Effects of the Ionic and Nanoparticle Forms of Cu and Ag on These Metals’ Bioaccumulation in the Eggs and Fry of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Influence of Silver Ions and Silver Nanoparticles on the Silver Concentration in the Rainbow Trout Eggs and Fry
3.2. Influence of Copper Ions and Copper Nanoparticles on the Copper Concentration in Rainbow Trout Eggs and Fry
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The ionic forms of Cu and Ag penetrated the eggs to a higher degree compared to their nano form, which may negatively affect further fish development.
- The swelling of the eggs in solutions of copper and silver increased the content of the studied metals in the eggs.
- Due to the concentration of the metals used during hatching, it should be noted that Cu reduced its concentration during hatching compared to the control group, which was not observed for the Ag; this was probably due to Ag more effectively penetrating the embryo inside the eggs.
- All the studied factors (metal form (ionic and nano), concentration (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 mg/L), and life stage (eggs, fry)) had a significant impact on the metal concentration in the rainbow trout eggs.
- Further studies on the use of CuNPs as an antibacterial agent during the incubation of rainbow trout eggs are recommended.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Compound | Concentration (mgAg/L) | N | Eggs | Fry | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag (Min–Max Average ± SD) | Percentage Relative to the Control | Ag (Min–Max Average ± SD) | Percentage Relative to the Control | |||
- | 0 | 6 | 0.15–0.36 0.26 ± 0.08 | 100 | 0.06–0.14 0.09 ± 0.03 | 100 |
AgNO3 | 1 | 3 | 3.9–4.3 4.1 ± 0.17 | 1577 | 0.04–0.08 0.07 ± 0.02 | 78 |
2 | 3 | 6.2–6.8 6.5 ± 0.31 | 2500 | 0.03–0.09 0.07 ± 0.03 | 78 | |
4 | 3 | 7.8–8.4 8.1 ± 0.30 | 3115 | 0.17–0.19 0.18 ± 0.01 | 200 | |
8 | 3 | 12.4–13.4 12.8 ± 0.51 | 4923 | 0.17–0.20 0.18 ± 0.02 | 200 | |
16 | 3 | 25.6–26.5 25.9 ± 0.46 | 9962 | 0.28–0.61 0.41 ± 0.18 | 456 | |
AgNPs | 1 | 3 | 0.35–0.47 0.42 ± 0.06 | 162 | 0.25–0.29 0.26 ± 0.02 | 289 |
2 | 3 | 0.35–0.49 0.40 ± 0.07 | 154 | 0.26–0.62 0.38 ± 0.21 | 422 | |
4 | 3 | 0.66–0.72 0.69 ± 0.03 | 265 | 0.20–0.26 0.24 ± 0.03 | 267 | |
8 | 3 | 1.5–1.6 1.5 ± 0.06 | 577 | 0.47–0.49 0.48 ± 0.01 | 533 | |
16 | 3 | 2.3–2.4 2.32 ± 0.03 | 892 | 0.23–0.27 0.24 ± 0.02 | 267 |
Groups | Z | p |
---|---|---|
Eggs with AgNO3 and eggs with AgNPs | 2.02 | 0.043 |
Eggs with AgNO3 and fry with AgNO3 | 2.02 | 0.043 |
Eggs with AgNO3 and fry with AgNPs | 2.02 | 0.043 |
Eggs with AgNPs and fry with AgNO3 | 2.02 | 0.043 |
Eggs with AgNPs and fry with AgNPs | 2.02 | 0.043 |
Fry with AgNO3 and fry with AgNPs | 1.48 | 0.138 |
Factor | df | MS | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical compound | 2 | 2.1380 | 160.72 | 0.000999 |
Concentration | 4 | 0.1333 | 10.02 | 0.000999 |
Life stage (fry/eggs) | 1 | 4.4344 | 333.35 | 0.000999 |
Chemical compound × concentration | 4 | 0.3159 | 23.75 | 0.000999 |
Chemical compound × life stage (fry/eggs) | 2 | 1.3370 | 100.50 | 0.000999 |
Concentration × life stage | 4 | 0.2195 | 16.50 | 0.000999 |
Chemical compound × concentration × life stage (fry/eggs) | 4 | 0.2975 | 22.36 | 0.000999 |
