Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Emerging as an Effective Bioinoculant to Improve the Growth, Production, and Stress Tolerance of Vegetable Crops
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Effect of PGPR in Plant Growth Promotion
3. Role of PGPR in Vegetable Crop Production
PGPR | Vegetable Crop | Mode of Treatment | Effect on Crops | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcaligenes faecalis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Spinacia oleracea | Soil treatment | Mitigated lead toxicity | [95] |
B. pumilus SE34 | Solanum lycopersicum | Seed treatment | Induced systemic response during infection | [96] |
Jeotgalicoccus huakuii NBRI 13E | S. lycopersicum, Abelmoschus esculentus, Zea mays | Seed treatment and foliar spray | Increased yield and ameliorated salt stress | [97] |
B. pumilus strain SE34 or B. amyloliquefaciens strain IN937a or B. subtilus strain IN937 | S. lycopersicum | Seed treatment and soil drenching | Induced resistance against CMV virus | [98] |
Rhizobium spp. | S. lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, Daucus carota, Lactuca sativa | Seed treatment | Increased biomass | [99,100] |
Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum | S. oleracea | Soil and seed treatment | Ensured efficient absorption of P, water, and other microelements to alleviate water stress and resist fungal diseases | [101,102] |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | L. esculentum | Spraying on leaves | Induced systemic resistance against tomato leaf curl virus disease | [103] |
Bacillus cereus | S. lycopersicum | Soil drenching | Biotic stress resistance against bacterial speck disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv | [104] |
Paenibacillus alvei and Bacillus velezensis | Sorghum bicolor | Seed treatment | Resistance to water stress and crown rot disease caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum | [105] |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | Arachis hypogea | Seed treatment | Produced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase to confer resilience against salinity stress | [106] |
PGPR Bacillus subtilis (RS2) and Bacillus spp. (RS7) | C. annuum | Seedling treatment | Increased productivity | [107] |
Bacillus tequilensis | S. lycopersicum | Seedling and soil drenching | Produced ACC deaminase to confer resilience against salinity stress | [108] |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Achromobacter spp. | S. tuberosum | Potato tuber coating | Increased P solubilization, indole acetic acid, hydrogencyanide, and ammonia | [109] |
Pseudomonas spp. PS1 | Vigna radiate | Seed treatment | Increased plant biomass, yield, and protein content | [110] |
B. amyloliquefaciens | S. lycopersicum | Seed treatment | Resistance from bacterial wilt of tomato (Ralstonia solanacearum) | [111] |
Bacillus cereus BC1AW and Pseudomonas putida PP3WT | S. lycopersicum | Seedling treatment | Ameliorated bacterial wilt disease | [112] |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | Solanum tuberosum | Soil treatment | Protection from Ralstonia solanacearum pathogen. Reduced bacterial wilt incidence and improved growth | [113] |
Trichoderma viride ES1 and Pseudomonas fluorescens Bak150 | S. tuberosum | Foliar spray | Suppressed early blight disease and increased yield | [114] |
Trichoderma spp. | Brassica oleracea | - | [115] | |
Trichoderma spp. | S. lycopersicum | Seed priming and soil treatment | Protection from F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici | [116] |
T. harzianum+Pseudomonas spp. | S. lycopersicum | - | Protection from Sclerotium rolfsii | [117] |
T. viride+T. harzianum+P. fluorescens+Azotobacter spp. + Azospirillum spp. + PSB | S. lycopersicum | Seed treatment and soil drenching | Disease management and protection from Pythium aphanidermatum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici | [118] |
Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma spp. | S. lycopersicum, S. melongena | Seed treatment | Protection from Fusarium infection through secretion of extracellular cell-wall-degrading enzymes | [119,120] |
Pseudomonas fluorescens | A. sesculentus | Seed and soil treatment | Protection from Rhizoctonia solani by the producing siderophores, HCN, and indole acetic acid | [121] |
