Differences in Physiological Signals Due to Age and Exercise Habits of Subjects during Cycling Exercise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Data Acquisition
2.2. Experimental Protocol
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. ECG Analysis
2.3.2. EEG Analysis
2.3.3. EMG Analysis
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Heart Rate and AMHRR with Exercise Stages
3.2. Changes in EEG during Exercise in Young Participants with and without Exercise Habits
3.3. Changes in EEG during Exercise in Elderly Participants
3.4. Paired t-Test Results Observed during and after Exercise
3.5. Relationship between EMG RMS and AMHRR for the Four Test Groups
4. Discussion
4.1. Spectral Power of EEG Increases with AMHRR during Exercise
4.2. Young People Who Exercise Regularly Have a More Coordinated Use of Their Dominant Leg
4.3. Regular Exercise in Elderly People Induces Significant Cortical Activation during Exercise
4.4. EEG Recovery after Exercise Is Slower in Elderly People
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Heart Rate (BPm) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | F | Post Hoc Test (p < 0.05) | ||
Rest 1 | Youth Regular | 87.26 | 10.39 | 14.97 * | Elderly Regular, Occasional |
Youth Occasional | 91.67 | 13.86 | Elderly Regular, Occasional | ||
Elderly Regular | 72.57 | 8.18 | Youth Regular, Occasional | ||
Elderly Occasional | 73.07 | 9.27 | Youth Regular, Occasional | ||
Stage 1 | Youth Regular | 127.33 | 16.11 | 11.65 * | Elderly Regular, Occasional |
Youth Occasional | 122.19 | 13.39 | Elderly Regular, Occasional | ||
Elderly Regular | 103.95 | 16.63 | Youth Regular, Occasional | ||
Elderly Occasional | 103.65 | 14.23 | Youth Regular, Occasional | ||
Stage 2 | Youth Regular | 140.34 | 19.90 | 9.35 * | Elderly Regular, Occasional |
Youth Occasional | 134.19 | 16.38 | Elderly Regular, Occasional | ||
Elderly Regular | 115.43 | 19.18 | Youth Regular, Occasional | ||
Elderly Occasional | 114.12 | 17.14 | Youth Regular, Occasional | ||
Stage 3 | Youth Regular | 152.12 | 21.66 | 10.81 * | Elderly Regular, Occasional |
Youth Occasional | 147.16 | 17.20 | Elderly Regular, Occasional | ||
Elderly Regular | 124.22 | 20.69 | Youth Regular, Occasional | ||
Elderly Occasional | 122.78 | 18.06 | Youth Regular, Occasional | ||
Rest 2 | Youth Regular | 110.19 | 16.87 | 5.65 | |
Youth Occasional | 109.42 | 18.10 | |||
Elderly Regular | 94.03 | 15.45 | |||
Elderly Occasional | 94.20 | 13.32 |
AMHRR (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | F | Post Hoc Test (p < 0.05) | ||
Rest 1 | Youth Regular | ||||
Youth Occasional | |||||
Elderly Regular | |||||
Elderly Occasional | |||||
Stage 1 | Youth Regular | 36.33 | 11.79 | 1.47 | |
Youth Occasional | 28.29 | 10.36 | |||
Elderly Regular | 37.78 | 17.69 | |||
Elderly Occasional | 36.89 | 16.17 | |||
Stage 2 | Youth Regular | 48.33 | 14.58 | 1.41 | |
Youth Occasional | 40.72 | 12.84 | |||
Elderly Regular | 51.98 | 20.87 | |||
Elderly Occasional | 49.79 | 20.29 | |||
Stage 3 | Youth Regular | 58.96 | 16.26 | 0.71 | |
Youth Occasional | 53.69 | 12.83 | |||
Elderly Regular | 62.54 | 24.02 | |||
Elderly Occasional | 60.56 | 21.28 | |||
Rest 2 | Youth Regular | 20.95 | 9.60 | 1.96 | |
Youth Occasional | 17.59 | 8.66 | |||
Elderly Regular | 26.08 | 16.53 | |||
Elderly Occasional | 25.86 | 13.06 |
Delta | Theta | L-Alpha | H-Alpha | L-Beta | H-Beta | Gamma | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C3 | Youth Occasional | 0.1787 (0.1959) | 0.2137 (0.1207) | 0.4083 (0.0022) | 0.4699 (0.0003) | 0.3848 (0.0041) | 0.2407 (0.0796) | 0.1770 (0.2004) |
Youth Regular | 0.4426 (0.0008) | 0.4215 (0.0015) | 0.4679 (0.0004) | 0.4493 (0.0007) | 0.3831 (0.0042) | 0.2130 (0.1220) | 0.1404 (0.3113) | |
Elderly Occasional | 0.3759 (0.0066) | 0.2405 (0.0892) | 0.2583 (0.0673) | 0.2672 (0.0580) | 0.2463 (0.0815) | 0.2088 (0.1414) | 0.2381 (0.0925) | |
