Enhanced Biodegradation of Phthalic Acid Esters’ Derivatives by Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Using a Correction 3D-QSAR Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Construction of the Comparative Molecular Similarity Index Analysis (CoMSIA) Model of the Comprehensive Biodegradability of PAEs
2.3. Evaluation of Functionality and Environmental Friendliness of DEP Derivatives Based on Density Functional Theory (DFT)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Construction and Evaluation of the CoMSIA Model for the Comprehensive Biodegradability of the PAEs by Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria
3.1.1. Calculation of the Comprehensive Biodegradation Values of the PAEs by Three Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria of PAE Molecules
3.1.2. Construction of the CoMSIA Model for the Comprehensive Biodegradability of the PAE Molecules by Three Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria
3.1.3. Contour Map Analysis of the CoMSIA Model
3.2. Molecular Modification of DEP for Enhanced Biodegradability Based on the CoMSIA Model
3.2.1. Molecular Modification and Prediction of Comprehensive Biodegradability of DEP
3.2.2. Verification of the CoMSIA Model for the Comprehensive Biodegradability of PAEs Molecules
3.2.3. Evaluation of the Functionality and Environmental Friendliness of DEP Derivatives
3.3. Analysis of the Microbial Degradation Mechanism of DEP and Its Derivatives Based on a Microbial Degradation Path Simulation
3.3.1. Simulation of Microbial Degradation of DEP and Its Derivative Molecules
3.3.2. Calculation of the Reaction Energy Barrier for Microbial Degradation Transformation Paths of DEP and Its Derivatives
3.3.3. Simulation and Verification of the Molecular Dynamics of the Microbial Degradation of DEP and Its Derivatives
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Compounds | Docking Score Value of 2PIA | Converted Values of 2PIA | Docking Score Value of 2ZYI | Converted Values of 2ZYI | Docking Score Value of 3CN7 | Converted Values of 3CN7 | Comprehensive Biodegradation Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BBP a | 7.070 | 0.509 | 1.908 | 0.100 | 5.116 | 0.380 | 0.323 |
DAP a | 5.918 | 0.385 | 5.461 | 0.357 | 5.275 | 0.409 | 0.380 |
DBP b | 5.754 | 0.367 | 5.551 | 0.364 | 6.047 | 0.547 | 0.408 |
DEP a | 5.574 | 0.347 | 4.711 | 0.303 | 3.548 | 0.100 | 0.272 |
DHP a | 7.455 | 0.551 | 7.221 | 0.485 | 6.964 | 0.711 | 0.564 |
DIBP a | 4.824 | 0.266 | 5.081 | 0.330 | 5.006 | 0.361 | 0.313 |
DIHP a | 8.634 | 0.679 | 10.570 | 0.727 | 7.870 | 0.872 | 0.743 |
DIHXP | 7.462 | 0.552 | 10.548 | 0.726 | 6.660 | 0.656 | 0.643 |
DIPP a | 6.313 | 0.427 | 5.916 | 0.390 | 6.061 | 0.549 | 0.442 |
DIPRP a | 5.339 | 0.322 | 4.609 | 0.296 | 5.885 | 0.518 | 0.358 |
DMEP b | 7.085 | 0.511 | 4.088 | 0.258 | 6.876 | 0.695 | 0.459 |
DMP a | 3.293 | 0.100 | 4.624 | 0.297 | 3.940 | 0.170 | 0.191 |
