Environmental Regulation, Trade Comparative Advantage, and the Manufacturing Industry’s Green Transformation and Upgrading
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Mechanism
2.1. The Direct Impact of Environmental Regulations on Green Transformation and Upgrading of the Manufacturing Industry
2.2. Transmission Mechanism of Environmental Regulation, Trade Comparative Advantage, and Green Transformation and Upgrading of the Manufacturing Industry
3. Measurement of the Manufacturing Transformation and Upgrading
3.1. Measurement Methods and Evaluation
3.2. Principles of Industry Selection
4. Model Setup and Data Description
4.1. Model Setup
4.2. Data Description
5. Regression Results
5.1. Regression Analysis Based on Green Total Factor Productivity
5.2. Robustness Test
5.2.1. The Estimated Result of Replacing the Explanatory Variable
5.2.2. The Estimated Results of Replacing the Core Explanatory Variables
5.3. Further Analysis
6. Conclusions and Policy Proposal
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Variable | Name |
---|---|---|
Explained variable | GTFPit | Green total factor productivity |
Explanatory variables | ERSit | Environmental regulation strength |
NEXit | Trade comparative advantage | |
Control variable | lnICit | International competition |
lnRDit | Research and development investment intensity | |
lnKLit | Factor endowment | |
lnESit | Energy structure | |
lnEIit | Energy intensity | |
lnLPit | Labor productivity |
Variable | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GTFPit-1 | 1.1582 *** (0.0062) | 1.1627 *** (0.0059) | 1.1728 *** (0.0134) | 1.1312 *** (0.0257) | 1.1287 *** (0.0251) |
ERSit | 0.5569 ** (0.2256) | 1.3060 *** (0.2717) | 1.6005 *** (0.2854) | 1.3675 ** (0.6428) | 2.5052 ** (1.1966) |
ERS2it | −1.3931 *** (0.2338) | −2.1921 *** (0.2435) | −2.8475 *** (0.2631) | −2.3545 *** (0.6095) | −3.4176 *** (1.1157) |
NEXit | −0.1377 *** (0.0163) | −0.1590 *** (0.0342) | −0.3187 *** (0.0510) | −0.2709 ** (0.1159) | −0.3090 *** (0.1055) |
ERSit×NEXit | 1.0739 *** (0.0998) | 1.3097 *** (0.2124) | 1.9563 *** (0.2931) | 1.7643 *** (0.6239) | 2.0395 *** (0.6230) |
lnICit | 0.0005 *** (0.0001) | 0.0005 ** (0.0002) | 0.0009 ** (0.0004) | 0.0010 * (0.0005) | |
lnRDit | −0.0342 * (0.0191) | −0.0708 ** (0.0310) | −0.0425 (0.0560) | ||
lnKLit | 0.0030 *** (0.0009) | 0.0040 *** (0.0015) | |||
lnESit | 0.0007 (0.0009) | 0.0011 (0.0014) | |||
lnEIit | −0.3557 ** (0.1541) | ||||
lnLPit | −0.0007 ** (0.0004) | ||||
_cons | −0.0885 *** (0.3221) | −0.1747 *** (0.0478) | −0.1595 ** (0.0658) | −0.1904 (0.1276) | −0.1442 (0.1238) |
AR(1) | −1.11 [0.265] | −1.12 [0.264] | −1.11 [0.265] | −1.11 [0.266] | −1.11 [0.265] |
AR(2) | −1.26 [0.209] | −1.25 [0.212] | −1.26 [0.206] | −1.23 [0.219] | −1.21 [0.228] |
Sargan | 9.85 [0.997] | 9.63 [0.996] | 8.10 [0.991] | 9.20 [0.988] | 7.48 [0.991] |
Variable | Technical Efficiency (TE) | Technical Progress (TP) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
TEit-1 or TPit-1 | 1.2491 *** (0.0326) | 0.7426 *** (0.0879) | 0.3717 *** (0.0148) | 0.1989 *** (0.0324) |
