Next Article in Journal
Coping with Adversity: Resilience Dynamics of Livestock Farmers in Two Agroecological Zones of Ghana
Previous Article in Journal
Relationship between Green and Blue Spaces with Mental and Physical Health: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Observational Studies
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJERPH
Volume 18
Issue 17
10.3390/ijerph18178992
ijerph-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Inpatient Hospice Palliative Care Unit and Palliative Consultation Service Enhance Comprehensive Quality of Life Outcomes in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: A Prospective Longitudinal Study

by
Li-Fang Chang
1,2,
Li-Fen Wu
1,2,
Chi-Kang Lin
3,
Ching-Liang Ho
4,
Yu-Chun Hung
1,5,*,† and
Hsueh-Hsing Pan
1,6,*,†
1
Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
2
Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
3
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
4
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
5
Nursing Department, University of Kang Ning, Taipei City 11405, Taiwan
6
Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Hsueh-Hsing Pan and Yu-Chun Hung contribute equally in this article.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(17), 8992; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178992
Submission received: 22 June 2021 / Revised: 22 August 2021 / Accepted: 22 August 2021 / Published: 26 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Nursing)
Browse Figure
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of an inpatient hospice palliative care unit (PCU) and palliative consultation service (PCS) on comprehensive quality of life outcome (CoQoLo) among terminally ill cancer patients. This was a prospective longitudinal study. Terminally ill cancer patients who met the inclusion criteria and received PCU or PCS in a northern Taiwanese medical center were recruited. The CoQoLo Inventory was used to measure CoQoLo level pre- and seven days following hospice care between August 2018 and October 2019. A total of 90 patients completed the study. No significant differences were found in CoQoLo levels between the PCU and PCS groups pre- and seven days following care. However, the CoQoLo level of patients significantly improved seven days following care in both PCU and PCS groups, compared with pre-hospice care. Patients’ age, religious belief, marital status, closeness with family, palliative prognostic index (PPI), and symptom severity were significant concerning CoQoLo levels after adjusting for patients’ baseline characteristics. PCU and PCS showed no difference in CoQoLo levels, but both of them can improve CoQoLo among terminally ill cancer patients. These patients could receive PCU or PCS to achieve a good CoQoLo at the end-of-life stage.

1. Introduction

Cancer was still the second leading cause of death in the United States in 2018 [1]. Furthermore, a statistical survey estimated 1,806,590 new cancer cases and 606,520 related deaths in the United States in 2020 [2]. However, cancer has been ranked as the tenth cause of death in Taiwan for over 35 years [3]. To enhance the quality of life of terminally ill patients, hospice palliative care (HPC) has been advocated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan since 1996 [4], and the country’s legislative body passed the Hospice Palliative Care Act in 2000 [5]. Coinciding with these events, HPC utilization among terminal cancer patients in recent years has increased from 7% in 2000 to 61% in 2017 [6].
HPC refers to a patient-centered holistic care model that helps relieve pain, respect patients’ wills, and enhance quality of life, including the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual domains, among terminally ill patients and their family members [4,5]. At present, several types of HPC services are available in Taiwan, such as the inpatient hospice palliative care unit (PCU), inpatient hospice palliative consultation service (PCS), home-based hospice palliative care, and special hospice palliative care outpatient clinics [4]. PCU and PCS both provide HPC to inpatients. The difference between them is that PCU provides HPC in a special hospice palliative care unit, and PCS provides HPC in the general ward. HPC has been shown to decrease medical utilization and expenses [7,8,9,10,11], increase the chance of dying at home [12], raise the awareness of dying [13], and improve the rate of do-not-resuscitate signing and quality of end-of-life care [14]. The ultimate goal of HPC is to enable terminally ill patients to have a good death as well as good comprehensive quality of life outcome (CoQoLo). A good death for terminally ill patients largely means comfort, well-controlled pain and symptoms, explicit decision making, a sense of closure, being seen as a person, exhibiting respect for the patient’s wishes, awareness, preparation and acceptance of death, giving something to others, having their burdens minimized, religious and spiritual wellness, and having their relationships optimized [15,16,17]. Preparing for a good quality of dying and death is necessary in Chinese culture, as people expect those who remain to make efforts to address the final engagements of those who pass on. Previous studies have shown that the effectiveness of PCU with regard to care for terminally ill cancer patients is positively related to the quality of dying and death [18,19]. A cross-sectional study indicated that home-based hospice palliative care could achieve higher CoQoLo levels for cancer patients than palliative care units, as rated by bereaved family members [20]. However, these previous studies either did not explore the effectiveness of different HPC styles, used a cross-sectional design, or had family members rate the good death level. Few studies have used a prospective research method to examine the effectiveness between different HPC styles on CoQoLo, as rated by the patients themselves. Therefore, the objective of this study aimed to explore the effectiveness between PCU and PCS on CoQoLo among terminally ill cancer patients through the use of a prospective follow-up research design.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Design and Population

This study used a prospective longitudinal research design. Two groups, comprising terminally ill cancer patients diagnosed by physicians and those prepared to receive either PCU or PCS chosen by patients or families, were recruited from an approximately 1800-bed and 15-bed PCU medical center in northern Taiwan between August 2018 and October 2019. The inclusion criteria were as follows: had a life expectancy of less than six months, were over 20 years old, were conscious and alert, could communicate in Mandarin or Taiwanese, could understand the disease condition, were aware of the study’s purpose, and were willing to participate.

