Three Component Composite Scaffolds Based on PCL, Hydroxyapatite, and L-Lysine Obtained in TIPS-SL: Bioactive Material for Bone Tissue Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Apatite Properties
2.2. Physical Properties of PCL-Based Scaffolds
2.3. Thermogravimetric Analysis
2.4. Thermal Properties of PCL-Based Scaffolds
2.5. L-Lysine Release
2.6. Cytocompatibility and Osteoconductivity
2.6.1. Cell Colonization of PCL-Based Scaffolds
2.6.2. Release Profile of Immunomodulatory Cytokines
2.6.3. Alkaline Phosphatase
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. PCL Foam Scaffold Preparation
3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM)
3.4. Compressive Strength
3.5. Density Measurements
3.6. Wettability Measurements
3.7. Water Uptake Measurements
3.8. Thermogravimetry (TGA)
3.9. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3.10. L-Lysine Release
3.11. Bioefficacy of the PCL-Based Foam Scaffolds
3.11.1. Sterilization of PCL-Based Foam Scaffolds
3.11.2. Cell Culture and Propagation
3.11.3. Osteoconductivity Assay
3.11.4. Visualization of Cell Adhesion
3.11.5. Cell Proliferation Assay
3.11.6. Determination of the Cytokine Release Profile
3.11.7. Alkaline Phosphate (ALP) Activity
3.11.8. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Density,
(g·cm−3) (10−2) | Bulk Density (10−2) | Porosity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
PCL | 7.0 ± 0.2 | 10.9 ± 0.2 | 93.6 ± 0.2 |
PCL/HAP | 11.0 ± 0.4 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 91.4 ± 0.2 |
PCL/HAP/Lys | 11.6 ± 0.3 | 12.3 ± 0.1 | 90.6 ± 0.3 |
Sample | Compressive Stress at 40% Strain (kPa) | Compressive Stress at 80% Strain (kPa) | Young’s Modulus (kPa) |
---|---|---|---|
PCL | 49.7 ± 5.6 | 326.8 ± 24.7 | 204.6 ± 19.4 |
PCL/HAP | 47.6 ± 4.3 | 424.3 ± 39.1 | 318.2 ± 22.1 |
PCL/HAP/Lys | 80.2± 9.6 | 527.6 ± 44.1 | 464.4 ± 26.9 |
Sample | Water Contact Angle, θ (°) | Water Uptake, W.U. (%) |
---|---|---|
PCL | 87.8 ± 3.0 | 1192 ± 3.1 |
PCL/HAP | 77.9 ± 4.5 | 835 ± 39.7 |
PCL/HAP/Lys | 72.6 ± 4.2 | 735 ± 17.4 |
Sample | Mass Loss at 900 °C, (%) | HAP Content, (wt%) | T–5 wt% (°C) | Inflection Point |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCL | 99.06 | 381.6 | 425.9 | |
PCL/HAP | 51.81 | 48.19 | 378.2 | 421.6 |
PCL/HAP/Lys | 52.84 | 47.16 | 380.2 | 421.6 |
HAP | 3.93 | 100 | ||
LYS | 96.57 | 221.7 |
Sample | Tconset (°C) | Tc (°C) | ΔHc (J/g) | Tmonset (°C) | Tm (°C) | ΔHm (J/g) | Xc (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCL | 37.3 | 32.5 | −55.8 | 53.7 | 58.3 | 55.5 | 39.9 |
PCL/HAP | 37.0 | 33.2 | −27.3 | 53.1 | 59.2 | 28.4 | 40.8 |
PCL/HAP/Lys | 38.5 | 35.6 | −27.3 | 54.0 | 59.2 | 27.7 | 39.9 |
Sample | Apatite Whiskers Content (wt%) | L-Lysine Content (wt%) |
---|---|---|
PCL | - | - |
PCL/HAP | 50 | - |
PCL/HAP/Lys | 48 | 2 |
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Korbut, A.; Włodarczyk, M.; Rudnicka, K.; Szwed, A.; Płociński, P.; Biernat, M.; Tymowicz-Grzyb, P.; Michalska, M.; Karska, N.; Rodziewicz-Motowidło, S.; et al. Three Component Composite Scaffolds Based on PCL, Hydroxyapatite, and L-Lysine Obtained in TIPS-SL: Bioactive Material for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 13589. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222413589
Korbut A, Włodarczyk M, Rudnicka K, Szwed A, Płociński P, Biernat M, Tymowicz-Grzyb P, Michalska M, Karska N, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, et al. Three Component Composite Scaffolds Based on PCL, Hydroxyapatite, and L-Lysine Obtained in TIPS-SL: Bioactive Material for Bone Tissue Engineering. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(24):13589. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222413589
Chicago/Turabian StyleKorbut, Aleksandra, Marcin Włodarczyk, Karolina Rudnicka, Aleksandra Szwed, Przemysław Płociński, Monika Biernat, Paulina Tymowicz-Grzyb, Martyna Michalska, Natalia Karska, Sylwia Rodziewicz-Motowidło, and et al. 2021. "Three Component Composite Scaffolds Based on PCL, Hydroxyapatite, and L-Lysine Obtained in TIPS-SL: Bioactive Material for Bone Tissue Engineering" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24: 13589. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222413589