Assessment of Age-Related Changes on Masticatory Function in a Population with Normal Dentition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design
2.2.1. Objective Assessment
Dental Status
Masticatory Performance
Tongue Pressure
Bite Force and Occluding Bite Area
Handgrip Strength
Masseter Muscle Thickness (MMT)
2.2.2. Subjective Assessment
Food Intake Ability (FIA) Questionnaire (14 Items)
OHIP-14
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Masticatory Function among Different Age Groups
3.2. Bivariate Correlations with Variables
3.3. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis with Masticatory Performance
3.4. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis with Food Intake Ability
3.5. Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression Analysis with Handgrip Strength
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Age Groups | Shapiro-Wilk | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
---|---|---|---|---|
p | ||||
20–45 (1) | PBA | 0.180 | 1.002 | 1.031 |
ABA | 0.596 | 2.205 | 5.675 | |
RT | 0.000 | −1.441 | 0.670 | |
FTUs | 0.000 | −1.499 | 0.307 | |
MP | 0.776 | 0.158 | −0.487 | |
BF | 0.871 | 0.717 | −0.248 | |
TP | 0.571 | −0.399 | 0.263 | |
HG | 0.004 | 0.166 | −1.063 | |
MMT | 0.284 | 0.000 | −0.705 | |
FIA | 0.000 | −2.958 | 9.787 | |
OHIP-14 | 0.000 | 1.119 | −0.217 | |
46–60 (2) | PBA | 0.162 | 0.628 | 0.206 |
ABA | 0.060 | 4.648 | 23.767 | |
RT | 0.000 | −1.945 | 4.665 | |
FTUs | 0.000 | −2.211 | 4.066 | |
MP | 0.300 | 0.235 | −0.739 | |
BF | 0.068 | 0.541 | −0.299 | |
TP | 0.621 | −0.281 | −0.137 | |
HG | 0.054 | 0.140 | −1.058 | |
MMT | 0.542 | 0.186 | −0.709 | |
FIA | 0.000 | −2.517 | 5.455 | |
OHIP-14 | 0.000 | 2.612 | 7.587 | |
61–70 (3) | PBA | 0.014 | 0.992 | 1.106 |
ABA | 0.000 | 6.605 | 44.055 | |
RT | 0.000 | −2.276 | 5.426 | |
FTUs | 0.000 | −1.896 | 3.124 | |
MP | 0.404 | 0.521 | 0.539 | |
BF | 0.905 | 1.088 | 1.619 | |
TP | 0.354 | −0.499 | 0.805 | |
HG | 0.342 | 0.085 | −1.300 | |
MMT | 0.372 | 0.430 | 0.316 | |
FIA | 0.000 | −1.765 | 2.114 | |
OHIP-14 | 0.354 | 1.436 | 1.257 | |
71+ (4) | PBA | 0.681 | 0.128 | −0.423 |
ABA | 0.000 | 2.899 | 9.808 | |
RT | 0.000 | −0.491 | −0.329 | |
FTUs | 0.000 | −0.740 | −0.102 | |
MP | 0.662 | −0.154 | −0.014 | |
BF | 0.489 | 0.017 | −0.446 | |
TP | 0.360 | 0.187 | 1.235 | |
HG | 0.197 | 0.336 | −0.404 | |
MMT | 0.242 | 0.297 | 0.401 | |
FIA | 0.000 | −1.618 | 1.798 | |
OHIP-14 | 0.000 | 1.416 | 1.215 |
Age | RT | FTUs | MP | TP | HG | PBA | ABA | BF | MMT | FIA | OHIP_14 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1 | |||||||||||
RT | −0.185 ** | 1 | ||||||||||
FTUs | −0.304 *** | 0.892 *** | 1 | |||||||||
