Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Field Trials
2.3. Sampling and Storage
2.4. Sample Preparation
2.5. GC–MS Condition
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Optimization of GC–MS Conditions
3.2. Optimizations of Sample Pretreatment
3.3. Method Validation
3.4. Dissipation of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions
3.5. Terminal Residue Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Dosage of Application c | Times of Application | Experiments | Days after Treatment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serial number a | Area (m2) | g a.i./ha | |||
1 | 15 * 3 b | 36 | 2 | Ultimate residue d | 2, 3, 5 |
2 | 15 * 3 | 36 | 3 | Ultimate residue d | 2, 3, 5 |
3 | 15 * 3 | 54 | 2 | Ultimate residue d | 2, 3, 5 |
4 | 15 * 3 | 54 | 3 | Ultimate residue d | 2, 3, 5 |
5 | 15 * 3 | 54 | 1 | Dissipation in leaf lettuce e | 2 h, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 |
6 | 30 | 0 | - | Control | Before the spraying and harvest |
Compounds | Monitor Ions (m/z) | Relative Ion Abundance Ratio (%) | Relative Retention Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
cnerin I | 123 *, 150,168 | 100:23:3 | 15.84 |
jasmolin I | 123 *, 135,69 | 100:12:4 | 16.51 |
pyrethrin I | 123 *, 81,105,162 | 100:21:21:16 | 16.57 |
cinerin II | 107 *, 121,93,167 | 100:79:53:53 | 18.73 |
jasmolin II | 107 *, 93,121,167 | 100:63:55:54 | 19.47 |
pyrethrin II | 107 *, 91,167 | 100:87:59 | 19.54 |
Matrix | Fortified Level (mg/kg) | Fortified Recovery (%) | RSD (%) |
---|---|---|---|
leaf lettuce | 0.05 | 104.0 ± 3.3 | 3.1 |
0.1 | 103.4 ± 1.0 | 0.9 | |
1 | 99.4 ± 2.8 | 2.9 |
Dosage (ga.i./ha) | 36 | 54 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Numbers of times sprayed | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | ||||||||
Pre-harvest intervals | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
Residue(mg/kg) | ||||||||||||
Beijing (open field) | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.36 | 0.22 | 0.15 |
Jiangsu (open field) | <0.05 | <0.05 | <0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 | <0.05 | <0.05 | 0.08 | <0.05 | <0.05 |
Hunan (open field) | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.19 | 0.14 |
Hainan (open field) | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
Shandong (greenhouse) | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.09 |
Zhejiang (greenhouse) | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.15 | 0.08 |
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Pan, L.; Feng, X.; Zhang, H. Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 822. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph14070822
Pan L, Feng X, Zhang H. Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):822. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph14070822
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Lixiang, Xiaoxiao Feng, and Hongyan Zhang. 2017. "Dissipation and Residues of Pyrethrins in Leaf Lettuce under Greenhouse and Open Field Conditions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 822. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph14070822