2.2. PCU and PCS

The process flow of PCU and PCS at the medical center is included below:
When terminally ill inpatients require HPC, they may choose either PCU or PCS. For PCU, patients would come from home or general wards and be transferred to PCU to receive HPC, whereas for PCS, patients receive HPC in general wards.
Before patients are transferred to receive HPC, the physicians or HPC nurses explain its concept to the patients and their family members. The patients start receiving PCU or PCS after confirming their willingness to participate and providing their informed consent.
A multidisciplinary team provides PCU or PCS, often composed of HPC specialists, HPC nurses, social workers, and a chaplain. The goal of both PCU and PCS is to assess the patients and their families’ conditions, including the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual domains, and offer suggestions regarding symptom control and psychosocial and family support.
The PCU team members provide care and assess patients’ and their families’ conditions directly. The PCS team visits the patient once or twice a week. During each visit, the teams evaluate the condition of the patients and their family members. The evaluation results are then reported and discussed during weekly HPC team meetings.
HPC team members hold a meeting once a week. They discuss the condition of cases including PCU, PCS, and home-based HPC, and then offer the patient’s future care plan to the patients and their families. PCU and PCS may include evaluating the possibilities of staying in the initial primary care facility, dispensing with home-based HPC, or discharge. For PCS, an evaluation of the possibilities of transferring to a PCU may be included.
PCU and PCS are terminated when the issues of the patients and their family members are resolved, or when the patient is transferred to a home-based HPC, is discharged, or has died. PCS is also terminated when patients are transferred to a PCU.

2.3. Measurements

2.3.1. Patient Characteristics

Patient data collected included the patients’ age, sex, educational level, religious belief, marital status, and caregiver identity (spouse, child, or others). Furthermore, the data included whether they lived with others, their closeness with their family (measured using a Likert scale of 1–5, with 1 = no closeness at all and 5 = very close), economic source (self or others), and economic status (<20,000 NTD or ≥20,000 NTD). Moreover, the data collected included the number of times they have experienced deaths of family and friends (≤2 times or >2 times), perceived disease severity (Likert scale of 1–5, with 1 = not serious at all and 5 = very serious), duration of cancer diagnosis, palliative prognostic index (PPI), and symptom severity.

2.3.2. Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI)

The PPI is used to predict survival in terminal cancer patients [21]. This is determined using the variables of performance status (0, 2.5, and 4 points), oral intake (0, 1, and 2.5 points), edema (0 and 1 points), dyspnea at rest (0 and 3.5 points), and delirium (0 and 4 points). Total possible PPI scores range from 0 to 15. A lower PPI score indicates a longer survival time. A PPI score of more than six indicates a predicted survival time of fewer than three weeks, whereas a PPI score of more than four indicates a predicted survival time of fewer than six weeks. The PPI has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity to predict survival time in terminally ill cancer patients [21].

2.3.3. Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale Short Form (MSAS-SF)T

The memorial symptom assessment scale (MSAS) was initially developed by Portenoy et al. [22] and revised to a short form version by Chan et al. [23]. The MSAS-SF has been translated into Chinese and was demonstrated to have good validity and reliability [24]. The scale is a patient-reported symptom severity scale that assesses 28 physical and four psychological symptoms exhibited by the respondent during the past week. Physical symptoms include lack of energy, pain, lack of appetite, drowsiness, constipation, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, change in taste, weight loss, feeling bloated, dizziness, shortness of breath, difficulty sleeping, cough, numbness and tingling, difficulty concentrating, urination, sweats, itching, not looking like self, changes in the skin, lack of sexual interest, swelling of arms/legs, difficulty swallowing, diarrhea, hair loss, and mouth sores. In contrast, psychological symptoms include feeling sad, worrying, feeling irritable, and feeling nervous. Each symptom’s severity is rated on a five-point scale, with 0 representing “no symptom” and 4 “very severe”. The total score of symptom severity ranges from 0 to 128. A higher score represents more severe symptoms [24]. In the present study, Cronbach’s α was 0.724.

2.3.4. Comprehensive Quality of Life Outcomes (CoQoLo) Inventory

The CoQoLo inventory was developed by Miyashita et al. and is used to assess one’s CoQoLo level based on the concept of good death for patients with advanced cancer [25]. This is a self-evaluated scale comprising 28 items and 10 subscales (i.e., physical and psychological comfort, staying in a favorite place, maintaining hope and feeling pleasure, good relationships with medical staff, not being a burden to others, good relationships with family, independence, environmental comfort, being respected as an individual, and having a fulfilling life). Each item is rated on a seven-point Likert scale, with 1 representing “completely disagree” and 7, “completely agree.” The total scores of CoQoLo level range from 28 to 196. A higher score represents a good CoQoLo level. The good validity and reliability of this inventory have been demonstrated in a prior study [25]. Cronbach’s α was 0.845 for 105 patients with terminally ill cancer in this study.