MP | 0.003 | 0.079 | 0.092 | 1 | ||||||||
TP | −0.431 *** | 0.132 | 0.156 * | 0.094 | 1 | |||||||
HG | −0.331 *** | 0.157 * | 0.155 * | 0.099 | 0.570 *** | 1 | ||||||
PBA | −0.279 *** | 0.252 *** | 0.303 *** | 0.306 *** | 0.342 *** | 0.423 *** | 1 | |||||
ABA | 0.039 | 0.057 | 0.032 | −0.113 | −0.041 | −0.059 | −0.142 * | 1 | ||||
BF | −0.278 *** | 0.191 ** | 0.230 *** | 0.287 *** | 0.324 *** | 0.422 *** | 0.870 *** | −0.073 | 1 | |||
MMT | 0.035 | 0.033 | 0.002 | 0.193 ** | 0.314 *** | 0.509 *** | 0.459 *** | −0.082 | 0.456 *** | 1 | ||
FIA | −0.237 *** | 0.157 * | 0.253 *** | 0.170 * | 0.260 *** | 0.310 *** | 0.244 *** | 0.025 | 0.268 *** | 0.160 * | 1 | |
OHIP_14 | 0.043 | 0.009 | −0.057 | −0.142 * | −0.084 | −0.141 * | −0.136 * | 0.002 | −0.158 * | −0.112 | −0.518 *** | 1 |
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Total | 20–45 (1) | 46–60 (2) | 61–70 (3) | 71+ (4) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subjects N (%) | 211 (100) | 51 (24.2) | 54 (25.6) | 45 (21.3) | 61 (28.9) | ||
Age | 58 ± 17.9 | 32.1 ± 7.4 | 53.5 ± 4.2 | 66.2 ± 2.8 | 77.4 ± 5.2 | ||
Gender (%) a | male | 95 (45.0) | 25 (49.0) | 26 (48.1) | 21 (46.7) | 23 (37.7) | 0.591 |
female | 116 (55.0) | 26 (51.0) | 28 (51.9) | 24 (53.3) | 38 (62.3) |
Adult Group | Elderly Group | p | p for Trend b | Posthoc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20–45 (1) | 46–60 (2) | 61–70 (3) | 71+ (4) | |||||
Number of Remaining teeth | 27.25 ± 1.59 | 27.57 ± 1.06 | 27.38 ± 1.13 | 26.64 ± 1.45 | 0.002 * | 0.007 * | 2, 3 > 4 | |
FTUs | 11.59 ± 0.80 | 11.67 ± 0.73 | 11.39 ± 1.09 | 10.75 ± 1.25 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 1, 2, 3 > 4 | |
Masticatory performance (mg/dL) | 186.94 ± 55.85 | 199.70 ± 68.37 | 179.93 ± 53.63 | 188.11 ± 58.22 | 0.415 | 0.674 | ||
Tongue Pressure (kPa) | 38.92 ± 10.93 | 38.28 ± 10.50 | 31.68 ± 7.82 | 26.52 ± 9.74 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 1, 2 > 3 > 4 | |
Handgrip strength (Kg) | 31.14 ± 10.49 | 28.22 ± 8.71 | 27.56 ± 9.29 | 21.44 ± 8.03 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 1, 2, 3 > 4 | |
Posterior bite area (mm2) | 25.03 ± 12.87 | 21.84 ± 12.16 | 18.36 ± 10.45 | 16.54 ± 8.02 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 1, 2 > 3,4 | |
Anterior bite area (mm2) | 3.14 ± 2.38 | 4.34 ± 5.89 | 5.51 ± 17.36 | 3.43 ± 3.72 | 0.548 | 0.794 | ||
Bite force (N) | 942.95 ± 443.82 | 858.41 ± 432.72 | 700.93 ± 416.20 | 659.85 ± 308.29 | 0.001 * | <0.001 * | 1, 2 > 3,4 | |
Masseter m. thickness (mm) | 13.19 ± 2.67 | 13.62 ± 2.65 | 13.07 ± 2.18 | 13.38 ± 2.60 | 0.717 | 0.959 | ||
Food intake ability | 68.73 ± 2.93 | 67.50 ± 4.89 | 65.98 ± 5.99 | 65.51 ± 6.40 | 0.007 * | 0.001 * | 1 > 4 | |
