1j show slipped-parallel type stacking (Scheme 2a). The overlapping of π electrons between A and B rings of 1a looks larger than that of 1i. The d and θ values of 1a (3.553 Å and 3.65°) and of 1j (3.779 Å and 7.94°) indicate that the C6H3-3,4-Cl2 ring of 1a and the catechol ring of DB24C8 is closer and less tilted than those of the C6H3-4-OMe ring of 1i and the catechol ring of DB24C8 because of stronger donor–acceptor interaction in the former system.
Stoddart, Williams, and their co-workers investigated a full series of pseudorotaxanes composed of DB24C8 and bis(arylmethyl)ammonium in the solid state and in solution. They observed a clear relationship between the stability constants for the pseudorotaxane and the electron donating ability of the substituents of the aryl groups of the axle components in CDCl3 and CD3CN-CDCl3 [55]. Higher stability of pseudorotaxanes possessing aryl groups with electron-withdrawing groups, such as NO2 and COOH groups, at the para position can be attributed to the aromatic interaction between the axle and macrocyclic components. Although direct estimation of the aromatic interaction was difficult in the solutions, the results in the solid of this study state are related to the relative stability of the pseudorotaxanes in the solution.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

1H NMR spectra were acquired on a MERCURY300 (Varian, Tokyo, Japan), EX-400 (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and a AV-400M (Bruker, Yokohama, Japan). The chemical shifts were referenced with respect to CHCl3 (δ 7.26), CD2HCN (δ 1.93) for 1H, and CDCl3 (δ 77.0), CD3CN (δ 1.30) for 13C as internal standards. Elemental analysis was carried out with a CHNS-932 (LECO, Tokyo, Japan) or MT-5 CHN (Yanaco, Tokyo, Japan) autorecorder. IR spectra were measured with a FTIR-8100A (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and FT/IR-4100 (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan). H2NCH2Ar (Ar = -C6H4-4-Br, -C6H3-3-F-4-Me) was prepared by reaction of LiAlH4 and NCAr in THF under reflux condition. Other chemicals are commercially available and used without further purification.

3.2. Crystal Synthesis of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H3-3,4-Cl2)(DB24C8)]PF6 (1a)

Yellow crystals of pseudorotaxane 1a were obtained by slow evaporation of CH2Cl2/Et2O solution of 2a (52 mg, 0.10 mmol) and DB24C8 (46 mg, 0.10 mmol). 1a was obtained with 10% yield. Synthesis details and spectroscopic results of the precursors of pseudorotaxanes and cif files are in Supplementary Materials.
Elemental analysis: calcd (%) for C42H50NO8FeF6Cl2P: C, 52.08; H, 5.20; N, 1.45; Cl, 7.32; found: C, 51.58; H, 4.93; N, 1.45; Cl, 7.38.

3.3. Crystal Synthesis of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H3-3,4-F2)(DB24C8)]PF6 (1b)

Yellow crystals of pseudorotaxane 1b were obtained by slow evaporation of acetone/hexane solution of 2b (46 mg, 0.093 mmol) and DB24C8 (49 mg, 0.11 mmol). 1b was obtained with 57% yield.
Elemental analysis: calcd (%) for C42H50NO8FeF8P: C, 53.91; H, 5.39; N, 1.50; found: C, 53.81; H, 5.39; N, 1.52.

3.4. Crystal Synthesis of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-F)(DB24C8)]PF6 (1c)

Yellow crystals of pseudorotaxane 1c were obtained by slow evaporation of acetone/hexane solution of 2c (47 mg, 0.10 mmol) and DB24C8 (44 mg, 0.099 mmol). 1c was obtained with 49% yield.
Elemental analysis: calcd (%) for C42H51NO8FeF7P: C, 54.97; H, 5.60; N, 1.53; found: C, 54.92; H, 5.65; N, 1.89.

3.5. Crystal Synthesis of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Cl)(DB24C8)]PF6 (1d)

Yellow crystals of pseudorotaxane 1d were obtained by slow evaporation of acetone/hexane solution of 2d (48 mg, 0.10 mmol) and DB24C8 (45 mg, 0.10 mmol). 1d was obtained with 74% yield.
Elemental analysis: calcd (%) for C42H51NClF6FeO8P: C, 54.00; H, 5.50; N, 1.50; found: C, 53.69; H, 5.45; N, 1.48.

3.6. Crystal Synthesis of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Br)(DB24C8)]PF6 (1e)

Yellow crystals of pseudorotaxane 1e were obtained by slow evaporation of CHCl3/acetone (2.0 mL/0.5 mL) solution of 2e (53 mg, 0.10 mmol) and DB24C8 (45 mg, 0.10 mmol). 1e was obtained with 85% yield.
Elemental analysis: calcd (%) for C42H51NBrF6FeO8P(H2O)0.5: C, 51.08; H, 5.31; N, 1.42; found: C, 50.99; H, 5.35; N, 1.45.