2.4. Study Process

This study was approved by the institutional review board of the Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGHIRB No.:2-107-05-028). Terminally ill cancer patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were prepared to receive either PCU or PCS and were provided with information on the study protocol. Before starting the experiment, the researcher explained the study’s objectives and methods to the participants in a designated meeting room. The same researcher collected data via questionnaires before the PCU or PCS was provided and seven days following it after each participant signed the informed consent. The questionnaires were undisclosed, and the collected information was to be considered confidential. Participants spent approximately 15 to 20 min filling in the questionnaires and they received a gift card after filling out the questionnaires. Participants were allowed to stop the study at any time.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Data were encoded using the spreadsheet software Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Categorical variables were stated as frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables were stated as means and standard deviations (SDs). Baseline heterogeneity between the PCU and PCS groups was analyzed using a t-test and chi-square test. Fisher’s exact test was also used to adjust the cell count to less than five. The difference in CoQoLo level before and seven days following hospice care was analyzed using a paired t-test. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to analyze the data, including repeat measurements, which were often collected at different time points for each individual. GEE could be used to manage intra-person dependency to explore the independent impact factors on specific outcomes. Moreover, it could adjust potential confounding factors to present the effect of the used variable. Therefore, we used GEE to determine the predictors of CoQoLo levels of terminally ill cancer patients before and seven days following PCU and PCS. A statistically significant p-value was considered as a value lower than 0.05.

3. Results

Data were collected from 105 terminally ill cancer patients, of which 70 patients were prepared to receive PCU, and 35 patients were prepared to receive PCS. A total of 64 patients received PCU, and 26 patients received PCS and completed the questionnaire seven days following hospice care. A flowchart illustrating the flow of the study is shown in Figure 1. The baseline characteristics of the terminal cancer patients who received PCU and those who received PCS are shown in Table 1. No significant differences in baseline characteristics were noticed between the two groups.
There were no statistically significant differences in the mean values of the CoQoLo level between the PCU and PCS groups before (125.6 ± 20.2 vs. 122.1 ± 20.3, p = 0.403) and seven days following care (136.2 ± 14.6 vs. 132.2 ± 16.4, p = 0.211). However, the CoQoLo levels seven days after care significantly improved not only in the PCU group but also in the PCS group compared with the pre-care levels (p < 0.001; see details in Table 2).
We used the GEE model of the CoQoLo level to test each baseline characteristic variable of the terminally ill cancer patients before and seven days following PCU and PCS. The CoQoLo level of the terminally ill cancer patients was shown to have improved following PCU and PCS (β = 5.3, p = 0.020). The patients’ age (β = 0.3, p = 0.041), presence of religious beliefs (β = 8.7, p = 0.013), marital status (β = −7.8, p = 0.029), closeness with family (β = 2.8, p = 0.011), PPI (β = 1.5, p = 0.011), and symptom severity (β = −0.4, p < 0.001) were statistically significant, with CoQoLo levels being exhibited after adjusting for the baseline characteristics of patients (see details in Table 3).

