COVID-19 Biomarkers at the Crossroad between Patient Stratification and Targeted Therapy: The Role of Validated and Proposed Parameters
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Currently Validated Biomarkers in Clinical Practice
2.1. Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
2.2. D-Dimer
2.3. Ferritin
2.4. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR)
2.5. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
2.6. Interleukin 6 (IL6)
3. Proposed Biomarkers Not Yet Implemented in Clinical Practice
3.1. IFN-Inducible Protein 10 (IP10)
3.2. Growth Arrest-Specific Gene 6 (Gas6)
3.3. SARS-CoV-2 Viremia
3.4. Osteopontin (OPN)
3.5. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rizzi, M.; D’Onghia, D.; Tonello, S.; Minisini, R.; Colangelo, D.; Bellan, M.; Castello, L.M.; Gavelli, F.; Avanzi, G.C.; Pirisi, M.; et al. COVID-19 Biomarkers at the Crossroad between Patient Stratification and Targeted Therapy: The Role of Validated and Proposed Parameters. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 7099. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms24087099
Rizzi M, D’Onghia D, Tonello S, Minisini R, Colangelo D, Bellan M, Castello LM, Gavelli F, Avanzi GC, Pirisi M, et al. COVID-19 Biomarkers at the Crossroad between Patient Stratification and Targeted Therapy: The Role of Validated and Proposed Parameters. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(8):7099. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms24087099
Chicago/Turabian StyleRizzi, Manuela, Davide D’Onghia, Stelvio Tonello, Rosalba Minisini, Donato Colangelo, Mattia Bellan, Luigi Mario Castello, Francesco Gavelli, Gian Carlo Avanzi, Mario Pirisi, and et al. 2023. "COVID-19 Biomarkers at the Crossroad between Patient Stratification and Targeted Therapy: The Role of Validated and Proposed Parameters" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 8: 7099. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms24087099