Effects of Breastfeeding on Endometriosis-Related Pain: A Prospective Observational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Exclusive breastfeeding: the infant only receives breast milk without any additional food or drink, not even water.
- Predominant breastfeeding: maternal milk, maternal milk squeezed or donated, plus non-nutritional liquids such as water, infusions, and sugary drinks.
- Complementary feeding: maternal milk and any other drink or food added, including non-human milk.
- Artificial feeding: no maternal milk feeding, only other sources of drinks and food, including non-human milk.
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Exclusive Breastfeeding
3.2. Effect of Breastfeeding on Ovarian Endometriomas
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age at delivery | mean ± SD |
33.8 ± 4.7 | |
BMI | mean ± SD |
22.2 ± 2.7 | |
Previous medical treatment | n (%) |
51 (41.4) | |
NSAID intake | n (%) |
109 (88.6) | |
Parity | n (%) |
0 | 84 (68.3) |
1 | 27 (21.9) |
2 | 12 (9.8) |
Stage at previous surgery | n (%) |
Stage III | 66 (53.6) |
Stage IV | 57 (46.4) |
Surgical findings | n (%) |
Peritoneal lesions | 74 (60.1) |
Adhesions | 62 (50.4) |
DIE | 39 (31.7) |
Unilateral endometriomas | 76 (61.8) |
Bilateral endometriomas | 47 (38.2) |
Ovarian endometriomas at the beginning of pregnancy | n (%) |
Unilateral | 39 (76.4) |
Bilateral | 12 (23.6) |
Average size of ovarian endometriomas at pregnancy (cm) | mean ± SD |
3.25 ± 0.91 | |
Prevalence of pain symptoms before pregnancy | n (%) |
Dysmenorrhea | 101 (82.1) |
Dyspareunia | 74 (60.1) |
CPP | 91 (73.9) |
Mean VAS score | mean ± SD |
Dysmenorrhea | 6.1 ± 3.6 |
Dyspareunia | 5.1 ± 2.8 |
CPP | 4.8 ± 2 |
Type of delivery | n (%) |
Vaginal | 60 (48.8) |
Cesarean section | 63 (51.2) |
Gestational age at delivery | n (%) |
Preterm (<37 weeks) | 18 (14.6) |
Term (≥37 weeks) | 105 (85.4) |
Months of postpartum amenorrhea | mean ± SD |
5.6 ± 4.3 |
Dysmenorrhea | ||||||
Group A (n = 17) | p-Value | Group B (n = 19) | p-Value | Group C (n = 33) | p-Value | |
T0 | 6.9 | 4.7 | 6.5 | |||
T3 * | 2 | 0.001 | 3.6 | 0.04 | 2.7 | 0.002 |
T6 * | 4.6 | 0.004 | 3.2 | 0.002 | 2.1 | <0.001 |
T12 | 5.4 | n.s. | 3.7 | n.s. | 2.4 | <0.001 |
T24 | 5.4 | n.s. | 3.6 | n.s. | 4.3 | <0.001 |
Dyspareunia | ||||||
Group A (n = 9) | p-Value | Group B (n = 22) | p-Value | Group C (n = 15) | p-Value | |
T0 | 5.4 | n.s. | 5.5 | n.s. | 5.4 | n.s. |
T3 | 4.9 | n.s. | 5.2 | n.s. | 5.1 | n.s. |
T6 | 4.8 | n.s. | 4.7 | n.s. | 4.6 | n.s. |
T12 | 5.3 | n.s. | 4.9 | n.s. | 4.4 | n.s. |
T24 | 5.2 | n.s. | 5.1 | n.s. | 4.7 | n.s. |
CPP | ||||||
Group A (n = 19) | p-Value | Group B (n = 25) | p-Value | Group C (n = 23) | p-Value | |
T0 | 4.9 | 2.6 | 3.7 | |||
T3 | 2.6 | 0.05 | 1.6 | n.s. | 1.3 | 0.002 |
T6 | 4.0 | n.s. | 1.6 | n.s. | 1.3 | 0.002 |
T12 | 4.9 | n.s. | 1.6 | n.s. | 1.7 | 0.04 |
T24 | 5.0 | n.s. | 1.6 | n.s. | 3.3 | n.s. |
All Patients (n = 51) (mean cm ± SD) | Exclusive Breastfeeding Patients (n = 42) (mean cm ± SD) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Before pregnancy | 3.25 ± 0.91 | 3.23 ± 0.91 | |
6-month follow-up | 3.01 ± 0.81 | 2.98 ± 0.79 | 0.041 |
24-month follow-up | 2.71 ± 0.79 | 2.69 ± 0.76 |
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Prosperi Porta, R.; Sangiuliano, C.; Cavalli, A.; Hirose Marques Pereira, L.C.; Masciullo, L.; Piacenti, I.; Scaramuzzino, S.; Viscardi, M.F.; Porpora, M.G. Effects of Breastfeeding on Endometriosis-Related Pain: A Prospective Observational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10602. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182010602
Prosperi Porta R, Sangiuliano C, Cavalli A, Hirose Marques Pereira LC, Masciullo L, Piacenti I, Scaramuzzino S, Viscardi MF, Porpora MG. Effects of Breastfeeding on Endometriosis-Related Pain: A Prospective Observational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20):10602. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182010602
Chicago/Turabian StyleProsperi Porta, Romana, Chiara Sangiuliano, Alessandra Cavalli, Laila Cristine Hirose Marques Pereira, Luisa Masciullo, Ilaria Piacenti, Sara Scaramuzzino, Maria Federica Viscardi, and Maria Grazia Porpora. 2021. "Effects of Breastfeeding on Endometriosis-Related Pain: A Prospective Observational Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20: 10602. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph182010602