3.7. Crystal Synthesis of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H3-3-F-4-Me)(DB24C8)]PF6 (1f)

Yellow crystals of pseudorotaxane 1f were obtained by slow evaporation of CH2Cl2/Et2O solution of 2f (47 mg, 0.094 mmol) and DB24C8 (45 mg, 0.10 mmol). 1f was obtained with 41% yield.
Elemental analysis: calcd (%) for C43H53NF7FeNO8P: C, 55.43; H, 5.73; N, 1.50; found: C, 55.45; H, 5.29; N, 1.55.

3.8. Crystal Synthesis of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-I)(DB24C8)]PF6 (1g)

Yellow crystals of pseudorotaxane 1g were obtained by slow evaporation of CH2Cl2/Et2O solution of 2g (57 mg, 0.10 mmol) and DB24C8 (45 mg, 0.10 mmol). 1g was obtained with 69% yield.
Elemental analysis: calcd (%) for C42H51NIF6FeNO8P: C, 49.19; H, 5.01; N, 1.37; found: C, 49.29; H, 4.98; N, 1.37.

3.9. Crystal Synthesis of [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me)(DB24C8)][Ni(dmit)2] (1i-Ni)

Compound [FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me][Ni(dmit)2] (2i-Ni) was obtained by anion exchange of [FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me][PF6] with Li[Ni(dmit)2]. Black crystals of pseudorotaxane 1i-Ni were obtained by slow evaporation of CH2Cl2/Et2O solution of 2i-Ni (77 mg, 0.10 mmol) and DB24C8 (45 mg, 0.10 mmol) with 43% yield. The crystals revealed the molecular structure but did not provide satisfactory analytical results.

3.10. X-ray Crystallography

Data were collected on a Rigaku Saturn CCD diffractometer with Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å). All H atoms were fixed at ideal positions. CCDC 1032569-1032577 and 2122024 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for complex 1a-1g, and 1i-Ni. Table 2 summarizes the structural data used in Figure 3a,b.

4. Conclusions

The pseudorotaxanes of DB24C8 and ferrocenylmethyl(arylmethyl)ammonium in this study were stabilized by three-point support in the crystals, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, C(Cp)–H⋯π interaction between the ferrocenyl group and a catechol group, and aromatic interaction between the aryl group of the axle component and a catechol group. Choice of the third interaction, either π⋯π interaction (α–form) or C-H⋯π interaction (β–form), was reported to depend on the counter anions, as shown for 2i in our previous papers [46,47,50]. Crystals in α–form and those in β–form exhibit different IR peak positions and N⋯O distance, relating to the hydrogen bonds between the axle and macrocyclic molecules, as shown in Table 1. This study revealed that the aryl group of the axle molecules influenced structural parameters around the two aromatic groups with a π⋯π interaction. The aryl group with electron-withdrawing substituents enhanced the aromatic interaction and stabilized the pseudorotaxane. Findings in this study deepened full understanding of structures of the pseudorotaxanes with a ferrocenyl group.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded online, synthesis details and spectroscopic results of the precursors of pseudorotaxanes and cif files of 1b–1g and 1i-Ni.

Author Contributions

Individual contributions of the authors are as follows. Conceptualization, Y.S., A.T., T.A. and Y.F.; investigation, M.H.; discussion, Y.S. and K.O.; data curation, T.-a.K.; writing—original draft preparation and editing, K.O.; funding acquisition, Y.S. and K.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Japan Society for Promotion of Science, grant number 25810059 and by Dynamic Alliance for Open Innovation Bridging from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology-Japan.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Experimental details are obtained from Supporting Information. CCDC 1032570-10325575 and 2122024 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif,orby (accessed on 15 December 2021), emailing [email protected], or by contacting The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; Fax: +44-1223-336033.

Acknowledgments

We thank our colleagues at the Center for Advanced Materials Analysis at our institute, the Tokyo Institute of Technology for NMR (Yoshihisa Sei) and Elemental Analysis (Chieko Hara). This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research for Young Scientists from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (25810059), and for Innovative Areas “The Coordination Programming (24108711)” and the Mazda foundation.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

No samples of the compounds are available from the authors.