OHIP-14 | 4.53 ± 6.33 | 4.85 ± 8.21 | 5.69 ± 7.47 | 4.80 ± 6.13 | 0.870 | 0.744 | ||
Tooth wear (%) a | no | 49 (96.1) | 46 (85.2) | 18 (40.0) | 16 (26.2) | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | |
yes | 2 (3.9) | 8 (14.8) | 27 (60.0) | 45 (73.8) |
Group | Age | RT | FTUs | MP | TP | HG | PBA | ABA | BF | MMT | FIA | OHIP-14 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20–45 (1) | Age | 1 | −0.010 | 0.038 | 0.229 | 0.237 | 0.180 | 0.158 | −0.052 | −0.021 | 0.354 * | 0.073 | 0.033 |
RT | 1 | 0.962 *** | −0.172 | 0.086 | 0.071 | 0.310 * | 0.238 | 0.275 | 0.031 | −0.097 | 0.219 | ||
FTUs | 1 | −0.091 | 0.042 | 0.032 | 0.339 * | 0.181 | 0.297 * | 0.027 | −0.108 | 0.146 | |||
MP | 1 | −0.187 | 0.108 | 0.299 * | −0.033 | 0.261 | 0.174 | 0.128 | −0.356 * | ||||
TP | 1 | 0.559 *** | 0.135 | 0.226 | 0.029 | 0.402 ** | 0.068 | 0.038 | |||||
HG | 1 | 0.455 ** | 0.113 | 0.432 ** | 0.736 *** | 0.327 * | 0.018 | ||||||
PBA | 1 | 0.118 | 0.730 *** | 0.519 *** | 0.194 | −0.092 | |||||||
ABA | 1 | 0.246 | 0.105 | 0.153 | 0.267 | ||||||||
BF | 1 | 0.449 ** | 0.229 | −0.034 | |||||||||
MMT | 1 | 0.291 * | 0.083 | ||||||||||
FIA | 1 | −0.449 ** | |||||||||||
OHIP14 | 1 | ||||||||||||
46–60 (2) | Age | 1 | 0.137 | 0.082 | 0.014 | −0.077 | 0.106 | 0.054 | 0.172 | 0.034 | 0.098 | −0.126 | −0.058 |
RT | 1 | 0.872 *** | 0.301 * | −0.085 | 0.073 | 0.085 | 0.108 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.268 * | 0.132 | ||
FTUs | 1 | 0.284 * | −0.032 | 0.014 | 0.202 | 0.118 | 0.166 | 0.029 | 0.447 ** | 0.084 | |||
MP | 1 | 0.354 ** | 0.171 | 0.412 ** | −0.176 | 0.420 ** | 0.311 * | 0.230 | −0.030 | ||||
TP | 1 | 0.439 ** | 0.342 * | −0.114 | 0.409 ** | 0.372 ** | 0.248 | −0.048 | |||||
HG | 1 | 0.261 | −0.165 | 0.375 ** | 0.522 *** | 0.129 | −0.133 | ||||||
PBA | 1 | −0.269 * | 0.961 *** | 0.452 ** | 0.251 | −0.167 | |||||||
ABA | 1 | −0.186 | −0.326 * | 0.174 | −0.163 | ||||||||
BF | 1 | 0.477 *** | .315 * | −0.232 | |||||||||
MMT | 1 | 0.023 | −0.079 | ||||||||||
FIA | 1 | −0.422 ** | |||||||||||
OHIP14 | 1 | ||||||||||||
61–70 (3) | Age | 1 | −0.271 | −0.256 | −0.103 | −0.016 | −0.096 | −0.135 | −0.109 | −0.207 | 0.139 | −0.216 | 0.152 |
RT | 1 | 0.943 *** | 0.169 | 0.090 | 0.009 | 0.032 | 0.079 | −0.047 | −0.197 | 0.199 | −0.074 | ||
FTUs | 1 | 0.194 | 0.050 | −0.038 | 0.084 | 0.078 | −0.021 | −0.201 | 0.227 | −0.138 | |||
MP | 1 | 0.038 | 0.036 | 0.301 * | −0.233 | 0.268 | 0.059 | 0.188 | −0.139 | ||||
TP | 1 | 0.531 *** | 0.095 | −0.085 | 0.180 | 0.307 * | 0.454 ** | −0.291 | |||||
HG | 1 | 0.183 | −0.098 | 0.205 | 0.541 *** | 0.370 * | −0.282 | ||||||