4. Discussion

This study is one of the first to discuss the effect of PCU and PCS on CoQoLo among terminally ill cancer patients through the use of patient-reported outcomes and a prospective longitudinal design. We found that there were no significant differences in the levels of CoQoLo between the PCU and PCS groups. A prior study showed that patients admitted to the PCU had a worse performance status and severe symptoms and psychosocial problems compared with those consulted by the PCS [26]. A survey also indicated that family members of patients who died on the PCU were more likely to report that patients had better end-of-life medical care and emotional support than those who received PCS [27]. However, the baseline characteristics of this study showed no difference in perceived disease severity, PPI, and symptom severity in the PCU and PCS groups. In our medical center, both PCU and PCS provide patients with a multidisciplinary team composed of different professionals, including physicians, hospice specialist nurses, psychologists, social workers, pharmacists, and chaplains. Additionally, PCU and PCS provide holistic patient-centered care to the patients at the end stage as needed, and assist in medical decision-making processes related to advanced care planning. In Taiwan, our government has been actively promoting PCS due to the limited number of beds with regard to PCU. Therefore, we expected that this policy could lead to more terminally ill patients receiving PCU or PCS in order to achieve a good CoQoLo in the end stage.
This study indicated that the CoQoLo level of terminally ill cancer patients significantly improved not only among those who received PCU seven days following the care but also among those who received PCS. This finding was similar to several previous studies [18,28,29]. Terminally ill cancer patients who had received PCU or PCS had significantly less medical utilization and expenses, lower aggressive medical treatments, and a higher quality of dying, as compared to those who never received PCU or PCS [7,28,30,31,32]. CoQoLo is assessed by patients themselves and means the patient’s physical and psychological comfort, staying in a favorite place, maintaining hope and feeling pleasure, good relationships with medical staff, not being a burden to others, good relationships with family, independence, environmental comfort, being respected as an individual, and having a fulfilling life to achieve a good death for patients with advanced cancer [25]. A good death is usually assessed by family members after the patient dies. It is one of the primary outcomes of end-of-life care by the patient and the family and highly individualistic, changeable over time, and based on perspective and experience [33]. Physical comfort, being pain-free, and psychosocial and spiritual peace should be considered in addition to the crucial components of preparation for a good CoQoLo as well as good death [34]. Therefore, the goal of PCU and PCS is not to extend life or accelerate death but to increase the quality of life and promote dignified death [35].
In this study, older terminally ill patients had higher CoQoLo levels, which is not consistent with prior findings [36,37]. Older patients reported lower attainment of feelings of hope and pleasure in their relationship with their families, possibly resulting in loneliness and seclusion [38]. Moreover, elderly patients with terminal cancer in Taiwan generally do not fully understand their illness condition even before death. In Taiwanese culture, it is not an ordinary practice to disclose the entire truth regarding an illness to patients based on non-maleficence [36]. However, a study has revealed that older terminally ill cancer patients are more likely to show death preparedness [39]. Older patients usually have positive attitudes toward death, exhibit ambiguous emotions or attitudes in the confrontation with death, and are more likely to be at peace [40,41,42].
Our research found that having religious beliefs might affect the level of CoQoLo among terminally ill cancer patients. Religious beliefs are positively related to the perception of preparation for death and spiritual well-being and are negatively associated with physical suffering [43]. It is an essential element in the practices and aspects that lead to a good CoQoLo [44]. Patients who are religious receive more spiritual support via their religion to overcome any fear of death. Religious belief serves as a spiritual inspiration and becomes more important for terminally ill patients as they feel the need for natural or supernatural assistance near their end of life [43]. Furthermore, terminally ill cancer patients with religious beliefs seem to have little fear of dying, suggesting that both religious beliefs and practices could reduce anxiety related to death [45].
Our findings revealed that terminally ill patients closer to their families had a higher level of CoQoLo. Studies have shown that having a close family is a key element of a good death among terminally ill patients [44,46]. Improved death preparedness is related to higher social support in terminally ill cancer patients [39]. Close family members endeavor for balance and well-being to attend their affected relative at the end of their life. They help them find meaning and strength by helping, and contribute to their regaining balance and harmony in the terminal stage [47]. Additionally, close family members can support terminally ill patients to be able to say goodbye, pronounce euthanasia in the case of intolerable suffering, and help accomplish a good death as well as CoQoLo [48].
This study indicated that having higher PPI scores meant a shorter survival time, relating to higher CoQoLo levels among terminally ill cancer patients. A study has shown that short or long survival time does not affect the accomplishment of CoQoLo in patients with terminal cancer [49]. Patients who received hospice care for 22–84 days have been reported to exhibit a significantly higher quality of dying than those who received hospice care for 3–21 days [19]. Such a short course of time can pose a challenge in providing hospice care; however, with the hospice care team members’ endeavor, CoQoLo can be achieved within a short survival time. Therefore, patients with terminal cancer can experience a good CoQoLo as well as good death, even with short survival times [49].
Patients with lower symptom severity in this study exhibited higher CoQoLo levels. Patients usually become sicker, and physical symptoms inevitably increase close to the end of life [49]. A previous study showed that terminally ill cancer patients with fewer distressing symptoms tend to report death preparedness [39]. Notably, severe symptom distress possibly affects prognostic awareness and poses accompanying challenges in achieving a good CoQoLo among these patients [50]. Being free from pain or other distressing symptoms is key to achieving CoQoLo in terminally ill cancer patients [15,16,17].
This study was a prospective longitudinal design using patient-reported CoQoLo levels. However, it also has some limitations. First, the patients investigated had clear consciousness and were a small sample size from a single medical center. Hence, generalizing this study’s conclusions to all terminally ill cancer patients may be inappropriate. Second, we did not enroll patients who had not received PCU or PCS because patients did not know their disease condition or their doctor had not yet determined patients to be in their terminal stage. Therefore, the level of CoQoLo among these people was unknown. Finally, the current study only followed up on the CoQoLo level of terminally ill cancer patients before and seven days following care. Consequently, the long-term effects of PCU and PCS on CoQoLo levels are unknown.
Based on the limitations of this study, future research directions are suggested. First, studies using different medical centers or hospitals and large sample sizes are needed to increase the findings’ applicability and generalizability. Second, a prospective cohort study that compares terminally ill cancer patients, either involving or not involving PCU and PCS, is recommended to understand the levels of CoQoLo among these groups. Finally, continuous follow-up on the CoQoLo level of terminally ill cancer patients is essential to confirm the effects of PCU and PCS.

5. Conclusions

This study supported that there were no differences in the levels of CoQoLo between the PCU and PCS groups. The CoQoLo levels of terminally ill cancer patients significantly improved not only in the PCU group but also in the PCS group over time following care. These findings highlighted the substantial benefits of providing inpatient palliative care, PCU and PCS, and supported further promotion more widely in terminally ill cancer patients to enhance a good CoQoLo at the end-stage of their life.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.-F.C. and H.-H.P.; Formal analysis, Y.-C.H.; Funding acquisition, Y.-C.H.; Investigation, L.-F.W.; Methodology, H.-H.P., C.-K.L. and C.-L.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by grants from the Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGH-C108-176, TSGH-E-110256).