Lactic acid bacteria | C. annuum | Soil drenching and foliar spray | Protection from black rot by producing siderophores | [122] |
Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus megaterium | Cucumis sativus | Seedling treatment and foliar spray | Improved fruit quality | [123] |
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus subtilis | C. sativus | Seed treatment | Protection from damping off by producing antibiotics and metabolites and inducing systemic resistance | [124] |
Chaetomium globosum, Burkholderia cepacia | S. tuberosum, C. annuum | Soil drenching and foliar spray | Protection from late blight disease by producing endo- and exo-glucanases; antimicrobial activity of organic acids | [125,126] |
Trichoderma harzianum+Pseudomonas fluorescens | S. tuberosum | Seed treatment and foliar spray | Protection from early blight caused by Alternaria solani but active biomolecules not yet determined | [127] |
Bacillus subtilis | C. sativus | Soilless potting mix drenching | Disease suppression against anthracnose disease | [128] |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Agrobacterium fabrum | Momordica charantia | Seed coating | Immobilized Cd in Cd-rich soil to improve growth | [95] |
Bacillus velezensis isolates (Y6 and F7) | S. lycopersicum | Soil and seed treatment | Protection from fungal infections by producing antibiotic compounds | [129] |
4. Mechanistic Overview of PGPR-Mediated Plant Growth Promotion of Vegetable Crops under Stress Conditions
4.1. Role of PGPR against Biotic Stresses in Vegetable Crops
4.1.1. Role of PGPR in Fungal- and Bacterial-Induced Stress in Vegetable Crops
4.1.2. PGPR against Nematode and Insect Pests
4.2. Role of PGPR against Abiotic Stress in Vegetable Crops
Stress | Crops | PGPR Isolates | PGP Activity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Abiotic stress | ||||
Salinity | Abelmoschus esculentus | Enterobacter spp. | Increased ACC deaminase activity | [148] |
Salinity | Lycopersicum esculentum | Streptomyces spp. strain PGPA39 | Increased ACC deaminase activity, phosphate solubilization, and IAA production | [149] |
Drought | L. esculentum | Bacillus subtilis | Cytokinin signaling | [150] |
Drought | Capsicum annuum | Bacillus licheniformis K11 | Reduced ethylene concentration | [151] |
Salinity and drought | Cucumis sativus | Burkholderia cepacia, Promicromonospora spp. | Increased salicylic acid and gibberellic acid | [152] |
Salinity | Solanum melongena | Pseudomonas spp. | Produced antioxidant enzymes | [153] |
Salinity | Pisum sativum | Bacillus spp. | Increased IAA production, phosphate solubilization, ammonia production, ACC deaminase activity, siderophore production, and antioxidant enzyme production | [154] |
Salinity | Mentha spp. | Halomonas desiderata STR8 and Exiguobacterium oxidotolerans STR36 | Reduced harmful effects of salinity | [155,156] |
Salinity | M. polymorpha, Medicago lupulina, Medicago truncatula, Medicago sativa | Bacillus megaterium NMp082 | Induced tolerance to salt stress | [157] |
Heat | Solanum lycopersicum | Bacillus cereus | Extended thermotolerance in tomato seedlings | [158] |
Biotic stress | ||||
Damping off | L. esculentum | Streptomyces isolate DBTB 13, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, and P. fluorescens + Azotobacter and Azospirillum | Reduced stunting and stem collapse in infected plants | [118,159,160] |
Bottom rot | Lactuca sativa | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB42 | Improved the quality of lettuce by preventing wilting and rotting | [161] |
Powdery mildew | C. sativus | Ampelomyces quisqualis Ces., B. subtilis strain GB03 | Prevented crop from tiny white superficial spots, reduced severity of angular leaf spot disease (foliar disease) | [162] |
White rust disease, Fusarium wilts | Spinacia oleracea | B. subtilis, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Burkholderia spp., Penicillium oxalicum, Enterobacter cloacae, Trichoderma spp. | Controlled Fusarium wilt and white rust | [78,163] |
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum | Phaseolus vulgaris | P. fluorescens | Disease management against biotic stress | [164] |
Damping-off | Beta vulgaris | Pseudomonas fluorescens | Disease management by producing antifungal compounds | [165] |
Plasmodiophora brassicae | Brassicae oleraceae | Trichoderma spp. | Prevented and managed club root disease in cabbage | [115] |
Pythium aphanidermatum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici | L. esculentum | T. viride+T. harzianum+P. fluorescens+Azotobacter+Azospirillum + PSB | Disease management from several biotic stress | [118] |
Powdery mildew, Botrytis rot | Greenhouse crops | Ampelomyces quisqualis, Pseudomonas flocculosa, Ulocladium spp. | Disease control against Botrytis rot and powdery mildew | [166] |
Fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt | S. melongena and L. esculentum | Trichoderma spp., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens | Produced antibiotics and secondary metabolites to control bacterial wilt and fusarium diseases through the secretion of enzymes that degrade extracellular wall components | [119,120,167] |
Root rot disease | Abelmoschus esculentus | Pseudomonas fluorescens | Disease management by producing siderophores, HCN, and indole acetic acid | [121] |
Damping off, downy mildew | Cucumis sativus | Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus subtilis, consortium of Achromobacter spp., Streptomyces spp., Bacillus licheniformis | Disease management by producing numerous antibiotics, metabolites, and induced systemic resistance | [124] |
Bacterial spot and blight disease | C. annuum | Lactic acid bacteria, P. fluorescens | Protection by producing siderophores, numerous chemicals, and microbial fungicides | [122,168] |
Late blight | S. tuberosum | Burkholderia cepacia; Chaetomium globosum | Protection by generating antimicrobial activity through organic acids and enzymes, such as exo- and endo-glucanases | [125,126] |
Pythium aphanidermatum | L. esculentum Mill. | Streptomyces isolate H2 | Prevented damping off, thus acting as a biocontrol agent | [160] |
Squash mosaic virus | C. sativus | P.fluorescens, B. polymyxa | Protection from pathogenic viruses | [169] |
Watermelon mosaic potyvirus | C. maxima | B. subtilis, B. pumilus | Biocontrol mechanism for pathogenic viruses | [170] |
Bacterial wilt, Fusarium wilt, leaf spot, anthracnose, Alternaria leaf blight, downy and powdery mildew | Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) | P. polymyxa (SN-22), Sinomonas atrocyanea (NSB27) | Reduced angular leaf spot lesions and gummy stem blight lesions and inhibited bacterial fruit blotch | [156] |
Fusarium wilt | Raphanus sativus | Pseudomonas putida strains WCS358 and RE8 | Provided biocontrol mechanism against biotic agent | [156] |
4.2.1. PGPR-Mediated Drought Tolerance in Vegetable Crops
4.2.2. PGPR-Mediated Salinity Tolerance in Vegetable Crops
4.2.3. PGPR-Mediated Tolerance to Heat, Metal Toxicity, and Other Stresses in Vegetable Crops
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AcdS | 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase |
CAT | Catalase |
GPX | Guaiacol peroxidase |
IAA | Indole-3-acetic acid |
IST | Induced systemic tolerance |
PAL | Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase |
PGPR | Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria |
P | Phosphorus |
K | Potassium |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Kumar, M.; Giri, V.P.; Pandey, S.; Gupta, A.; Patel, M.K.; Bajpai, A.B.; Jenkins, S.; Siddique, K.H.M. Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Emerging as an Effective Bioinoculant to Improve the Growth, Production, and Stress Tolerance of Vegetable Crops. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12245. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212245
Kumar M, Giri VP, Pandey S, Gupta A, Patel MK, Bajpai AB, Jenkins S, Siddique KHM. Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Emerging as an Effective Bioinoculant to Improve the Growth, Production, and Stress Tolerance of Vegetable Crops. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12245. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212245
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumar, Manoj, Ved Prakash Giri, Shipra Pandey, Anmol Gupta, Manish Kumar Patel, Atal Bihari Bajpai, Sasha Jenkins, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. 2021. "Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Emerging as an Effective Bioinoculant to Improve the Growth, Production, and Stress Tolerance of Vegetable Crops" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12245. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212245