PBA | 1 | −0.220 | 0.926 *** | 0.451 ** | 0.139 | −0.043 | |||||||
ABA | 1 | −0.175 | −0.162 | −0.036 | 0.082 | ||||||||
BF | 1 | 0.442 ** | 0.175 | −0.069 | |||||||||
MMT | 1 | 0.280 | −0.137 | ||||||||||
FIA | 1 | −0.797 *** | |||||||||||
OHIP14 | 1 | ||||||||||||
71+ (4) | Age | 1 | −0.391 ** | −0.304 * | 0.034 | −0.505 *** | −0.316 * | −0.322 * | 0.354 ** | −0.156 | −0.247 | −0.010 | 0.174 |
RT | 1 | 0.891 *** | 0.068 | 0.032 | 0.162 | 0.396 ** | −0.122 | 0.284 * | 0.139 | 0.135 | −0.250 | ||
FTUs | 1 | −0.002 | −0.050 | 0.104 | 0.392 ** | −0.238 | 0.257 * | 0.079 | 0.177 | −0.225 | |||
MP | 1 | 0.039 | 0.085 | 0.203 | 0.106 | 0.161 | 0.138 | 0.136 | −0.117 | ||||
TP | 1 | 0.469 *** | 0.428 ** | −0.103 | 0.329 ** | 0.306 * | 0.061 | −0.112 | |||||
HG | 1 | 0.568 *** | −0.076 | 0.466 *** | 0.425 ** | 0.274 * | −0.234 | ||||||
PBA | 1 | −0.115 | 0.835 *** | 0.531 *** | 0.228 | −0.247 | |||||||
ABA | 1 | 0.270 * | 0.217 | 0.126 | −0.223 | ||||||||
BF | 1 | 0.556 ** | 0.208 | −0.293 * | |||||||||
MMT | 1 | 0.166 | −0.304 * | ||||||||||
FIA | 1 | −0.491 *** | |||||||||||
OHIP14 | 1 |
Multivariate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | 95% CI | p | R2 | ||
20–45 (1) | Age | |||||
Gender (M) | ||||||
Gender (F) | ||||||
RT | ||||||
FTUs | ||||||
TP | ||||||
HG | ||||||
PBA | 1.164 | 0.268 | 0.032–2.296 | 0.044 * | 0.198 | |
ABA | ||||||
BF | ||||||
MTM | ||||||
FIA | ||||||
OHIP-14 | −2.926 | −0.332 | −5.229–−0.623 | 0.014 * | ||
Tooth wear | ||||||
45–60 (2) | Age | |||||
Gender (M) | ||||||
Gender (F) | ||||||
RT | −1.848 | −0.043 | −15.495–11.800 | 0.790 | 0.106 | |
FTUs | 1.015 | 0.018 | −16.639–18.669 | 0.910 | ||
TP | −0.170 | −0.032 | −0.943–0.603 | 0.664 | ||
HG | ||||||
PBA | 1.146 | 0.219 | −0.308–2.599 | 0.122 | ||
ABA | ||||||
BF | 0.012 | 0.087 | −0.026–0.051 | 0.527 | ||
MTM | 0.425 | 0.018 | −3.724–4.574 | 0.840 | ||
FIA | ||||||
OHIP-14 | ||||||
Tooth wear | ||||||
61–70 (3) | Age | |||||
Gender (M) | ||||||
Gender (F) | ||||||
RT | ||||||
FTUs | ||||||
TP | ||||||
HG | ||||||
PBA | 1.547 | 0.301 | 0.042–3.053 | 0.044 * | 0.091 | |
ABA | ||||||
BF | ||||||
MTM | ||||||
FIA | ||||||
OHIP-14 | ||||||
Tooth wear | ||||||
71+ (4) | Age | |||||
Gender (M) | ||||||
Gender (F) | ||||||
RT | ||||||
FTUs | ||||||
TP | ||||||
HG | ||||||
PBA | ||||||
ABA | ||||||
BF | ||||||
MTM | ||||||
FIA | ||||||
OHIP-14 | ||||||
Tooth wear |
Multivariate | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | 95% CI | p | R2 | ||
20–45 (1) | Age | |||||
Gender (M) | ||||||
Gender (F) | ||||||
RT | ||||||
FTUs | ||||||
TP | ||||||
HG | 0.057 | 0.203 | −0.043–0.156 | 0.257 | 0.329 | |
PBA | ||||||
ABA | ||||||
BF | ||||||