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital (approval no. 2-107-05-028 and date of approval on 1 May 2018).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.

Acknowledgments

The authors are very grateful to the participants in the study. We also thank the staff of the Department of Nursing for their dedicated help and assistance with participant recruitment.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Xu, J.; Murphy, S.L.; Kochanek, K.D.; Arias, E. Mortality in the United States. 2018. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db355-h.pdf (accessed on 25 August 2020).
  2. Siegel, R.L.; Miller, K.D.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2020, 70, 7–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2018 Cause of Death Statistics. Available online: https://www.mohw.gov.tw/lp-4650-2.html (accessed on 10 November 2019).
  4. Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. Hospice Care. Available online: https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/List.aspx?nodeid=210 (accessed on 25 August 2020).
  5. Law and Regulations Database of The Republic of China Hospice Palliative Care Act. Available online: https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0020066 (accessed on 25 August 2020).
  6. National Health Insurance Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2018 National Health Insurance Annual Report. Available online: https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-4574-49817-2.html (accessed on 10 November 2019).
  7. Chang, H.T.; Lin, M.H.; Chen, C.K.; Chen, T.J.; Tsai, S.L.; Cheng, S.Y.; Chiu, T.Y.; Tsai, S.T.; Hwang, S.J. Medical care utilization and costs on end-of-life cancer patients: The role of hospice care. Medicine 2016, 95, e5216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  8. Chen, B.; Kuo, C.C.; Huang, N.; Fan, V.Y. Reducing costs at the end of life through provider incentives for hospice care: A retrospective cohort study. Palliat Med. 2018, 32, 1389–1400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Chen, L.F.; Chang, C.M.; Huang, C.Y. Home-based hospice care reduces end-of-life expenditure in Taiwan: A population-based study. Medicine 2015, 94, e1613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Huang, Y.T.; Wang, Y.W.; Chi, C.W.; Hu, W.Y.; Lin, R., Jr.; Shiao, C.C.; Tang, W.R. Differences in medical costs for end-of-life patients receiving traditional care and those receiving hospice care: A retrospective study. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0229176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  11. Mor, V.; Wagner, T.H.; Levy, C.; Ersek, M.; Miller, S.C.; Gidwani-Marszowski, R.; Joyce, N.; Faricy-Anderson, K.; Corneau, E.A.; Lorenz, K.; et al. Association of expanded VA hospice care with aggressive care and cost for veterans with advanced lung cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2019, 5, 810–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Chiang, J.K.; Kao, Y.H. Impact of home hospice care on patients with advanced lung cancer: A longitudinal population-based study in Taiwan. J. Palliat. Med. 2016, 19, 380–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Shih, Y.L.; Hsu, Y.C.; Chiu, W.H.; Chao, C.C. Estimating life expectancy from Chinese medicine could improve end-of-life care in terminally ill cancer patients. Holist. Nurs. Pract. 2018, 32, 247–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Loke, S.S.; Rau, K.M.; Huang, C.F. Impact of combined hospice care on terminal cancer patients. J. Palliat. Med. 2011, 14, 683–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  15. Krikorian, A.; Maldonado, C.; Pastrana, T. Patient's perspectives on the notion of a good death: A systematic review of the literature. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2020, 59, 152–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Bovero, A.; Gottardo, F.; Botto, R.; Tosi, C.; Selvatico, M.; Torta, R. Definition of a good death, attitudes toward death, and feelings of interconnectedness among people taking care of terminally ill patients with cancer: An exploratory study. Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care 2020, 37, 343–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Gafaar, T.O.; Pesambili, M.; Henke, O.; Vissoci, J.R.N.; Mmbaga, B.T.; Staton, C. Good death: An exploratory study on perceptions and attitudes of patients, relatives, and healthcare providers, in northern Tanzania. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0233494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Cheng, S.Y.; Dy, S.; Fang, P.H.; Chen, C.Y.; Chiu, T.Y. Evaluation of inpatient multidisciplinary palliative care unit on terminally ill cancer patients from providers′ perspectives: A propensity score analysis. