Levetiracetam Suppresses the Infiltration of Neutrophils and Monocytes and Downregulates Many Inflammatory Cytokines during Epileptogenesis in Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. CD11b+CD45high Cells Infiltrate the Brain after Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus (SE)
2.2. Characterization of CD11b+CD45high Infiltrating Cells
2.3. LEV Suppresses the Infiltration of CD11b+CD45high Cells into the Brain and the Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines after SE
2.4. Depletion of Circulating Neutrophils Suppresses Increased Cytokine Expression after SE
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Animals
4.2. Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus (SE) Model and Seizure Assessment
4.3. Administration of LEV and Antibodies
4.4. Isolation of Immune Cell Fractions from the Hippocampus and Analysis of Microglia and Infiltrating Leukocytes
4.5. Flow Cytometry Analysis of Blood Samples
4.6. RNA Isolation and Real-Time PCR
4.7. Proteome Profiler Mouse Cytokine Array
4.8. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer |
---|---|---|
Actb | CTAGGCACCAGGGTGTGATG | GGGGTACTTCAGGGTCAGGA |
Tmem119 | GTGTCTAACAGGCCCCAGAA | AGCCACGTGGTATCAAGGAG |
IL-1β | GGCTGCTTCCAAACCTTTGA | ACGGGAAAGACACAGGTAGC |
TNFα | ACGTGGAACTGGCAGAAGAG | GACCGATCACCCCGAAGTTC |
Ccr2 | TCCCTGGTATTCATCTTTGG | TTATGTTCCCAAAGACCCAC |
IL-6 | CTTCCATCCAGTTGCCTTCT | AATTAAGCCTCCGACTTGTG |
IL-10 | CTCTTACTGACTGGCATGAG | GTATGTTGTCCAGCTGGTCC |
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Matsuo, T.; Komori, R.; Nakatani, M.; Ochi, S.; Yokota-Nakatsuma, A.; Matsumoto, J.; Takata, F.; Dohgu, S.; Ishihara, Y.; Itoh, K. Levetiracetam Suppresses the Infiltration of Neutrophils and Monocytes and Downregulates Many Inflammatory Cytokines during Epileptogenesis in Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 7671. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23147671
Matsuo T, Komori R, Nakatani M, Ochi S, Yokota-Nakatsuma A, Matsumoto J, Takata F, Dohgu S, Ishihara Y, Itoh K. Levetiracetam Suppresses the Infiltration of Neutrophils and Monocytes and Downregulates Many Inflammatory Cytokines during Epileptogenesis in Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(14):7671. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23147671
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatsuo, Taira, Rie Komori, Minami Nakatani, Shiori Ochi, Aya Yokota-Nakatsuma, Junichi Matsumoto, Fuyuko Takata, Shinya Dohgu, Yasuhiro Ishihara, and Kouichi Itoh. 2022. "Levetiracetam Suppresses the Infiltration of Neutrophils and Monocytes and Downregulates Many Inflammatory Cytokines during Epileptogenesis in Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14: 7671. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23147671