Elderly Regular | 0.7037 (<0.0001) | 0.6519 (<0.0001) | 0.6913 (<0.0001) | 0.6441 (<0.0001) | 0.5516 (<0.0001) | 0.5376 (<0.0001) | 0.5284 (<0.0001) | |
C4 | Youth Occasional | 0.2498 (0.0685) | 0.2907 (0.0329) | 0.4961 (0.0001) | 0.5641 (<0.0001) | 0.4637 (0.0004) | 0.3110 (0.0221) | 0.2288 (0.0961) |
Youth Regular | 0.2103 (0.1268) | 0.2221 (0.1065) | 0.3645 (0.0067) | 0.3643 (0.0068) | 0.2607 (0.0569) | 0.0716 (0.6068) | −0.0280 (0.8406) | |
Elderly Occasional | 0.3585 (0.0098) | 0.2222 (0.1170) | 0.2012 (0.1569) | 0.2087 (0.1417) | 0.2184 (0.1237) | 0.1866 (0.1899) | 0.2366 (0.0947) | |
Elderly Regular | 0.6107 (<0.0001) | 0.6164 (<0.0001) | 0.6644 (<0.0001) | 0.6070 (<0.0001) | 0.3623 (0.0071) | 0.2948 (0.0305) | 0.2788 (0.0412) | |
Cz | Youth Occasional | 0.1729 (0.2112) | 0.2076 (0.1319) | 0.3869 (0.0038) | 0.4639 (0.0004) | 0.3673 (0.0063) | 0.2385 (0.0824) | 0.1706 (0.2176) |
Youth Regular | 0.2310 (0.0929) | 0.2845 (0.0371) | 0.4181 (0.0017) | 0.4113 (0.0020) | 0.3397 (0.0120) | 0.1716 (0.2146) | 0.0650 (0.6404) | |
Elderly Occasional | 0.3904 (0.0046) | 0.2652 (0.0600) | 0.2624 (0.0629) | 0.2700 (0.0553) | 0.2668 (0.0584) | 0.2342 (0.0981) | 0.2798 (0.0468) | |
Elderly Regular | 0.4380 (0.0009) | 0.4607 (0.0005) | 0.5498 (<0.0001) | 0.5505 (<0.0001) | 0.4959 (0.0001) | 0.5027 (0.0001) | 0.4986 (0.0001) |
Delta | Theta | L-Alpha | H-Alpha | L-Beta | H-Beta | Gamma | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C3 | Youth Occasional | p = 0.0861 | p = 0.0872 | p = 0.1032 | p = 0.0545 | p = 0.0093 | p = 0.0272 | p = 0.0064 |
Youth Regular | p < 0.001 | p = 0.0011 | p = 0.6801 | p = 0.5305 | p = 0.0023 | p = 0.0011 | p < 0.001 | |
Elderly Occasional | p = 0.0122 | p = 0.0621 | p = 0.9527 | p = 0.9249 | p = 0.6933 | p = 0.1791 | p = 0.0027 | |
Elderly Regular | p = 0.1019 | p = 0.6662 | p = 0.0180 | p = 0.0324 | p = 0.1596 | p = 0.3657 | p = 0.3446 | |
C4 | Youth Occasional | p = 0.0658 | p = 0.0499 | p = 0.0738 | p = 0.0348 | p = 0.0049 | p = 0.0151 | p = 0.0034 |
Youth Regular | p < 0.001 | p = 0.0022 | p = 0.4626 | p = 0.4761 | p = 0.0021 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
Elderly Occasional | p = 0.0240 | p = 0.0543 | p = 0.7284 | p = 0.8185 | p = 0.5308 | p = 0.1379 | p = 0.0017 | |
Elderly Regular | p = 0.0122 | p = 0.4295 | p = 0.0197 | p = 0.0569 | p = 0.5484 | p = 0.9590 | p = 0.1634 | |
Cz | Youth Occasional | p = 0.0808 | p = 0.0902 | p = 0.1752 | p = 0.0640 | p = 0.0106 | p = 0.0252 | p = 0.0045 |
Youth Regular | p = 0.0015 | p = 0.0211 | p = 0.9572 | p = 0.8219 | p = 0.0109 | p = 0.0037 | p < 0.001 | |
Elderly Occasional | p = 0.0254 | p = 0.0952 | p = 0.8433 | p = 0.8706 | p = 0.9117 | p = 0.4567 | p = 0.0040 | |
Elderly Regular | p = 0.1706 | p = 0.3402 | p = 0.6988 | p = 0.6412 | p = 0.7912 | p = 0.6926 | p = 0.0321 |
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Lin, S.-Y.; Jao, C.-W.; Wang, P.-S.; Liou, M.; Wu, J.-L.; Chun, H.; Tseng, C.-T.; Wu, Y.-T. Differences in Physiological Signals Due to Age and Exercise Habits of Subjects during Cycling Exercise. Sensors 2021, 21, 7220. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21217220
Lin S-Y, Jao C-W, Wang P-S, Liou M, Wu J-L, Chun H, Tseng C-T, Wu Y-T. Differences in Physiological Signals Due to Age and Exercise Habits of Subjects during Cycling Exercise. Sensors. 2021; 21(21):7220. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21217220
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Szu-Yu, Chi-Wen Jao, Po-Shan Wang, Michelle Liou, Jun-Liang Wu, Hsiao Chun, Ching-Ting Tseng, and Yu-Te Wu. 2021. "Differences in Physiological Signals Due to Age and Exercise Habits of Subjects during Cycling Exercise" Sensors 21, no. 21: 7220. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/s21217220