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 43, 161–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  19. Choi, J.Y.; Kong, K.A.; Chang, Y.J.; Jho, H.J.; Ahn, E.M.; Choi, S.K.; Park, S.; Lee, M.K. Effect of the duration of hospice and palliative care on the quality of dying and death in patients with terminal cancer: A nationwide multicentre study. Eur. J. Cancer Care 2018, 27, e12771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Miyashita, M.; Morita, T.; Sato, K.; Tsuneto, S.; Shima, Y. A nationwide survey of quality of end-of-life cancer care in designated cancer centers, inpatient palliative care units, and home hospices in Japan: The J-HOPE study. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2015, 50, 38–47.e3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. Morita, T.; Tsunoda, J.; Inoue, S.; Chihara, S. The Palliative Prognostic Index: A scoring system for survival prediction of terminally ill cancer patients. Supportive Care Cancer Off. J. Multinatl. Assoc. Supportive Care Cancer 1999, 7, 128–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Portenoy, R.K.; Thaler, H.T.; Kornblith, A.B.; Lepore, J.M.; Friedlander-Klar, H.; Kiyasu, E.; Sobel, K.; Coyle, N.; Kemeny, N.; Norton, L.; et al. The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale: An instrument for the evaluation of symptom prevalence, characteristics and distress. Eur. J. Cancer 1994, 30, 1326–1336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Chang, V.T.; Hwang, S.S.; Feuerman, M.; Kasimis, B.S.; Thaler, H.T. The Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale Short Form (MSAS-SF): Validity and reliability. Cancer 2000, 89, 1162–1171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Cheng, K.K.; Wong, E.M.; Ling, W.M.; Chan, C.W.; Thompson, D.R. Measuring the symptom experience of Chinese cancer patients: A validation of the Chinese version of the memorial symptom assessment scale. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2009, 37, 44–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Miyashita, M.; Wada, M.; Morita, T.; Ishida, M.; Onishi, H.; Tsuneto, S.; Shima, Y. Development and validation of the Comprehensive Quality of Life Outcome (CoQoLo) inventory for patients with advanced cancer. BMJ Support. Palliat. Care 2015, 9, 75–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Gaertner, J.; Frechen, S.; Sladek, M.; Ostgathe, C.; Voltz, R. Palliative care consultation service and palliative care unit: Why do we need both? Oncologist 2012, 17, 428–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Roza, K.A.; Lee, E.J.; Meier, D.E.; Goldstein, N.E. A survey of bereaved family members to assess quality of care on a palliative care unit. J. Palliat. Med. 2015, 18, 358–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Wallston, K.A.; Burger, C.; Smith, R.A.; Baugher, R.J. Comparing the quality of death for hospice and non-hospice cancer patients. Med. Care 1988, 26, 177–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Maeda, I.; Miyashita, M.; Yamagishi, A.; Kinoshita, H.; Shirahige, Y.; Izumi, N.; Yamaguchi, T.; Igarashi, M.; Kato, M.; Morita, T. Changes in relatives' perspectives on quality of death, quality of care, pain relief, and caregiving burden before and after a region-based palliative care intervention. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2016, 52, 637–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Isenberg, S.R.; Lu, C.; McQuade, J.; Chan, K.K.W.; Gill, N.; Cardamone, M.; Torto, D.; Langbaum, T.; Razzak, R.; Smith, T.J. Impact of a new palliative care program on health system finances: An analysis of the palliative care program inpatient unit and consultations at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. J. Oncol. Pract. 2017, 13, e421–e430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Lin, W.Y.; Chiu, T.Y.; Ho, C.T.; Davidson, L.E.; Hsu, H.S.; Liu, C.S.; Chiu, C.F.; Peng, C.T.; Chen, C.Y.; Hu, W.Y.; et al. Hospice shared-care saved medical expenditure and reduced the likelihood of intensive medical utilization among advanced cancer patients in Taiwan--a nationwide survey. Supportive Care Cancer Off. J. Multinatl. Assoc. Supportive Care Cancer 2014, 22, 1907–1914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Huang, K.S.; Wang, S.H.; Chuah, S.K.; Rau, K.M.; Lin, Y.H.; Hsieh, M.C.; Shih, L.H.; Chen, Y.H. The effects of hospice-shared care for gastric cancer patients. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0171365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Kehl, K.A. Moving toward peace: An analysis of the concept of a good death. Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care 2006, 23, 277–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Hong, S.; Cagle, J.G.; Plant, A.J.; Culler, K.L.; Carrion, I.V.; Van Dussen, D.J. Quality of death among hospice decedents: Proxy observations from a survey of community-dwelling adults in the contiguous United States. Death Stud. 2016, 40, 529–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Roth, A.R.; Canedo, A.R. Introduction to hospice and palliative care. Prim. Care 2019, 46, 287–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Cheng, S.Y.; Hu, W.Y.; Liu, W.J.; Yao, C.A.; Chen, C.Y.; Chiu, T.Y. Good death study of elderly patients with terminal cancer in Taiwan. Palliat. Med. 2008, 22, 626–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Cheng, S.Y.; Dy, S.; Hu, W.Y.; Chen, C.Y.; Chiu, T.Y. Factors affecting the improvement of quality of dying of terminally ill patients with cancer through palliative care: A ten-year experience. J. Palliat. Med. 2012, 15, 854–862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  38. Morita, T.; Kuriya, M.; Miyashita, M.; Sato, K.; Eguchi, K.; Akechi, T. Symptom burden and achievement of good death of elderly cancer patients. J. Palliat. Med. 2014, 17, 887–893. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Tang, S.T.; Chou, W.C.; Hsieh, C.H.; Chang, W.C.; Chen, J.S.; Wen, F.H. Terminally ill cancer patients' emotional preparedness for death is distinct from their accurate prognostic awareness. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2020, 60, 774–781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Catt, S.; Blanchard, M.; Addington-Hall, J.; Zis, M.; Blizard, R.; King, M. Older adults' attitudes to death, palliative treatment and hospice care. Palliat. Med. 2005, 19, 402–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Fleming, J.; Farquhar, M.; Brayne, C.; Barclay, S. Death and the oldest old: Attitudes and preferences for end-of-life vare—Qualitative tesearch within a population-based cohort study. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0150686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Depaola, S.J.; Griffin, M.; Young, J.R.; Neimeyer, R.A. Death anxiety and attitudes toward the elderly among older adults: The role of gender and ethnicity. Death Stud. 2003, 27, 335–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Leung, K.K.; Liu, W.J.; Cheng, S.Y.; Chiu, T.Y.; Chen, C.Y. What do laypersons consider as a good death. Supportive Care Cancer Off. J. Multinatl. Assoc. Supportive Care Cancer 2009, 17, 691–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Kastbom, L.; Milberg, A.; Karlsson, M. A good death from the perspective of palliative cancer patients. Supportive Care Cancer Off. J. Multinatl. Assoc. Supportive Care Cancer 2017, 25, 933–939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Chaar, E.A.; Hallit, S.; Hajj, A.; Aaraj, R.; Kattan, J.; Jabbour, H.; Khabbaz, L.R. Evaluating the impact of spirituality on the quality of life, anxiety, and depression among patients with cancer: An observational transversal study. Supportive Care Cancer Off. J. Multinatl. Assoc. Supportive Care Cancer 2018, 26, 2581–2590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Nagoya, Y.; Miyashita, M.; Shiwaku, H. Pediatric cancer patients' important end-of-life issues, including quality of life: A survey of pediatric oncologists and nurses in Japan. J. Palliat. Med. 2017, 20, 487–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  47. Axelsson, L.; Klang, B.; Lundh Hagelin, C.; Jacobson, S.H.; Gleissman, S.A. Meanings of being a close relative of a family member treated with haemodialysis approaching end of life. J. Clin. Nurs. 2015, 24, 447–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Vanderveken, L.; Schoenmakers, B.; De Lepeleire, J. A better understanding of the concept "a good death": How do healthcare providers define a good death? Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2019, 27, 463–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Leung, K.K.; Tsai, J.S.; Cheng, S.Y.; Liu, W.J.; Chiu, T.Y.; Wu, C.H.; Chen, C.Y. Can a good death and quality of life be achieved for patients with terminal cancer in a palliative care unit? J. Palliat. Med. 2010, 13, 1433–1438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  50. Chen, J.S.; Wen, F.H.; Chou, W.C.; Hsieh, C.H.; Chang, W.C.; Tang, S.T. Terminally ill cancer patients' distinct symptom-functional patterns/states are differentially associated with their accurate prognostic awareness in the last six months of life. J. Palliat. Med. 2019, 22, 782–789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ijerph 18 08992 g001 550
Figure 1. The study flowchart. PCU: palliative care unit; PCS: palliative consultation service.
Figure 1. The study flowchart. PCU: palliative care unit; PCS: palliative consultation service.
Ijerph 18 08992 g001
Table
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of terminally ill cancer patients receiving inpatient hospice palliative care unit (PCU; n = 70) and palliative consultation service (PCS; n = 35).
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of terminally ill cancer patients receiving inpatient hospice palliative care unit (PCU; n = 70) and palliative consultation service (PCS; n = 35).
VariablePCUPCS
(n = 70)(n = 35)p Value
Mean ± SD/n (%)Mean ± SD/n (%)
Age67.6 ± 12.065.1 ± 14.60.348
Sex 0.779
Male42 (60.0)20 (57.1)
Female28 (40.0)15 (42.9)
Educational level 0.162
High school and below44 (62.9)17 (48.6)
Specialist or above26 (37.1)18 (51.4)
Religious belief 0.290
No23 (32.9)8 (22.9)
Yes47 (67.1)27 (77.1)
Marital status 0.238
Single20 (28.6)14 (40.0)
Married50 (71.4)21 (60.0)
