Problematic Internet Use and Smoking among Chinese Junior Secondary Students: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptomatology and Family Support
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Target Participants
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Participant Recruitment
2.4. Measures
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Association between Background Characteristics, PIU, Psychosocial Variables and Smoking
3.3. Testing the Mediation Effects
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications for Practice
4.2. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | No. (%)/M (SD) |
---|---|
Depression | |
Score of depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, CES-D) | 15.17 (9.61) |
Probable depression | |
CES-D < 16 | 3085 (59.5) |
CES-D 16–20 | 808 (15.6) |
CES-D 21–24 | 497 (9.6) |
CES-D 25 or above | 792 (15.3) |
Variables related to problematic Internet use | |
Social networking user | 4779 (92.2) |
Score of internet addiction (IA, Young’s diagnostic questionnaire) | 1.53 (1.65) |
Prevalence of IA | 332 (6.4) |
Score of social network addiction (SNA, modified Facebook addiction scale) | 16.85 (5.87) |
Variables related to smoking | |
Have smoked in the past month | |
Yes | 184 (3.6) |
No | 4998 (96.4) |
Number of cigarettes smoked per day (among those who have smoked in the past month, N = 184) | |
<1 | 117 (63.6) |
1–2 | 33 (17.9) |
3–4 | 9 (4.9) |
>4 | 25 (13.6) |
Independent Variable | Odds Ratio (Oru) (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) † |
---|---|---|
Socio-demographic background | ||
Grade | ||
7th | 1 | − |
8th | 1.06 (0.86, 1.32) | − |
Gender | ||
Female | 1 | − |
Male | 1.47 (1.16, 1.87) ** | − |
Father education level | ||
Primary school or below | 1 | − |
Junior secondary school | 0.90 (0.63, 1.30) | − |
Senior secondary school | 0.71 (0.47, 1.09) | − |
College or above | 0.70 (0.49, 1.02) | − |
Do not know | 0.80 (0.40, 1.58) | − |
Mother education level | ||
Primary school or below | 1 | − |
Junior secondary school | 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) | − |
Senior secondary school | 1.10 (0.83, 1.46) | − |
College or above | 0.98 (0.80, 1.21) | − |
Do not know | 1.04 (0.65, 1.65) | − |
Family financial situation | ||
Very good/good | 1 | − |
Average | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | − |
Poor/very poor | 2.17 (1.58, 2.96) *** | − |
Academic issues | ||
Academic performance | ||
Upper | 1 | − |
Medium | 1.20 (0.98, 1.47) | − |
Lower | 1.76 (1.24, 2.50) ** | − |
Perceived study pressure | ||
Nil/mild | 1 | − |
Moderate | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) | − |
Heavy/very heavy | 1.24 (0.87, 1.76) | − |
Variables related to problematic Internet use | ||
IA | ||
No | 1 | |
Yes | 2.30 (1.63, 3.24) *** | 2.07 (1.48, 2.90) *** |
Z-score of SNA | 1.31 (1.12, 1.54) ** | 1.26 (1.09, 1.47) ** |
Psychosocial variables | ||
Z-score of family support | 0.83 (0.75, 0.90) *** | 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) ** |
Probable depression (CES-D ≥ 16) | ||
No | 1 | |
Yes | 1.38 (1.11, 1.73) ** | 1.33 (1.05, 1.69) * |
Independent Variable | Z-Score on Family Support | Probable Depression (CES-D ≥ 16) |
---|---|---|
β (95% CI) † | OR (95% CI) § | |
IA | −0.41 (−0.52, −0.30) *** | 4.06 (3.16, 5.23) *** |
Z-score of SNA | −0.17 (−0.20, −0.14) *** | 1.86 (1.74, 1.98) *** |
Independent Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
ORa (95% CI) † | ORa (95% CI) † | ORa (95% CI) † | |
IA | 2.07 (1.48, 2.90) *** | 1.96 (1.46, 2.64) *** | 1.93 (1.44, 2.59) *** |
Z-score of family support | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) ** | ||
Probable depression | 1.25 (1.01, 1.55) * | ||
Independent Variable | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 |
ORa (95% CI) † | ORa (95% CI) † | ORa (95% CI) † | |
Z-score of SNA | 1.26 (1.09, 1.47) ** | 1.24 (1.07, 1.44) ** | 1.23 (1.07, 1.43) ** |
Z-score of family support | 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) * | ||
Probable depression | 1.18 (0.99, 1.42) |
Independent Variable | a | SEa | b | SEb | c’ | Sobel | p | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IA | ||||||||
Z-score of family support | −0.414 | 0.056 | −0.140 | 0.046 | 0.674 | 2.81 | 0.005 | 0.11 |
Probable depression | 1.402 | 0.129 | 0.224 | 0.108 | 0.656 | 2.04 | 0.041 | 0.43 |
SNA | ||||||||
Z-score of family support | −0.171 | 0.015 | −0.118 | 0.046 | 0.215 | 2.50 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
Probable depression | 0.618 | 0.034 | 0.167 | 0.092 | 0.210 | 1.81 | 0.07 | 0.36 |
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Mo, P.K.-h.; Li, J.-B.; Jiang, H.; Lau, J.T.F. Problematic Internet Use and Smoking among Chinese Junior Secondary Students: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptomatology and Family Support. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 5053. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16245053
Mo PK-h, Li J-B, Jiang H, Lau JTF. Problematic Internet Use and Smoking among Chinese Junior Secondary Students: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptomatology and Family Support. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(24):5053. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16245053
Chicago/Turabian StyleMo, Phoenix Kit-han, Ji-Bin Li, Hui Jiang, and Joseph T. F. Lau. 2019. "Problematic Internet Use and Smoking among Chinese Junior Secondary Students: The Mediating Role of Depressive Symptomatology and Family Support" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 24: 5053. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph16245053