DNOP a | 10.420 | 0.873 | 4.797 | 0.309 | 8.333 | 0.955 | 0.679 |
DPP a | 5.484 | 0.338 | 4.970 | 0.322 | 6.313 | 0.594 | 0.393 |
DPRP b | 6.273 | 0.423 | 6.681 | 0.446 | 4.746 | 0.314 | 0.406 |
DTDP a | 9.112 | 0.731 | 13.722 | 0.956 | 8.584 | 1.000 | 0.880 |
DUP * | 11.595 | 1.000 | 14.334 | 1.000 | 8.561 | 0.996 | 0.999 |
Ej | 1.799 | 1.792 | 1.497 | − | |||
Hj | 0.799 | 0.792 | 0.497 | − | |||
Wj | 38.28% | 37.93% | 23.79% | − |
Model | q2 | n | SEE | R2 | F | r2pred | Q2 | cSDEP | dq2/dr2yy | S | E | H | D | A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CoMSIA | 0.731 | 8 | 0.013 | 0.999 | 578.738 | 0.761 | 0.385 | 0.251 | 1.488 | 34.7% | 11.1% | 46.8% | 7.4% | 0.0% |
No. | Substituent Group | Comprehensive Biodegradation Values | Change Rate (%) | Docking Score Value of 2PIA | Change Rate (%) | Docking Score Value of 2ZYI | Change Rate (%) | Docking Score Value of 3CN7 | Change Rate (%) | Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DEP | 0.27 | 5.57 | 4.71 | 3.55 | 38.28:37.93:23.79 | |||||
DEP-1 | H1-CH3 | 0.293 | 8.52% | 5.637 | 1.20% | 5.232 | 11.08% | 4.319 | 21.66% | − |
DEP-2 | H1-CH2CH3 | 0.311 | 15.19% | 5.762 | 3.45% | 5.353 | 13.65% | 4.329 | 21.94% | − |
DEP-3 | H1-CH(CH3)2 | 0.328 | 21.48% | 5.876 | 5.49% | 5.397 | 14.59% | 4.399 | 23.92% | − |
DEP-4 | H1-C(CH3)3 | 0.349 | 29.26% | 5.976 | 7.29% | 5.673 | 20.45% | 4.36 | 22.82% | − |
DEP-5 | C1-CH3 | 0.269 | −0.37% | 5.500 | −1.26% | 4.827 | 2.48% | 4.262 | 20.06% | − |
DEP-6 | C1-OH | 0.228 | −15.56% | 4.828 | −13.32% | 4.838 | 2.72% | 4.224 | 18.99% | − |
DEP-7 | C1-H | 0.272 | 0.74% | 5.059 | −9.17% | 4.784 | 1.57% | 4.372 | 23.15% | − |
DEP-8 | C1-CN | 0.255 | −5.56% | 5.266 | −5.46% | 4.874 | 3.48% | 4.172 | 17.52% | − |
DEP-9 | C1-NH2 | 0.225 | −16.67% | 4.967 | −10.83% | 4.677 | −0.70% | 4.327 | 21.89% | − |
DEP-10 | C1-CHO | 0.255 | −5.56% | 4.938 | −11.35% | 5.077 | 7.79% | 4.113 | 15.86% | − |
DEP-11 | C2-OH | 0.249 | −7.78% | 5.658 | 1.58% | 4.594 | −2.46% | 4.29 | 20.85% | − |
DEP-12 | C2-CHO | 0.262 | −2.96% | 5.737 | 3.00% | 4.871 | 3.42% | 4.282 | 20.62% | − |
DEP-13 | C2-COOH | 0.269 | −0.37% | 5.892 | 5.78% | 4.921 | 4.48% | 4.312 | 21.46% | − |
DEP-14 | C2-NH2 | 0.256 | −5.19% | 5.504 | −1.18% | 4.911 | 4.27% | 4.199 | 18.28% | − |
DEP-15 | C2-COCH3 | 0.289 | 7.04% | 6.109 | 9.68% | 4.969 | 5.50% | 4.378 | 23.32% | − |
DEP-16 | C2-CONH2 | 0.235 | −12.96% | 5.755 | 3.32% | 4.776 | 1.40% | 4.436 | 24.96% | − |
DEP-17 | C2-(OH)2 | 0.267 | −1.11% | 5.484 | −1.54% | 5.495 | 16.67% | 4.170 | 17.46% | − |
DEP-18 | C2-(CHO)2 | 0.267 | −1.11% | 5.409 | −2.89% | 5.73 | 21.66% | 4.131 | 16.37% | − |
DEP-19 | C2-(COOH)2 | 0.284 | 5.19% | 5.621 | 0.92% | 5.826 | 23.69% | 4.119 | 16.03% | − |
DEP-20 | C2-(NH2)2 | 0.259 | −4.07% | 5.444 | −2.26% | 5.434 | 15.37% | 4.295 | 20.99% | − |
DEP-21 | C2-(COCH3)2 | 0.310 | 14.81% | 5.799 | 4.11% | 6.015 | 27.71% | 4.188 | 17.97% | − |
