Functional Dentition and 12-Month Changes in Body Measurements among Thai Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Characteristics | All Sample | Non-FD without Dentures | Non-FD with Dentures | FD | p Value a | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Sex | 0.212 | |||||||||
Men | 178 | 27.3 | 125 | 29.2 | 28 | 21.4 | 25 | 27.2 | ||
Women | 473 | 72.7 | 303 | 70.8 | 103 | 78.6 | 67 | 72.8 | ||
Age groups | 0.006 | |||||||||
60–64 years | 201 | 30.9 | 128 | 29.9 | 33 | 25.2 | 40 | 43.5 | ||
65–69 years | 147 | 22.6 | 96 | 22.4 | 24 | 18.3 | 27 | 29.3 | ||
70–74 years | 123 | 18.9 | 78 | 18.2 | 33 | 25.2 | 12 | 13.0 | ||
75–79 years | 92 | 14.1 | 65 | 15.2 | 19 | 14.5 | 8 | 8.7 | ||
80+ years | 88 | 13.5 | 61 | 14.3 | 22 | 16.8 | 5 | 5.4 | ||
Residence area | 0.144 | |||||||||
Municipal | 309 | 47.5 | 200 | 46.7 | 71 | 54.2 | 38 | 41.3 | ||
Non-municipal | 342 | 52.5 | 228 | 53.5 | 60 | 45.8 | 54 | 58.7 | ||
Education | 0.460 | |||||||||
No education | 83 | 12.7 | 54 | 12.6 | 14 | 10.7 | 15 | 16.3 | ||
Any education | 568 | 87.3 | 374 | 87.4 | 117 | 89.3 | 77 | 83.7 | ||
Wealth quartiles | 0.438 | |||||||||
Q1 (poorest) | 163 | 25.0 | 110 | 25.7 | 26 | 19.8 | 27 | 29.3 | ||
Q2 | 166 | 25.5 | 114 | 26.6 | 29 | 22.1 | 23 | 25.0 | ||
Q3 | 164 | 25.2 | 104 | 24.3 | 37 | 28.2 | 23 | 25.0 | ||
Q4 (wealthiest) | 158 | 24.3 | 100 | 23.4 | 39 | 29.8 | 19 | 20.7 | ||
Physical activity | 0.380 | |||||||||
0–6 sessions/week | 75 | 11.5 | 49 | 11.4 | 14 | 10.7 | 12 | 13.0 | ||
7 sessions/week | 395 | 60.7 | 269 | 62.9 | 78 | 59.5 | 48 | 52.2 | ||
8+ sessions/week | 181 | 27.8 | 110 | 25.7 | 39 | 29.8 | 32 | 34.8 | ||
Smoking status | 0.183 | |||||||||
Never | 473 | 72.7 | 305 | 71.3 | 104 | 79.4 | 64 | 69.6 | ||
Former | 125 | 19.2 | 82 | 19.2 | 21 | 16.0 | 22 | 23.9 | ||
Current | 53 | 8.1 | 41 | 9.6 | 6 | 4.6 | 6 | 6.5 | ||
Hypertension | 0.144 | |||||||||
No | 125 | 19.2 | 71 | 16.6 | 31 | 23.7 | 23 | 25.0 | ||
Yes, controlled | 519 | 79.7 | 351 | 82.0 | 99 | 75.6 | 69 | 75.0 | ||
Yes, uncontrolled | 7 | 1.1 | 6 | 1.4 | 1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Hyperlipidaemia | 0.491 | |||||||||
No | 249 | 38.2 | 160 | 37.4 | 56 | 42.7 | 33 | 35.9 | ||
Yes, controlled | 395 | 60.7 | 265 | 61.9 | 73 | 55.7 | 57 | 62.0 | ||
Yes, uncontrolled | 7 | 1.1 | 3 | 0.7 | 2 | 1.5 | 2 | 2.2 | ||
Diabetes | 0.768 | |||||||||
No | 421 | 64.7 | 272 | 63.6 | 91 | 69.5 | 58 | 63.0 | ||
Yes, controlled | 225 | 34.6 | 153 | 35.7 | 39 | 29.8 | 33 | 35.9 | ||
Yes, uncontrolled | 5 | 0.7 | 3 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 1.1 | ||
Medications taken | 0.005 | |||||||||
None taken | 81 | 12.4 | 49 | 11.5 | 16 | 12.2 | 16 | 17.4 | ||
1–2 taken | 284 | 43.6 | 181 | 42.3 | 74 | 56.5 | 29 | 31.5 | ||
3–4 taken | 232 | 35.6 | 157 | 36.7 | 34 | 26.0 | 41 | 44.6 | ||
5+ taken | 54 | 8.3 | 41 | 9.6 | 7 | 5.3 | 6 | 6.5 |
Baseline Characteristics | BMI (kg/m2) | WC (cm) | TSF (mm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
All participants | ||||
Baseline value | 24.51 ± 4.71 | 88.88 ± 10.97 | 25.48 ± 11.41 | |