ERSit | 0.1802 *** (0.0333) | 0.8901 *** (0.1767) | 0.3103 *** (0.0850) | 2.1225 *** (0.5529) |
ERS2it | −0.2741 *** (0.0305) | −0.5169 *** (0.1437) | −0.5750 *** (0.1077) | −2.2927 *** (0.4835) |
NEXit | −0.0520 *** (0.0043) | −0.0821 *** (0.0104) | −0.0802 *** (0.0229) | −0.1459 *** (0.0319) |
ERSit×NEXit | 0.3246 *** (0.0272) | 0.7644 *** (0.0682) | 0.4440 *** (0.1094) | 1.2746 *** (0.2560) |
Control variable | No | Yes | No | Yes |
_cons | −0.2577 *** (0.0320) | 0.2749 *** (0.0870) | 0.7726 *** (0.0158) | 0.8920 *** (0.0521) |
AR(1) | −2.04 [0.042] | −1.76 [0.078] | −0.85 [0.396] | −0.31 [0.159] |
AR(2) | 1.33 [0.182] | 1.27 [0.203] | 1.26 [0.208] | 1.23 [0.220] |
Sargan | 30.91 [0.192] | 15.61 [0.271] | 48.54 [0.411] | 17.92 [0.267] |
Variable | DIF-GMM | SYS-GMM |
---|---|---|
GTFPit-1 | 1.2793 *** (0.0421) | 1.1279 *** (0.0215) |
ERS1it | 4.6539 *** (0.5740) | 2.7701 *** (0.1428) |
ERS12it | −3.9930 *** (0.7585) | −2.7176 *** (0.1676) |
MICit | −9.8398 ** (4.0689) | −5.5430 *** (0.6831) |
ERSit×MICit | 4.3766 (11.5683) | 10.3627 *** (3.6807) |
Controlled variables | Yes | Yes |
_cons | −0.6927 (0.4369) | |
AR(1) | −1.15 [0.249] | −1.12 [0.262] |
AR(2) | −1.11 [0.268] | −1.13 [0.258] |
Sargan | 8.27 [0.998] | 9.86 [0.999] |
Variable | Capital-Intensive | Labor-Intensive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
GTFPit-1 | 1.1684 *** (0.0256) | 1.2914 *** (0.1321) | 0.6385 *** (0.0866) | 1.6702 ** (0.8414) |
ERSit | 2.1115 *** (0.6238) | 8.5228 *** (2.1467) | 0.6479 *** (0.1362) | 4.1256 *** (1.5643) |
ERS2it | −1.8501 *** (0.5646) | −7.6851 *** (1.8063) | −1.2422 *** (0.3986) | −7.2071 *** (1.1631) |
NEXit | −1.5915 ** (0.7330) | −0.7749 *** (0.2371) | −0.0702 *** (0.0107) | −0.5780 ** (0.2664) |
ERSit×NEXit | 1.6373 * (0.9623) | 1.5820 * (0.9121) | 1.7484 *** (0.0796) | 6.4427 ** (2.7870) |
Controlled variables | No | Yes | No | Yes |
_cons | −0.5955 *** (0.1865) | −2.7392 (1.9404) | 0.4045 *** (0.0826) | 1.5864 (1.2953) |
AR(1) | −1.77 [0.077] | −1.62 [0.105] | −2.97 [0.003] | −1.00 [0.318] |
AR(2) | −1.19 [0.233] | −1.02 [0.307] | 0.71 [0.478] | −0.04 [0.968] |
Sargan | 16.78 [0.115] | 7.81 [0.167] | 10.47 [0.163] | 10.86 [0.369] |
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Gong, M.; You, Z.; Wang, L.; Cheng, J. Environmental Regulation, Trade Comparative Advantage, and the Manufacturing Industry’s Green Transformation and Upgrading. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2823. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17082823
Gong M, You Z, Wang L, Cheng J. Environmental Regulation, Trade Comparative Advantage, and the Manufacturing Industry’s Green Transformation and Upgrading. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8):2823. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17082823
Chicago/Turabian StyleGong, Mengqi, Zhe You, Linting Wang, and Jinhua Cheng. 2020. "Environmental Regulation, Trade Comparative Advantage, and the Manufacturing Industry’s Green Transformation and Upgrading" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2823. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph17082823