DEP-22 | C2-(CONH2)2 | 0.261 | −3.33% | 5.362 | −3.73% | 5.946 | 26.24% | 4.175 | 17.61% | − |
DEP-23 | H1-CH3-C2-COCH3 | 0.357 | 32.22% | 6.317 | 13.41% | 5.547 | 17.77% | 4.198 | 18.25% | 27.13:35.95:36.92 |
DEP-24 | H1-CH2CH3-C2-COCH3 | 0.377 | 39.63% | 6.453 | 15.85% | 5.725 | 21.55% | 4.169 | 17.44% | 28.91:39.30:31.80 |
DEP-25 | H1-CH(CH3)2-C2-COCH3 | 0.389 | 44.07% | 6.565 | 17.86% | 5.708 | 21.19% | 4.200 | 18.31% | 31.14:36.94:31.92 |
DEP-26 | H1-C(CH3)3-C2-COCH3 | 0.406 | 50.37% | 6.725 | 20.74% | 5.787 | 22.87% | 4.282 | 20.62% | 32.29:35.60:32.11 |
DEP-27 | H1-CH3-C2-CONH2 | 0.333 | 23.33% | 6.077 | 9.10% | 5.778 | 22.68% | 4.129 | 16.31% | 18.93:47.15:33.92 |
DEP-28 | H1-CH2CH3-C2-CONH2 | 0.343 | 27.04% | 6.151 | 10.43% | 5.898 | 25.22% | 4.130 | 16.34% | 20.06:48.51:31.42 |
DEP-29 | H1-CH(CH3)2-C2-CONH2 | 0.356 | 31.85% | 6.263 | 12.44% | 5.879 | 24.82% | 4.144 | 16.73% | 23.04:45.97:30.99 |
DEP-30 | H1-C(CH3)3-C2-CONH2 | 0.370 | 37.04% | 6.382 | 14.58% | 5.953 | 26.39% | 4.230 | 19.15% | 24.25:43.89:31.86 |
Model | 3D-QSAR | q2 | n | SEE | R2 | F | r2pred | Q2 | cSDEP | dq2/dr2yy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | CoMSIA | 0.627 | 8 | 0.172 | 0.998 | 284.548 | 0.657 | 0.559 | 2.78 | 0.958 |
b | CoMFA | 0.697 | 3 | 0.518 | 0.986 | 207.862 | 0.918 | 0.422 | 3.306 | 1.372 |
c | CoMFA | 0.68 | 10 | 0.001 | 1 | 465107.312 | 0.618 | 0.491 | 3.021 | 0.690 |
No. | Total Energy (a.u.) | Change Rate (%) | Energy Gap (eV) | Frequency (cm−1) | Bio-Toxicity (logLC50) | Change Rate (%) | Bioaccumulation (logBCF) | BCF | Persistence (logt1/2) | Change Rate (%) | Long-Range Migration (logKOA) | Change Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DEP | −766.62 | 5.32 | 24.02 | 1.100 | 1.264 | 18.37 | 3.156 | 7.505 | ||||
DEP-23 | −919.26 | −19.91% | 5.15 | 15.09 | 0.781 | 29.00% | 1.879 | 75.68 | 3.271 | −3.64% | 8.540 | 13.79% |
DEP-24 | −958.57 | −25.04% | 5.16 | 18.09 | 0.744 | 32.36% | 1.992 | 98.17 | 3.250 | −2.98% | 8.546 | 13.87% |
DEP-25 | −997.89 | −30.17% | 5.14 | 17.65 | 0.737 | 33.00% | 2.041 | 109.90 | 3.230 | −2.34% | 8.563 | 14.10% |
DEP-26 | −1037.2 | −35.30% | 5.06 | 15.38 | 0.672 | 38.91% | 2.116 | 130.62 | 3.215 | −1.87% | 8.766 | 16.80% |
DEP-27 | −935.32 | −22.01% | 5.00 | 19.32 | 1.070 | 2.73% | 1.569 | 37.07 | 3.386 | −7.29% | 8.329 | 10.98% |
DEP-28 | −974.64 | −27.13% | 4.97 | 16.33 | 1.047 | 4.82% | 1.600 | 39.81 | 3.378 | −7.03% | 8.352 | 11.29% |
DEP-29 | −1013.95 | −32.26% | 4.96 | 16.24 | 1.038 | 5.64% | 1.653 | 44.98 | 3.357 | −6.37% | 8.374 | 11.58% |
DEP-30 | −1053.26 | −37.39% | 4.94 | 15.99 | 0.923 | 16.09% | 1.716 | 52.00 | 3.349 | −6.12% | 8.489 | 13.11% |
DEP | Change Rate (%) | DEP-27 | Change Rate (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path | Reactants | Reaction Products | Energy Barrier (kJ/mol) | Total Energy Barrier (kJ/mol) | Reactants | Reaction Products | Energy Barrier (kJ/mol) | Total Energy Barrier (kJ/mol) | ||
