Perceived Versus Real Swimming Skills of Adolescents under Standard and Challenging Conditions: Exploring Water Competencies as an Approach to Drowning Prevention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Water Safety Education
1.2. Self-Assessment, Water Safety Awareness, and Water Competencies
- To investigate the real protective value of swimming skills in adolescents, we compared the maximal distance covered in two trials (swimming under standard conditions (wearing swimwear and goggles) and under a more challenging situation (wearing clothes without goggles)).
- Analysis of self-assessment scores was performed to reveal how adolescents perceive their own swimming skills under standard conditions (wearing swimwear and goggles) and in a potential risk scenario simulation (swimming in clothes without goggles).
- Adolescents’ self-assessment scores before and after the experimental trials were compared to determine whether they are able to learn from experience gained from practical implementation of the task to more accurately assess their swimming skill.
- The differences between adolescents’ self-perceived skills and their real skills (assessed by experts) were evaluated to determine whether they can accurately assess their own swimming skills under standard and challenging conditions. Taking this into consideration, the awareness of swimming skills – a crucial part of water competencies - could be diagnosed.
- The relationship between adolescents’ self-assessment and their actual swimming skills (assessed by experts) was studied to reveal whether the real level of swimming skills goes hand-in-hand with the accuracy of self-perception of these skills.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design and Tasks
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable for Swimming Skills Assessment | Evaluation Scale (Points) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
Reliable expert assessment of distance covered (m) | Swimwear/goggles | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 |
Clothes/no goggles | |||||||
Self-assessment of swimming in swimwear (points) | Before trial | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
After trial | |||||||
Self-assessment of swimming in clothes (points) | Before trial | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
After trial |
Variable Tested | Student’s t-Test | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difference in Means | t | p | Difference in Means | t | p | |
Girls | Boys | |||||
Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | 0.0952 | 1.4509 | 0.1623 | −0.0000 | −0.0000 | 1.0000 |
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | ||||||
Newman-Keuls Post Hoc Test Girls vs. Boys (p Value) | ||||||
Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | 0.0925 | |||||
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | 0.0707 |
Variable Tested | Student’s t-Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difference in Means | t | p | Difference in Means | t | p | ||
Girls | Boys | ||||||
Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | Before the trial | −0.1429 | −0.3838 | 0.7032 | −0.1739 | 0.5345 | 0.5957 |
After the trial | |||||||
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | Before the trial | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 | −0.3043 | 0.9526 | 0.3460 |
After the trial | |||||||
Before the trial | Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | 0.0476 | 0.1277 | 0.8990 | 0.4783 | −1.6464 | 0.1068 |
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | |||||||
After the trial | Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | 0.1905 | 0.4802 | 0.6337 | 0.3478 | −0.9895 | 0.3278 |
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | |||||||
Newman-Keuls Post Hoc Test Girls vs. Boys (p-Value) | |||||||
Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | Before the trial | 0.0707 | |||||
After the trial | 0.1124 | ||||||
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | Before the trial | 0.5917 | |||||
After the trial | 0.8970 |
Variable Tested | Student’s t-Test | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Difference in Means | t | p | Difference in Means | t | p | ||
Girls | Boys | ||||||
Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | Before the trial | −0.0476 | −0.0889 | 0.9295 | 1.2174 | 3.3864 | 0.0015 2 |
After the trial | −0.1905 | −0.3449 | 0.7319 | 1.3913 | 3.5656 | 0.0009 2 | |
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | Before the trial | −0.0952 | −0.16873 | 0.8668 | 0.7391 | 2.0439 | 0.0470 1 |
After the trial | −0.0952 | −0.16873 | 0.8668 | 1.0435 | 2.7222 | 0.0093 2 | |
Before the trial | Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 | 0.7391 | 2.0439 | 0.0470 1 |
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 1.0000 | 1.0435 | 2.7222 | 0.0093 2 | |
After the trial | Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | −0.1429 | −0.2609 | 0.7955 | 1.2174 | 3.3865 | 0.0015 2 |
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | −0.2857 | −0.5066 | 0.6153 | 1.3913 | 3.5656 | 0.0009 2 | |
Newman-Keuls Post Hoc Test Girls vs. Boys (p-Value) | |||||||
Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | Before the trial | 0.3630 | |||||
After the trial | 0.1121 | ||||||
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | Before the trial | 0.5917 | |||||
After the trial | 0.8971 |
Experimental Trials | Girls | Boys | |
---|---|---|---|
Trial I, Swimwear and goggles | Before the trial | 0.5194 1 | 0.4821 1 |
After the trial | 0.5713 1 | 0.5437 1 | |
Trial II, Clothes without goggles | Before the trial | 0.4227 1 | 0.3783 |
After the trial | 0.4899 1 | 0.1975 |
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Rejman, M.; Kwaśna, A.; Chrobot, M.; Kjendlie, P.-L.; Stalmann, R.K. Perceived Versus Real Swimming Skills of Adolescents under Standard and Challenging Conditions: Exploring Water Competencies as an Approach to Drowning Prevention. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3826. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17113826
Rejman M, Kwaśna A, Chrobot M, Kjendlie P-L, Stalmann RK. Perceived Versus Real Swimming Skills of Adolescents under Standard and Challenging Conditions: Exploring Water Competencies as an Approach to Drowning Prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(11):3826. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17113826
Chicago/Turabian StyleRejman, Marek, Anna Kwaśna, Magdalena Chrobot, Per-Ludvik Kjendlie, and Robert K Stalmann. 2020. "Perceived Versus Real Swimming Skills of Adolescents under Standard and Challenging Conditions: Exploring Water Competencies as an Approach to Drowning Prevention" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11: 3826. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17113826