Living with Family Is Directly Associated with Regular Dental Checkup and Indirectly Associated with Gingival Status among Japanese University Students: A 3-Year Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Self-Questionnaires
2.4. Oral Examination
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Baseline | Follow-Up |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 187 (49.6) * | − |
Female | 190 (50.4) | − |
Age (year) | ||
18 | 325 (86.2) | − |
19 | 52 (13.8) | − |
Tooth brushing (daily frequency) | ||
≤One time | 40 (10.6) | 47 (12.5) |
≥Two times | 337 (89.4) | 330 (87.5) |
Dental floss use | ||
No | 304 (80.6) | 314 (83.3) |
Yes | 73 (19.4) | 63 (16.7) |
Regular dental checkup | ||
No | 258 (68.4) | 263 (69.8) |
Yes | 119 (31.6) | 114 (30.2) |
OHI-S | 0.50 (0.17, 0.83) † | 0.33 (0.00, 0.67) |
DI-S (dental plaque) | 0.33 (0.00, 0.67) | 0.17 (0.00, 0.67) |
CI-S (calculus) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.33) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.08) |
Percentage of teeth exhibiting BOP (%BOP) | 35.5 ± 24.7 | 32.1 ± 25.3 |
Probing pocket depth (PPD) | ||
≤3 mm | 284 (75.3) | 206 (54.6) |
≥4 mm | 93 (24.7) | 171 (45.4) |
Household type | ||
Living alone | 0 (0.0) | 252 (66.8) |
Living with family | 377 (100.0) | 125 (33.2) |
Parameter | Baseline | Follow-Up | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Living Alone at Follow-Up (n = 252) | Living with Family at Follow-Up (n = 125) | p‡ | Living Alone at Follow-Up (n = 252) | Living with Family at Follow-Up (n = 125) | p‡ | |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 133 (52.8) * | 54 (43.2) | 0.080 | - | - | - |
Female | 119 (47.2) | 71 (56.8) | - | - | ||
Age (year) | ||||||
18 | 212 (84.1) | 113 (90.4) | 0.096 | - | - | - |
19 | 40 (15.9) | 12 (9.6) | - | - | ||
Tooth brushing (daily frequency) | ||||||
≤One time | 23 (9.1) | 17 (13.6) | 0.184 | 33 (13.1) | 14 (11.2) | 0.600 |
≥Two times | 229 (90.9) | 108 (86.4) | 219 (86.9) | 111 (88.8) | ||
Dental floss use | ||||||
No | 205 (81.3) | 99 (79.2) | 0.619 | 212 (84.1) | 102 (81.6) | 0.536 |
Yes | 47 (18.7) | 26 (20.8) | 40 (15.9) | 23 (18.4) | ||
Regular dental checkup | ||||||
No | 175 (69.4) | 83 (66.4) | 0.549 | 188 (74.6) | 75 (60.0) | 0.004 |
Yes | 77 (30.6) | 42 (33.6) | 64 (25.4) | 50 (40.0) | ||
OHI-S | 0.500 (0, 0.830) † | 0.330 (0.170, 0.830) | 0.611 | 0.333 (0, 0.667) | 0.333 (0, 0.750) | 0.941 |
DI-S | 0.330 (0, 0.670) | 0.330 (0.17, 0.670) | 0.621 | 0.167 (0, 0.667) | 0.167 (0, 0.667) | 0.855 |
CI-S | 0 (0, 0.330) | 0 (0, 0.330) | 0.665 | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0.167) | 0.455 |
Percentage of teeth exhibiting BOP (%BOP) | 30.0 (10.0, 50.0) | 40.0 (20.0, 50.0) | 0.580 | 30.0 (10.0, 50.0) | 30.0 (10.0, 50.0) | 0.941 |
Probing pocket depth (PPD) | ||||||
≤3 mm | 186 (73.8) | 98 (78.4) | 0.330 | 144 (57.1) | 62 (49.6) | 0.166 |
≥4 mm | 66 (26.2) | 27 (21.6) | 108 (42.9) | 63 (50.4) |
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Nakahara, M.; Ekuni, D.; Kataoka, K.; Yokoi, A.; Uchida-Fukuhara, Y.; Fukuhara, D.; Kobayashi, T.; Toyama, N.; Saho, H.; Islam, M.M.; et al. Living with Family Is Directly Associated with Regular Dental Checkup and Indirectly Associated with Gingival Status among Japanese University Students: A 3-Year Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 324. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18010324
Nakahara M, Ekuni D, Kataoka K, Yokoi A, Uchida-Fukuhara Y, Fukuhara D, Kobayashi T, Toyama N, Saho H, Islam MM, et al. Living with Family Is Directly Associated with Regular Dental Checkup and Indirectly Associated with Gingival Status among Japanese University Students: A 3-Year Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):324. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18010324
Chicago/Turabian StyleNakahara, Momoko, Daisuke Ekuni, Kota Kataoka, Aya Yokoi, Yoko Uchida-Fukuhara, Daiki Fukuhara, Terumasa Kobayashi, Naoki Toyama, Hikari Saho, Md Monirul Islam, and et al. 2021. "Living with Family Is Directly Associated with Regular Dental Checkup and Indirectly Associated with Gingival Status among Japanese University Students: A 3-Year Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 324. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18010324