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Molecules 27 01745 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Typical structures of pseudorotaxane of DB24C8 and (ferrocenylmethyl)-(4-methylphenymethyl) ammonium.
Scheme 1. Typical structures of pseudorotaxane of DB24C8 and (ferrocenylmethyl)-(4-methylphenymethyl) ammonium.
Molecules 27 01745 sch001
Molecules 27 01745 g001 550
Figure 1. X-ray structures of pseudorotaxanes. (a) 1d, (b) 1c, and (c) 1i-Ni. The atoms are shown with 50% probabilities. Atoms of the anion and hydrogen atoms are omitted for simplicity.
Figure 1. X-ray structures of pseudorotaxanes. (a) 1d, (b) 1c, and (c) 1i-Ni. The atoms are shown with 50% probabilities. Atoms of the anion and hydrogen atoms are omitted for simplicity.
Molecules 27 01745 g001
Molecules 27 01745 g002 550
Figure 2. Contacts between the cationic rotaxanes and [Ni(dmit)2]− of 1i-Ni.
Figure 2. Contacts between the cationic rotaxanes and [Ni(dmit)2]− of 1i-Ni.
Molecules 27 01745 g002
Molecules 27 01745 g003 550
Figure 3. Hammett correlations of (a) d and (b) θ to σ. Hammett constants were taken from ref. [56] by assuming their additivity.
Figure 3. Hammett correlations of (a) d and (b) θ to σ. Hammett constants were taken from ref. [56] by assuming their additivity.
Molecules 27 01745 g003
Molecules 27 01745 sch002 550
Scheme 2. Typical geometries of benzene dimers, (a) slipped-parallel, (b) parallel, and (c) perpendicular.
Scheme 2. Typical geometries of benzene dimers, (a) slipped-parallel, (b) parallel, and (c) perpendicular.
Molecules 27 01745 sch002
Molecules 27 01745 g004 550
Figure 4. Partial structures of pseudorotaxanes (a) 1a (left) and (b) 1j (right). Two close aromatic rings by crystallographic results and their schematic diagram are shown.
Figure 4. Partial structures of pseudorotaxanes (a) 1a (left) and (b) 1j (right). Two close aromatic rings by crystallographic results and their schematic diagram are shown.
Molecules 27 01745 g004
Table
Table 1. Crystal synthesis of pseudorotaxanes, 1a–1j.
Table 1. Crystal synthesis of pseudorotaxanes, 1a–1j.
PseudorotaxaneEnd Group of Axle Component (Hammett Const.)Yield(%)StructureN⋯O distance/Åν(N–H)/cm−1 a
Ν1–O2Ν1–O3νsνas
1a-C6H3-3,4-Cl2(0.60)10%α3.0583.0113060 (3233)3185 (3262)
1b-C6H3-3,4-F2(0.40)57%β2.9752.8403066 (3233)3163 (3262)
1c-C6H4-4-F(0.34)49%β2.9662.8733077 (3236)3165 (3262)
1d-C6H4-4-Cl(0.23)74%α3.0882.9493069 (3235)3187 (3266)
1e-C6H4-4-Br(0.23)85%α3.0922.9433069 (3233)3187 (3265)
1f-C6H3-3-F-4-Me(0.17)41%α3.0623.0063067 (3233)3166 (3266)
1g-C6H4-4-I(0.18)69%α3.0702.9843065 (3235)3195 (3268)
1hb-Ph(0.00) β2.9412.8573065 (3236)3156 (3262)
1ic-C6H4-4-Me(−0.17) α3.1593.0743067 (3250)3171 (3225)
1i-Ni-C6H4-4-Me(−0.17) α3.1143.021−−
1jd-C6H4-4-OMe(−0.27) α2.9952.99730653195
a Wavenumber of the axle molecule is shown in parenthesis. b Ref. [47]. c Refs. [44,45]. d Ref. [55].
Table
Table 2. Centroid distance and dihedral angles between the two aromatic groups in the axle and cyclic components.
Table 2. Centroid distance and dihedral angles between the two aromatic groups in the axle and cyclic components.
Pseudorotaxane A RingStructureRelative Positions of Two Aromatic Groups
Centroid
Distance, d/Å		Dihedral
Angle, θ/°		Face-to-Face
Dimension/Å
1a-C6H3-3,4-Cl2α3.5533.653.376
1b-C6H3-3,4-F2β4.850122.01–
1c-C6H4-4-Fβ5.140121.78–
1d-C6H4-4-Clα3.7025.263.416
1e-C6H4-4-Brα3.6945.003.394
1f-C6H3-3-F-4-Meα3.6406.593.413
1g-C6H4-4-Iα3.7106.713.435
1ha-Phβ5.12857.61–
1ia-C6H4-4-Meα3.7106.203.430
1i-Ni-C6H4-4-Meα3.6654.593.398
1ja-C6H4-4-OMeα3.7797.943.529
a Data were taken from the results in refs. [44,45,46,47,50].
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Suzaki, Y.; Abe, T.; Takei, A.; Fukuchi, Y.; Koizumi, T.-a.; Osakada, K.; Horie, M. Ferrocene-Containing Pseudorotaxanes in Crystals: Aromatic Interactions with Hammett Correlation. Molecules 2022, 27, 1745. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27051745

AMA Style

Suzaki Y, Abe T, Takei A, Fukuchi Y, Koizumi T-a, Osakada K, Horie M. Ferrocene-Containing Pseudorotaxanes in Crystals: Aromatic Interactions with Hammett Correlation. Molecules. 2022; 27(5):1745. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27051745

Chicago/Turabian Style

Suzaki, Yuji, Tomoko Abe, Asami Takei, Yugo Fukuchi, Take-aki Koizumi, Kohtaro Osakada, and Masaki Horie. 2022. "Ferrocene-Containing Pseudorotaxanes in Crystals: Aromatic Interactions with Hammett Correlation" Molecules 27, no. 5: 1745. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27051745

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