MTM | 0.198 | 0.180 | −0.194–0.589 | 0.315 | ||
MP | ||||||
OHIP-14 | −0.216 | −0.468 | −0.328–−0.104 | <0.001 * | ||
Tooth wear | ||||||
45–60 (2) | Age | |||||
Gender (M) | ||||||
Gender (F) | ||||||
RT | ||||||
FTUs | 4.378 | 0.656 | 1.758–6.997 | 0.002 * | 0.447 | |
TP | ||||||
HG | ||||||
PBA | ||||||
ABA | ||||||
BF | 0.001 | 0.107 | −0.001–0.004 | 0.356 | ||
MTM | ||||||
MP | ||||||
OHIP-14 | −0.262 | −0.440 | −0.394–−0.130 | <0.001 * | ||
Tooth wear | ||||||
61–70 (3) | Age | |||||
Gender (M) | ||||||
Gender (F) | ||||||
RT | ||||||
FTUs | ||||||
TP | 0.168 | 0.220 | 0.002–0.335 | 0.047 * | 0.691 | |
HG | 0.027 | 0.041 | −0.150–0.203 | 0.761 | ||
PBA | ||||||
ABA | ||||||
BF | ||||||
MTM | ||||||
MP | ||||||
OHIP-14 | −0.573 | −0.715 | −0.732–−0.414 | <0.001 * | ||
Tooth wear | ||||||
71+ (4) | Age | |||||
Gender(M) | ||||||
Gender(F) | −3.674 | −0.280 | −7.627–0.279 | 0.068 | 0.310 | |
RT | ||||||
FTUs | ||||||
TP | ||||||
HG | −0.020 | −0.025 | −0.265–0.226 | 0.872 | ||
PBA | ||||||
ABA | ||||||
BF | ||||||
MTM | ||||||
MP | ||||||
OHIP-14 | −0.483 | −0.462 | −0.720–−0.246 | <0.001 * | ||
Tooth wear |
Group | Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | B | S.E | β | p-Value | F (p-Value) | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | HG | MMT | 2.397 | 0.380 | 0.610 | 0.000 | 39.838 (p < 0.001) | 0.624 |
TP | 0.301 | 0.093 | 0.314 | 0.002 | ||||
2 | HG | MMT | 1.370 | 0.402 | 0.417 | 0.001 | 13.273 (p < 0.001) | 0.342 |
TP | 0.235 | 0.101 | 0.284 | 0.024 | ||||
3 | HG | MMT | 1.781 | 0.517 | 0.418 | 0.001 | 16.513 (p < 0.001) | 0.440 |
TP | 0.479 | 0.144 | 0.403 | 0.002 | ||||
4 | HG | TP | 0.228 | 0.094 | 0.277 | 0.018 | 18.189 (p < 0.001) | 0.385 |
PBA | 0.450 | 0.114 | 0.450 | 0.000 |
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Kim, S.; Doh, R.-M.; Yoo, L.; Jeong, S.-A.; Jung, B.-Y. Assessment of Age-Related Changes on Masticatory Function in a Population with Normal Dentition. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6899. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18136899
Kim S, Doh R-M, Yoo L, Jeong S-A, Jung B-Y. Assessment of Age-Related Changes on Masticatory Function in a Population with Normal Dentition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6899. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18136899
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Seonhui, Re-Mee Doh, Leegang Yoo, Sol-Ah Jeong, and Bock-Young Jung. 2021. "Assessment of Age-Related Changes on Masticatory Function in a Population with Normal Dentition" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6899. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18136899