Humin as an External Electron Mediator for Microbial Pentachlorophenol Dechlorination: Exploration of Redox Active Structures Influenced by Isolation Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. HM Isolation Methods
2.1.1. Method 1 (HM-M1)
2.1.2. Method 2 (HM-M2)
2.1.3. Method 3 (HM-M3)
2.1.4. Method 4 (HM-M4)
2.1.5. Method 5 (HM-M5)
2.1.6. Method 6 (HM-M6 and HM-M7)
2.2. Influence of HM on the Microbial Reductive PCP Dichlorination
2.3. Chemical and Spectroscopic Characterization
2.3.1. CHN Ash Analysis
2.3.2. Fourier Transforms Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
2.3.3. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
2.3.4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
2.3.5. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic (XPS) Analysis
2.3.6. Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Influence of HM on Microbial Reductive PCP Dechlorination
3.2. Elemental Composition of HM
3.3. FT-IR Characterization
3.4. ESR Characterization
3.5. 13C CP/MAS NMR Characterization
3.6. Characterization by Wide and Narrow Scans XPS Spectra
3.7. Characterization by Cyclic Voltammograms (CVs)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Humin | Procedure (24 h per Wash) | Reference | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 4 | Step 5 | Step 6 | Step 7 | ||
HM-M1 | 0.1 N NaOH | 2% HF | 0.1 N NaOH | 2% HF | 0.1 N NaOH | Distilled water | Freeze-dry | Zhang and Katayama [8] |
HM-M2 | Benzene/methanol (1:1 v/v) | 0.1 N NaOH | HCl/HF (1:9 v/v) | 0.1 N NaOH | Distilled water | Freeze-dry | Hatcher et al. [26] | |
HM-M3 | 0.1 N NaOH | Methyl isobutyl ketone | 0.1 N NaOH | 0.1 N NaOH | Distilled water | Freeze-dry | Rice and MacCarthy [24] | |
HM-M4 | 0.1 M H3PO4 | 0.1 M Na4P2O7 | 0.1 N NaOH | CHBr3/ethanol (1.8 g/cm3) | 0.1 N NaOH | Distilled water | Freeze-dry | Almendros et al. [27] |
HM-M5 | 0.1 N NaOH | Mixture of 0.1 N NaOH containing 30 g/L Na2SO4 | 30 g/L Na2SO4 | 0.1 N NaOH | Distilled water | Freeze-dry | Tsutsuki and Kuwatsuka [28] | |
HM-M6 | 0.1 N NaOH | Mixture of 0.1 N NaOH containing 6 M Urea | DMSO + H2SO4 6% (v/v) (collected solid residue) | 0.1 N NaOH | Distilled water | Freeze-dry | Hayes et al. [29] | |
HM-M7 | 0.1 N NaOH | Mixture of 0.1 N NaOH containing 6 M Urea | DMSO + H2SO4 6% (v/v) (collected dark supernatant) | Adjust pH 9 by NaOH | 0.1 N NaOH | Distilled water | Freeze-dry | Hayes et al. [29] |
HM | Yield (mg HM/g Soil) | Elemental Composition (%) | Ash (%) | C/N | H/C | O/C | PCP Dechlorination Rate, (µmol Cl−) L−1d−1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | N | O | |||||||
HM-M1 | 14.5 | 6.86 | 1.94 | 0.50 | 13.75 | 76.95 | 15.89 | 3.40 | 1.50 | 3.44 |
HM-M2 | 1.2 | 38.65 | 5.24 | 2.99 | 25.52 | 27.60 | 15.08 | 1.63 | 0.50 | 3.33 |
HM-M3 | 10.6 | 3.44 | 1.30 | 0.30 | 8.51 | 86.46 | 13.38 | 4.52 | 1.85 | 3.48 |
HM-M4 | 9.4 | 6.01 | 1.75 | 0.50 | 10.55 | 81.20 | 14.11 | 3.49 | 1.32 | 0.55 |
HM-M5 | 14.0 | 2.48 | 1.32 | 0.17 | 10.88 | 85.14 | 16.71 | 6.38 | 3.29 | 2.48 |
HM-M6 | 9.9 | 3.63 | 1.20 | 0.26 | 9.66 | 85.25 | 16.50 | 3.96 | 2.00 | 2.40 |
HM-M7 | 1.47 | 13.05 | 2.49 | 0.79 | 19.49 | 64.19 | 19.27 | 2.29 | 1.12 | No activity |
Relative Abundance of Carbon (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Aliphatic (0–45 ppm) | Carbohydrate (45–100 ppm) | Aromatic (100–160 ppm) | Carboxylic (160–215 ppm) | |
HM-M1 | 51.9 | 23.7 | 8.7 | 15.7 |
HM-M2 | 68.6 | 9.4 | 15.0 | 7.0 |
HM-M3 | 34.5 | 23.1 | 4.5 | 37.8 |
HM-M4 | 51.3 | 11.8 | 16.1 | 20.8 |
HM-M5 | 59.3 | 22.9 | 11.4 | 6.4 |
HM-M6 | 68.1 | 10.7 | 20.1 | 0.9 |
HM-M7 | 27.3 | 1.0 | 52.8 | 18.9 |
Humin | Peak Assignment and Area Percentage (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C=C (C1) | C–C/C–H (C2) | C–O (C3) | C=O (C4) | O=C–N (C5) | O=C–O (C6) | CF1 (C7) | CF2 (C8) | |
HM-M1 | 15.6 | 13.6 | 17.6 | 24.4 | 21.2 | 7.8 | 1.7 | |
HM-M2 | 25.2 | 7.8 | 9.9 | 19.2 | 24.9 | 8.9 | 2.6 | 1.5 |
HM-M3 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 14.9 | 29.7 | 26.6 | 10.2 | ||
HM-M4 | 46.2 | 15.2 | 13.3 | 14.8 | 8.2 | 2.4 | ||
HM-M5 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 12.0 | 27.7 | 32.7 | 10.1 | ||
HM-M6 | 18.4 | 14.5 | 15.3 | 16.6 | 25.5 | 9.6 | ||
HM-M7 | 55.8 | 13.9 | 10.8 | 14.2 | 5.2 |
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Pham, D.M.; Katayama, A. Humin as an External Electron Mediator for Microbial Pentachlorophenol Dechlorination: Exploration of Redox Active Structures Influenced by Isolation Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2753. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15122753
Pham DM, Katayama A. Humin as an External Electron Mediator for Microbial Pentachlorophenol Dechlorination: Exploration of Redox Active Structures Influenced by Isolation Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(12):2753. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15122753
Chicago/Turabian StylePham, Duyen Minh, and Arata Katayama. 2018. "Humin as an External Electron Mediator for Microbial Pentachlorophenol Dechlorination: Exploration of Redox Active Structures Influenced by Isolation Methods" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 12: 2753. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph15122753