Mean change | 0.20 ± 1.60 | −0.61 ± 5.27 | −6.03 ± 9.14 | |
Sex | ||||
Men | 0.07 ± 1.60 | −0.56 ± 5.36 | −2.96 ± 7.19 | |
Women | 0.25 ± 1.68 | −0.63 ± 5.24 | −7.19 ± 9.53 | |
p value a | 0.217 | 0.880 | <0.001 | |
Age groups | ||||
60–64 years | 0.26 ± 1.59 | −0.22 ± 5.05 | −7.08 ± 8.77 | |
65–69 years | 0.34 ± 1.55 | −0.98 ± 5.20 | −7.44 ± 9.90 | |
70–74 years | 0.15 ± 1.56 | −0.98 ± 5.98 | −5.82 ± 9.76 | |
75–79 years | −0.07 ± 1.77 | −0.98 ± 4.61 | −4.84 ± 8.38 | |
80+ years | 0.17 ± 1.98 | 0.04 ± 5.43 | −2.83 ± 7.59 | |
p value | 0.425 | 0.375 | 0.001 | |
Residence area | ||||
Urban | 0.15 ± 1.43 | −0.53 ± 4.79 | −5.76 ± 9.37 | |
Rural | 0.24 ± 1.85 | −0.68 ± 5.67 | −6.28 ± 8.93 | |
p value | 0.507 | 0.717 | 0.469 | |
Education | ||||
No education | 0.17 ± 1.72 | −1.39 ± 5.46 | −6.32 ± 9.44 | |
Any education | 0.20 ± 1.66 | −0.49 ± 5.23 | −5.99 ± 9.10 | |
p value | 0.871 | 0.149 | 0.760 | |
Wealth quartiles | ||||
Q1 (poorest) | 0.18 ± 1.92 | −0.17 ± 5.31 | −5.15 ± 10.18 | |
Q2 | 0.28 ± 1.63 | −0.59 ± 4.81 | −4.67 ± 8.21 | |
Q3 | 0.26 ± 1.41 | −0.83 ± 5.31 | −7.03 ± 8.74 | |
Q4 (wealthiest) | 0.07 ± 1.65 | −0.84 ± 5.64 | −7.35 ± 9.11 | |
p value | 0.654 | 0.635 | 0.015 | |
Physical activity | ||||
0–6 sessions/week | 0.23 ± 1.94 | −0.60 ± 6.05 | −7.95 ± 9.87 | |
7 sessions/week | 0.22 ± 1.70 | −0.74 ± 5.29 | −6.34 ± 9.42 | |
8+ sessions/week | 0.14 ± 1.44 | −0.33 ± 4.89 | −4.57 ± 7.96 | |
p value | 0.872 | 0.689 | 0.015 | |
Smoking status | ||||
Never | 0.19 ± 1.73 | −0.74 ± 5.30 | −6.72 ± 9.42 | |
Former | 0.20 ± 1.53 | −0.42 ± 5.62 | −3.75 ± 7.33 | |
Current | 0.26 ± 1.31 | 0.12 ± 3.97 | −5.27 ± 9.64 | |
p value | 0.958 | 0.482 | 0.004 | |
Hypertension | ||||
No | 0.52 ± 1.75 | −0.70 ± 4.79 | −6.02 ± 8.84 | |
Yes, controlled | 0.12 ± 1.64 | −0.61 ± 5.39 | −6.13 ± 9.24 | |
Yes, uncontrolled | 0.40 ± 0.97 | 1.66 ± 3.66 | 0.48 ± 2.60 | |
p value | 0.049 | 0.514 | 0.164 | |
Hyperlipidaemia | ||||
No | 0.27 ± 1.71 | −0.30 ± 5.38 | −5.54 ± 8.21 | |
Yes, controlled | 0.16 ± 1.63 | −0.76 ± 5.15 | −6.36 ± 9.67 | |
Yes, uncontrolled | 0.37 ± 2.17 | −2.90 ± 7.31 | −5.37 ± 9.72 | |
p value | 0.462 | 0.292 | 0.528 | |
Diabetes | ||||
No | 0.28 ± 1.66 | −0.25 ± 5.04 | −5.14 ± 8.43 | |
Yes, controlled | 0.06 ± 1.63 | −1.30 ± 5.60 | −7.76 ± 10.19 | |
Yes, uncontrolled | 0.50 ± 2.90 | 0.4 ± 6.34 | −3.80 ± 6.34 | |
p value | 0.168 | 0.051 | 0.002 | |
Medications taken | ||||
None taken | 0.61 ± 1.78 | −0.72 ± 5.05 | −4.58 ± 7.40 | |
1–2 taken | 0.14 ± 1.67 | −0.34 ± 5.20 | −6.15 ± 8.74 | |
3–4 taken | 0.11 ± 1.69 | −0.85 ± 5.34 | −6.43 ± 9.80 | |
5+ taken | 0.29 ± 1.18 | −0.76 ± 5.70 | −5.88 ± 10.51 | |
p value | 0.104 | 0.729 | 0.468 |
Functional Dentition | Mean | (SD) | Crude Associations | Adjusted Associations b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. a | [95%CI] | Coef. a | [95%CI] | |||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||||
Non-FD without dentures | 0.25 | (1.64) | 0.00 | [Reference] | 0.00 | [Reference] |
Non-FD with dentures | 0.17 | (1.80) | −0.08 | [−0.40, 0.25] | −0.05 | [−0.38, 0.29] |