Factor | Ag Concentration |
---|---|
Cu concentration | 0.651907 |
Concentration used | 0.484445 |
Life stage (eggs/fry) | 0.689679 |
Chemical compound | 0.317095 |
Chemical Compound | Concentration (mgAg/L) | N | Eggs | Fry | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu (Min–Max Average ± SD) | Percentage Relative to the Control | Cu (Min–Max Average ± SD) | Percentage Relative to the Control | |||
- | 0 | 6 | 2.01–2.65 2.44 ± 0.22 | 100 | 1.38–2.08 1.75 ± 0.27 | 100 |
CuSO4 | 1 | 3 | 11.13–11.38 11.25 ± 0.13 | 461 | 0.90–1.37 1.18 ± 0.25 | 67 |
2 | 3 | 24.98–25.82 25.33 ± 0.44 | 1038 | 0.87–1.43 1.16 ± 0.28 | 66 | |
4 | 3 | 38.82–39.89 39.31 ± 0.54 | 1611 | 0.64–1.02 0.85 ± 0.19 | 49 | |
8 | 3 | 85.00–87.05 85.80 ± 1.10 | 3516 | 1.17–1.59 1.42 ± 0.22 | 81 | |
16 | 3 | 179.1–190.1 183.6 ± 5.72 | 7525 | 1.40–1.84 1.62 ± 0.22 | 93 | |
CuNPs | 1 | 3 | 2.97–3.23 3.06 ± 0.15 | 125 | 1.06–1.70 1.43 ± 0.33 | 82 |
2 | 3 | 2.51–2.91 2.69 ± 0.20 | 110 | 1.10–1.46 1.28 ± 0.18 | 73 | |
4 | 3 | 2.56–2.76 2.64 ± 0.11 | 108 | 1.28–1.65 1.47 ± 0.19 | 84 | |
8 | 3 | 3.54–3.79 3.65 ± 0.13 | 150 | 1.37–1.78 1.57 ± 0.20 | 90 | |
16 | 3 | 5.93–6.12 6.00 ± 0.11 | 246 | 1.28–1.58 1.42 ± 0.15 | 81 |
Groups | Z | p |
---|---|---|
Eggs with CuSO4 and eggs with CuNPs | 1.75 | 0.080 |
Eggs with CuSO4 and fry with CuSO4 | 2.02 | 0.043 |
Eggs with CuSO4 and fry with CuNPs | 1.75 | 0.080 |
Eggs with CuNPs and fry with CuSO4 | 2.02 | 0.043 |
Eggs with CuNPs and fry with CuNPs | 2.02 | 0.043 |
Fry with CuSO4 and fry with CuNPs | 1.21 | 0.225 |
Factor | Cu Concentration |
---|---|
Ag concentration | 0.363821 |
Concentration used | 0.142438 |
Life stage (eggs/fry) | −0.864772 |
Chemical compound | 0.103955 |
Factor | df | MS | F | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chemical compound | 2 | 1.2989 | 302.13 | 0.000999 |
Concentration | 4 | 0.1298 | 30.19 | 0.000999 |
Life stage (eggs/fry) | 1 | 4.1479 | 964.81 | 0.000999 |
Chemical compound × concentration | 4 | 0.1750 | 40.70 | 0.000999 |
Chemical compound × life stage (eggs/fry) | 2 | 1.1559 | 268.86 | 0.000999 |
Concentration × life stage (eggs/fry) | 4 | 0.1408 | 32.76 | 0.000999 |
Chemical compound × concentration × life stage (eggs/fry) | 4 | 0.1939 | 45.11 | 0.000999 |
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Kowalska-Góralska, M.; Senze, M.; Łuczyńska, J.; Czyż, K. Effects of the Ionic and Nanoparticle Forms of Cu and Ag on These Metals’ Bioaccumulation in the Eggs and Fry of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6392. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176392
Kowalska-Góralska M, Senze M, Łuczyńska J, Czyż K. Effects of the Ionic and Nanoparticle Forms of Cu and Ag on These Metals’ Bioaccumulation in the Eggs and Fry of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6392. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176392
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowalska-Góralska, Monika, Magdalena Senze, Joanna Łuczyńska, and Katarzyna Czyż. 2020. "Effects of the Ionic and Nanoparticle Forms of Cu and Ag on These Metals’ Bioaccumulation in the Eggs and Fry of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6392. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17176392