Perceived Social Discrimination, Socioeconomic Status, and Alcohol Consumption among Chinese Adults: A Nationally Representative Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Key Points
- The alcohol consumption rate among Chinese men is about 13 times that of Chinese women.
- People with an annual income between 50,000 and 150,000 yuan are more prone to alcoholism than those with income under 50,000 yuan.
- Groups that have experienced unequal treatment in public services are more prone to alcoholism than those who do not suffer such unequal treatment.
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measure
2.2.1. Alcoholism and Dependent Variables
2.2.2. Measurement Variables of Perceived Social Discrimination
2.2.3. Measurement Variables of Socioeconomic Status
2.2.4. Measurement Variables of Regional Variable
2.3. Statistical Modelling
2.4. Ethical Statement
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Number of Participants (n = 22,566) | Drink or Not | χ2 (p) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Drink n (%) | Do Not Drink n (%) | |||
District | Eastern region | 9551 (42.3) | 1599 (45.8) | 7953 (41.7) | 47.35 *** (0.000) |
Central region | 6637 (29.4) | 1073 (30.7) | 5564 (29.3) | ||
Western region | 6348 (28.1) | 818 (23.4) | 5530 (29.0) | ||
Gender | Male | 10,927 (48.4) | 3148 (90.1) | 7779 (40.8) | 2877.49 *** (0.000) |
Female | 11,639 (51.6) | 345 (9.9) | 11,294 (59.2) | ||
Hukou | Agricultural | 16,189 (71.8) | 2538 (72.7) | 13,651 (71.6) | 2.24 (0.524) |
Non-agricultural | 6372 (28.2) | 955 (27.3) | 5417 (28.4) | ||
Age | 16–35 | 3665 (16.2) | 368 (10.5) | 3297 (17.3) | 102.77 *** (0.000) |
36–50 | 6480 (28.7) | 1025 (29.3) | 5455 (28.6) | ||
>50 | 12,421 (55.0) | 2100 (60.1) | 10,321 (54.1) | ||
Highest level of Education | Primary school and below | 11,547 (52.7) | 1706 (50.2) | 9841 (53.1) | 67.64 *** (0.000) |
High school | 8474 (38.6) | 1491 (43.9) | 6983 (37.7) | ||
3-year college and above | 1910 (8.7) | 203 (6.0) | 1707 (9.2) | ||
Income | 0–50,000 yuan | 2759 (79.3) | 557 (78.2) | 2202 (79.5) | 1.14 (0.565) |
50–150,000 yuan | 691 (19.9) | 150 (21.2) | 541 (19.5) | ||
>150,000 yuan | 31 (0.9) | 5 (0.7) | 26 (0.9) | ||
Employed or not | Yes | 383 (8.7) | 32 (7.4) | 351 (8.9) | 1.05 (0.306) |
No | 3995 (91.3) | 399 (92.6) | 3596 (91.1) | ||
Marital status | Married | 19,158 (84.9) | 3094 (88.6) | 16,064 (84.3) | 43.46 *** (0.000) |
Other | 3407 (15.1) | 399 (11.4) | 3008 (15,8) | ||
Chronic disease | Yes | 4364 (19.3) | 482 (13.8) | 3882 (20.4) | 81.38 *** (0.000) |
No | 18,199 (80.7) | 3011 (86.2) | 15,188 (79.6) | ||
Health | Unhealthy | 8543 (37.9) | 1091 (31.2) | 7452 (39.1) | 86.44 *** (0.000) |
Fair | 7899 (35.0) | 1288 (36.9) | 6611 (34.7) | ||
Healthy | 6124 (27.1) | 1114 (31.9) | 5010 (26.3) | ||
Hukou discrimination | Yes | 1379 (6.1) | 221 (6.3) | 1158 (6.1) | 0.33 (0.566) |
No | 21,178 (93.9) | 3273 (93.7) | 17,906 (93.9) | ||
Gender discrimination | Yes | 703 (3.1) | 101 (2.9) | 602 (3.2) | 0.69 (0.405) |
No | 21,855 (96.9) | 3392 (97.1) | 18,463 (96.8) | ||
Conflict with officials | Yes | 920 (4.1)) | 190 (5.4) | 730 (3.8) | 19.58 *** (0.000) |
No | 21639 (95.9 | 3303 (95.9) | 18336 (96.2) | ||
Government delay | Yes | 3252 (14.4) | 638 (18.3) | 2614 (13.7) | 49.61 *** (0.000) |
No | 19,305 (85.6) | 2855 (81.7) | 16,450 (86.3) | ||
Drink or not | Yes | 3493 (15.5) | - | - | - |
No | 19,073 (84.5) | - | - |
Characteristics | Drink_Y_16 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | |
District | |||
Eastern vs. western | 1.812 | 1.614–2.035 | 0.000 |
Central vs. western | 1.683 | 1.482–1.911 | 0.000 |
Gender: male vs. female | 13.006 | 11.438–14.438 | 0.000 |
Hukou: non-agricultural vs. agricultural | 0.939 | 0.840–1.051 | 0.271 |
Age group | |||
35–49 vs. 16–34 years | 1.677 | 1.443–1.948 | 0.000 |
50+ vs. 16–34 years | 2.073 | 1.549–2.775 | 0.000 |
Education | |||
High vs. low | 0.461 | 0.329–0.646 | 0.000 |
Medium vs. low | 0.758 | 0.666–0.862 | 0.000 |
Personal income | |||
50,000–149,999 vs. 0–49,999 yuan | 1.338 | 1.051–1.703 | 0.018 |
150,000+ vs. 0–49,999 yuan | 0.634 | 0.334–1.201 | 0.159 |
Employed: yes vs. no | 1.258 | 0.613–2.582 | 0.434 |
Marital status: married vs. other | 1.174 | 1.034–1.332 | 0.013 |
Chronic disease: yes vs. no | 0.702 | 0.625–0.790 | 0.000 |
Health (unhealthy/fair/healthy) | 1.219 | 1.149–1.928 | 0.000 |
Hukou discrimination: yes vs. no | 0.817 | 0.682–0.980 | 0.029 |
Gender discrimination: yes vs. no | 1.486 | 1.145–1.928 | 0.003 |
Conflict with officials: yes vs. no | 1.147 | 0.943–1.394 | 0.169 |
Government delay: yes vs. no | 1.199 | 1.068–1.345 | 0.002 |
Constant | 0.006 | 0.004–0.010 | 0.000 |
Chi-square (sig.) | 483.728 (0.000) | ||
-2Log likelihood | 15887.96 | ||
Cox and Snell R square | 0.117 | ||
ρ2 (Nagelberke) | 0.252 |
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Gu, J.; Ming, X. Perceived Social Discrimination, Socioeconomic Status, and Alcohol Consumption among Chinese Adults: A Nationally Representative Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6043. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176043
Gu J, Ming X. Perceived Social Discrimination, Socioeconomic Status, and Alcohol Consumption among Chinese Adults: A Nationally Representative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6043. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176043
Chicago/Turabian StyleGu, Jiafeng, and Xing Ming. 2020. "Perceived Social Discrimination, Socioeconomic Status, and Alcohol Consumption among Chinese Adults: A Nationally Representative Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6043. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176043