FD | 0.01 | (1.54) | −0.24 | [−0.62, 0.13] | −0.32 | [−0.71, 0.06] |
p value for trend c | 0.209 | 0.132 | ||||
Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||
Non-FD without dentures | −0.46 | (5.25) | 0.00 | [Reference] | 0.00 | [Reference] |
Non-FD with dentures | −0.88 | (5.39) | −0.42 | [−1.46, 0.61] | −0.33 | [−1.39, 0.72] |
FD | −0.88 | (5.22) | −0.42 | [−1.61, 0.77] | −0.28 | [−1.50, 0.94] |
p value for trend c | 0.377 | 0.535 | ||||
Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) | ||||||
Non-FD without dentures | −5.91 | (9.29) | 0.00 | [Reference] | 0.00 | [Reference] |
Non-FD with dentures | −6.74 | (9.65) | −0.83 | [−2.62, 0.96] | −0.56 | [−2.31, 1.20] |
FD | −5.62 | (7.58) | 0.29 | [−1.78, 2.35] | 0.95 | [−1.07, 2.98] |
p value for trend c | 0.924 | 0.576 |
Nutrients | Non-FD with Dentures | FD | p Value for Trend b | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef. a | [95%CI] | Coef. a | [95%CI] | ||
TEI (kcal) | 128.54 | [−219.60, 476.68] | −76.56 | [−478.37, 325.26] | 0.961 |
Protein (%TEI) | 0.49 | [−0.94, 1.94] | −0.37 | [−2.04, 1.29] | 0.901 |
CHO (%TEI) | −0.16 | [−2.71, 2.38] | −0.25 | [−3.19, 2.69] | 0.848 |
Fat (%TEI) | −0.15 | [−1.99, 1.69] | 0.67 | [−1.45, 2.80] | 0.634 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 22.05 | [−41.83, 85.93] | −27.78 | [−101.49, 45.92] | 0.703 |
Dietary fibre (g) | 0.87 | [−2.43, 4.17] | 0.87 | [−2.94, 4.69] | 0.562 |
Vitamin A (RAE/day) | 7.43 | [−64.69, 79.54] | −30.84 | [−114.05, 52.36] | 0.583 |
Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | −0.05 | [−0.32, 0.22] | −0.23 | [−0.55, 0.09] | 0.170 |
Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 0.00 | [−0.17, 0.18] | −0.15 | [−0.35, 0.05] | 0.209 |
Vitamin B3 (mg/day) | −1.40 | [−4.19, 1.39] | −1.25 | [−4.47, 1.97] | 0.304 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | −0.01 | [−0.09, 0.07] | −0.02 | [−0.11, 0.07] | 0.602 |
Vitamin B12 (mcg/day) | 0.02 | [−0.15, 0.20] | −0.13 | [−0.33, 0.07] | 0.328 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 0.22 | [−6.98, 7.41] | 5.57 | [−2.73, 13.88] | 0.248 |
Vitamin E (mg/day) | 0.20 | [−0.20, 0.60] | −0.12 | [−0.58, 0.35] | 0.955 |
Iron (mg/day) | −0.14 | [−2.28, 2.00] | 1.22 | [−1.24, 3.69] | 0.430 |
Calcium (mg/day) | −15.74 | [−92.85, 61.36] | 3.70 | [−85.27, 92.67] | 0.936 |
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Gaewkhiew, P.; Sabbah, W.; Bernabé, E. Functional Dentition and 12-Month Changes in Body Measurements among Thai Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4200. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17124200
Gaewkhiew P, Sabbah W, Bernabé E. Functional Dentition and 12-Month Changes in Body Measurements among Thai Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(12):4200. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17124200
Chicago/Turabian StyleGaewkhiew, Piyada, Wael Sabbah, and Eduardo Bernabé. 2020. "Functional Dentition and 12-Month Changes in Body Measurements among Thai Older Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 12: 4200. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17124200