Child 1.000 a
No7 (10.0)4 (11.4)
Yes63 (90.0)31 (88.6)
Living with others 0.330 a
No2 (2.9)3 (8.6)
Yes68 (97.1)32 (91.4)
Caregiver identity 0.336 a
None1 (1.4)3 (8.6)
Spouse32 (45.7)17 (48.6)
Child22 (31.4)9 (25.7)
Others15 (21.4)6 (17.1)
Closeness with family3.0 ± 1.32.9 ± 1.30.833
Economic sources 0.549
Self50 (71.4)23 (65.7)
Others20 (28.6)12 (34.3)
Economic status 0.479
<20,000 NTD29 (41.4)12 (34.3)
≥20,000 NTD41 (58.6)23 (65.7)
Experienced deaths of family and friends 0.263
≤2 times15 (21.4)11 (31.4)
>3 times55 (78.6)24 (68.6)
Perceived disease severity3.3 ± 0.63.4 ± 0.80.471
Duration of cancer diagnosis (years)4.2 ± 2.43.8 ± 2.60.828
Palliative prognostic index4.7 ± 3.04.4 ± 2.70.640
Symptom severity29.3 ± 11.227.7 ± 13.20.521
PCU: palliative care unit; PCS: palliative consultation service; SD: standardized deviation. a Testing by Fisher’s exact test, Wilcoxon test, or Kruskal–Wallis test, respectively.
Table
Table 2. CoQoLo level over time following inpatient hospice palliative care unit (PCU) and palliative consultation service (PCS) among terminally ill cancer patients.
Table 2. CoQoLo level over time following inpatient hospice palliative care unit (PCU) and palliative consultation service (PCS) among terminally ill cancer patients.
VariablesPCUPCS
Mean ± SDMean ± SDp Value
CoQoLo level
Pre-care (70 vs. 35)125.6 ± 20.2122.1 ± 20.30.403
Seven days following care (64 vs. 26)136.2 ± 14.6132.2 ± 16.40.211
Mean difference pre- and seven days following care10.6 ± 14.710.1 ± 16.70.886
Paired t-testp < 0.001p < 0.001
CoQoLo: comprehensive quality of life outcomes; PCU: palliative care unit; PCS: palliative consultation service; SD: standardized deviation.
Table
Table 3. Predictors of CoQoLo level of terminally ill cancer patients pre- and seven days following PCU and PCS (n = 90).
Table 3. Predictors of CoQoLo level of terminally ill cancer patients pre- and seven days following PCU and PCS (n = 90).
Variable.Crude β (95% CI)p ValueAdjusted β (95% CI)p Value
Time * hospice palliative style
Pre-care
PCU/PCSReference Reference
Seven days following care
PCU/PCS1.7 (−3.7–7.3)0.8383.1 (−2.3–8.5)0.257
Time
Pre-careReference Reference
Seven days following care11.2 (7.0–15.4)<0.0015.3 (0.8–9.8)0.020
Hospice palliative style
PCU1.2 (−6.6–9.1)0.1570.7 (−6.2–7.5)0.850
PCSReference Reference
Age0.2 (−0.002–0.5)0.0520.3 (0.01–0.5)0.041
Sex
MaleReference Reference
Female2.3 (−3.5–8.1)0.4430.5 (−4.8–5.8)0.858
Educational level
High school and belowReference Reference
Specialized or above−1.6 (−7.8–4.6)0.6144.5 (−1.1–10.1)0.117
Religious belief
NoReference Reference
Yes6.4 (−0.3–13.0)0.0618.7 (1.8–15.5)0.013
Marital status
SingleReference Reference
Married−5.3 (−11.4–0.8)0.089−7.8 (−14.9–−0.8)0.029
Child
NoReference Reference
Yes2.2 (5.0–−7.6)0.661−4.8 (−17.2–7.5)0.442
Living with others
NoReference Reference
Yes−3.6 (−14.1–6.9)0.501−15.7 (−34.1–2.7)0.095
Caregiver
NoReference Reference
Spouse−4.4 (−20.5–11.6)0.58910.7 (−13.2–34.6)0.379
Child−1.6 (−17.8–14.6)0.03810.2 (−13.8–34.1)0.405
Others−5.5 (−21.6–10.7)0.5072.1 (−20.7–24.9)0.858
Closeness with family2.5 (0.1–4.8)0.0412.8 (0.6–5.0)0.011
Economic source
SelfReference Reference
Others−0.4 (−6.0–5.2)0.8811.2 (−4.2–6.6)0.659
Economic status
<20,000 NTDReference Reference
≥20,000 NTD−1.7 (−8.0–4.6)0.598−5.0 (−10.2–0.2)0.061
Experienced deaths of family and friends
<3 timesReference Reference
≥3 times5.3 (−1.4–12.0)0.1192.0 (−5.1–9.0)0.581
Perceived disease severity0.7 (−4.5–5.9)0.7970.02 (−4.5–4.5)0.995
Duration of cancer diagnosis (years)−0.2 (−1.2–0.9)0.7360.2 (−0.8–1.1)0.733
Palliative prognostic index1.5 (0.6–2.4)0.0021.5 (0.6–2.4)0.001
Symptom severity−0.6 (−0.8–−0.4)<0.001−0.4 (−0.6–−0.2)<0.001
CoQoLo: comprehensive quality of life outcomes; PCU: palliative care unit; PCS: palliative consultation service. *: interaction.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chang, L.-F.; Wu, L.-F.; Lin, C.-K.; Ho, C.-L.; Hung, Y.-C.; Pan, H.-H. Inpatient Hospice Palliative Care Unit and Palliative Consultation Service Enhance Comprehensive Quality of Life Outcomes in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8992. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18178992

AMA Style

Chang L-F, Wu L-F, Lin C-K, Ho C-L, Hung Y-C, Pan H-H. Inpatient Hospice Palliative Care Unit and Palliative Consultation Service Enhance Comprehensive Quality of Life Outcomes in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):8992. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18178992

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang, Li-Fang, Li-Fen Wu, Chi-Kang Lin, Ching-Liang Ho, Yu-Chun Hung, and Hsueh-Hsing Pan. 2021. "Inpatient Hospice Palliative Care Unit and Palliative Consultation Service Enhance Comprehensive Quality of Life Outcomes in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: A Prospective Longitudinal Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 8992. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18178992

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop