Statins and Bempedoic Acid: Different Actions of Cholesterol Inhibitors on Macrophage Activation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Modulation of Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Mediator Expression in Statin-Treated Macrophages
2.2. Statins Modulate the Phagocytotic Activity of Macrophages
2.3. ERK Activation Contributes to Statin-Induced Inflammation
2.4. Bempedoic Acid Treatment Has Minimal Impact on the Phenotype of Macrophages
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Reagents
4.2. Cell Culture
4.3. Mice
4.4. Endotoxin Quantification
4.5. Cytotoxcity Measurements
4.6. Gene Expression in Human Macrophages
4.7. RNA Isolation, Reverse Transcription, and Quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR)
4.8. Western Blot
4.9. Cytokine Quantification
4.10. NF-κB/AP-1 Reporter Cells
4.11. Griess Assay
4.12. Cholesterol Quantification
4.13. Phagocytotic Activity
4.14. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Accession Number | Forward Primer Sequence 5′-3′ | Reverse Primer Sequence 5′-3′ |
---|---|---|---|
Acly | NM_134037.3 | ATGCCCCAAGGAAAGAGTGC | CTCGGGAACACACGTAGTCA |
Arg1 | NM_007482.3 | ACAAGACAGGGCTCCTTTCAG | GGCTTATGGTTACCCTCCCG |
Hmgcr | NM_008255.2 | ATCCAGGAGCGAACCAAGAGAG | CAGAAGCCCCAAGCACAAAC |
Il10 | NM_010548.2 | GCCCAGAAATCAAGGAGCAT | GAAATCGATGACAGCGCCT |
Il6 | NM_031168.2 | AAGAAATGATGGATGCTACCAAACTG | GTACTCCAGAAGACCAGAGGAAATT |
Klf2 | NM_008452.2 | CCTTGCACATGAAGCGACAC | ACTTGTCCGGCTCTGTCCTA |
Myd88 | NM_010851.3 | TAAGTTGTGTGTGTCCGACCG | CATGCGGCGACACCTTTTCT |
Nos2 | NM_010927.3 | CTTCCTGGACATTACGACCC | TACTCTGAGGGCTGACACAA |
Ppia | NM_008907.1 | GCGTCTCCTTCGAGCTGTTT | CACCCTGGCACATGAATCCT |
Slc27a2 | NM_011978.2 | AGCGGAGAGACCTCCTGATGAT | CAGAAGCCCCAACAAGCACAAAC |
Tlr2 | NM_011905.3 | CACTGCCCGTAGATGAAGTC | TACCTCCGACAGTTCCAAGA |
Tlr4 | NM_021297.3 | TCCCTGCATAGAGGTAGTTCC | TCAAGGGGTTGAAGCTCAGA |
Tnf | NM_013693.2 | CCATTCCTGAGTTCTGCAAAGG | AGGTAGGAAGGCCTGAGATCTTATC |
Tgfb1 | NM_011577.1 | ACCCTGCCCCTATATTTGGA | CGGGTTGTGTTGGTTGTAGAG |
Tsc22d3 | NM_010286.4 | GCTGCTTGAGAAGAACTCCCA | GAACTTTTCCAGTTGCTCGGG |
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Linnenberger, R.; Hoppstädter, J.; Wrublewsky, S.; Ampofo, E.; Kiemer, A.K. Statins and Bempedoic Acid: Different Actions of Cholesterol Inhibitors on Macrophage Activation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 12480. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212480
Linnenberger R, Hoppstädter J, Wrublewsky S, Ampofo E, Kiemer AK. Statins and Bempedoic Acid: Different Actions of Cholesterol Inhibitors on Macrophage Activation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(22):12480. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212480
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinnenberger, Rebecca, Jessica Hoppstädter, Selina Wrublewsky, Emmanuel Ampofo, and Alexandra K. Kiemer. 2021. "Statins and Bempedoic Acid: Different Actions of Cholesterol Inhibitors on Macrophage Activation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22: 12480. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212480