Path1 | DEP | M0-1 | 27.57 | 127.33 | − | DEP-27 | M1-1 | 28.88 | 113.16 | −11.13 |
M0-1 | M0-2 | 15.75 | M1-1 | M1-2 | 13.92 | |||||
M0-2 | M0-3 | 53.82 | M1-2 | M1-3 | 56.97 | |||||
M0-3 | M0-5 | 30.19 | M1-3 | M1-5 | 13.39 | |||||
Path2 | DEP | M0-1 | 27.57 | 139.68 | − | DEP-27 | M1-1 | 28.88 | 127.07 | −9.02 |
M0-1 | M0-2 | 15.75 | M1-1 | M1-2 | 13.92 | |||||
M0-2 | M0-4 | 68.79 | M1-2 | M1-4 | 72.99 | |||||
M0-4 | M0-5 | 27.57 | M1-4 | M1-5 | 11.29 | |||||
Total Change rate (%) | −20.15 | |||||||||
DEP-28 | Change Rate (%) | DEP-29 | Change Rate (%) | |||||||
Path | Reactants | Reaction Products | Energy Barrier (kJ/mol) | Total Energy Barrier (kJ/mol) | Path | Reactants | Reaction Products | Energy Barrier (kJ/mol) | ||
Path1 | DEP-28 | M2-1 | 24.94 | 110.98 | −12.84 | DEP-29 | M3-1 | 17.07 | 99.77 | −21.65 |
M2-1 | M2-2 | 15.67 | M3-1 | M3-2 | 12.34 | |||||
M2-2 | M2-3 | 56.97 | M3-2 | M3-3 | 56.97 | |||||
M2-3 | M2-5 | 13.39 | M3-3 | M3-5 | 13.39 | |||||
Path2 | DEP-28 | M2-1 | 24.94 | 124.90 | −10.58 | DEP-29 | M3-1 | 17.07 | 113.68 | −18.61 |
M2-1 | M2-2 | 15.67 | M3-1 | M3-2 | 12.34 | |||||
M2-2 | M2-4 | 72.99 | M3-2 | M3-4 | 72.99 | |||||
M2-4 | M2-5 | 11.29 | M3-4 | M3-5 | 11.29 | |||||
Total Change rate (%) | −23.42 | Total Change rate (%) | −30.26 |
No. | 2PIA | 2ZYI | 3CN7 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Docking Score Value | △Gbind (kJ/mol) | Docking Score Value | △Gbind (kJ/mol) | Docking Score Value | △Gbind (kJ/mol) | |
DEP | 5.574 | −62.400 | 4.711 | −138.694 | 3.548 | −108.742 |
DEP-27 | 5.323↓ | −126.613↓ | 3.491↓ | −158.330↓ | 5.661↑ | −102.247↑ |
DEP-28 | 5.793↑ | −74.505↓ | 3.993↓ | −138.588↑ | 6.139↑ | −136.861↓ |
DEP-29 | 5.717↑ | −108.149↓ | 7.535↑ | −177.961↓ | 7.042↑ | −160.312↓ |
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Zhang, H.; Zhao, C.; Na, H. Enhanced Biodegradation of Phthalic Acid Esters’ Derivatives by Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Using a Correction 3D-QSAR Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5299. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17155299
Zhang H, Zhao C, Na H. Enhanced Biodegradation of Phthalic Acid Esters’ Derivatives by Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Using a Correction 3D-QSAR Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(15):5299. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17155299
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Haigang, Chengji Zhao, and Hui Na. 2020. "Enhanced Biodegradation of Phthalic Acid Esters’ Derivatives by Plasticizer-Degrading Bacteria (Burkholderia cepacia, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Using a Correction 3D-QSAR Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15: 5299. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17155299