The Acute Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles and Different Fractions Exposure on Blood Coagulation Function in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Exposure Sample Preparation
2.2. Animals and Study Design
2.3. Intratracheal Instillation
2.4. Collection of Blood Samples and Organs
2.5. Blood Routine, Coagulation Function and Bleeding Time Examinations
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Results of Body Weight and Organ Weight
3.2. The Results of Bleeding Time and Coagulation Function Examinations
3.3. The Results of Blood Routine Examination
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Gu, H.; Cao, Y.; Elahi, E.; Jha, S.K. Human health damages related to air pollution in China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2019, 26, 13115–13125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Castres, P.; Dajnak, D.; Lott, M.; Watts, N. Most London hospitals and clinics exceed air pollution limits. BMJ 2017, 357, j2855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- GBD. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016, 388, 1659–1724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lelieveld, J.; Klingmüller, K.; Pozzer, A.; Pöschl, U.; Fnais, M.; Daiber, A.; Münzel, T. Cardiovascular disease burden from ambient air pollution in Europe reassessed using novel hazard ratio functions. Eur. Heart J. 2019, 40, 1590–1596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Solomon, P.A. Air pollution and health: Bridging the gap from sources to health outcomes. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119, A156–A157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brunekreef, B.; Holgate, S.T. Air pollution and health. Lancet 2002, 360, 1233–1242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Chen, R.; Sera, F.; Vicedo-Cabrera, A.M.; Guo, Y.; Tong, S.; Coelho, M.; Saldiva, P.H.N.; Lavigne, E.; Matus, P.; et al. Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in 652 Cities. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019, 381, 705–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Robertson, S.; Miller, M.R. Ambient air pollution and thrombosis. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2018, 15, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guarnieri, M.; Balmes, J.R. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet 2014, 383, 1581–1592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sierra-Vargas, M.P.; Teran, L.M. Air pollution: Impact and prevention. Respirology 2012, 17, 1031–1038. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wilson, S.J.; Miller, M.R.; Newby, D.E. Effects of Diesel Exhaust on Cardiovascular Function and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 2018, 28, 819–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mills, N.L.; Törnqvist, H.; Robinson, S.D.; Gonzalez, M.; Darnley, K.; MacNee, W.; Boon, N.A.; Donaldson, K.; Blomberg, A.; Sandstrom, T.; et al. Diesel exhaust inhalation causes vascular dysfunction and impaired endogenous fibrinolysis. Circulation 2005, 112, 3930–3936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lundbäck, M.; Mills, N.L.; Lucking, A.; Barath, S.; Donaldson, K.; Newby, D.E.; Sandström, T.; Blomberg, A. Experimental exposure to diesel exhaust increases arterial stiffness in man. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2009, 6, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lowe, G.D.O. Self-related Health and Blood Hypercoagulability: A Possible Mechanism for Cardiovascular Risk. Thromb. Haemost. 2018, 118, 4–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Castranova, V.; Ma, J.Y.; Yang, H.M.; Antonini, J.M.; Butterworth, L.; Barger, M.W.; Roberts, J.; Ma, J.K. Effect of exposure to diesel exhaust particles on the susceptibility of the lung to infection. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109 (Suppl. 4), 609–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhavaraju, L.; Shannahan, J.; William, A.; McCormick, R.; McGee, J.; Kodavanti, U.; Madden, M. Diesel and biodiesel exhaust particle effects on rat alveolar macrophages with in vitro exposure. Chemosphere 2014, 104, 126–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Smyth, E.; Solomon, A.; Birrell, M.A.; Smallwood, M.J.; Winyard, P.G.; Tetley, T.D.; Emerson, M. Influence of inflammation and nitric oxide upon platelet aggregation following deposition of diesel exhaust particles in the airways. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2017, 174, 2130–2139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nemmar, A.; Zia, S.; Subramaniyan, D.; Fahim, M.A.; Ali, B.H. Exacerbation of thrombotic events by diesel exhaust particle in mouse model of hypertension. Toxicology 2011, 285, 39–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nemmar, A.; Al-Salam, S.; Beegam, S.; Yuvaraju, P.; Ali, B.H. Thrombosis and systemic and cardiac oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particles and the effect of nootkatone thereon. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2018, 314, H917–H927. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucking, A.J.; Lundbäck, M.; Barath, S.L.; Mills, N.L.; Sidhu, M.K.; Langrish, J.P.; Boon, N.A.; Pourazar, J.; Badimon, J.J.; Gerlofs-Nijland, M.E.; et al. Particle traps prevent adverse vascular and prothrombotic effects of diesel engine exhaust inhalation in men. Circulation 2011, 123, 1721–1728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rückerl, R.; Ibald-Mulli, A.; Koenig, W.; Schneider, A.; Woelke, G.; Cyrys, J.; Heinrich, J.; Marder, V.; Frampton, M.; Wichmann, H.E.; et al. Air pollution and markers of inflammation and coagulation in patients with coronary heart disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006, 173, 432–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mills, N.L.; Finlayson, A.E.; Gonzalez, M.C.; Törnqvist, H.; Barath, S.; Vink, E.; Goudie, C.; Langrish, J.P.; Söderberg, S.; Boon, N.A.; et al. Diesel exhaust inhalation does not affect heart rhythm or heart rate variability. Heart 2011, 97, 544–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drummond, D.; Baravalle-Einaudi, M.; Lezmi, G.; Vibhushan, S.; Franco-Montoya, M.L.; Hadchouel, A.; Boczkowski, J.; Delacourt, C. Combined Effects of in Utero and Adolescent Tobacco Smoke Exposure on Lung Function in C57Bl/6J Mice. Environ.Health Perspect. 2017, 125, 392–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bendtsen, K.M.; Gren, L.; Malmborg, V.B.; Shukla, P.C.; Tunér, M.; Essig, Y.J.; Krais, A.M.; Clausen, P.A.; Berthing, T.; Loeschner, K.; et al. Particle characterization and toxicity in C57BL/6 mice following instillation of five different diesel exhaust particles designed to differ in physicochemical properties. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2020, 17, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, M.; Liang, S.; Zhou, H.; Xu, Y.; Qin, X.; Hu, Z.; Wang, X.; Qiu, L.; Wang, W.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Prenatal and postnatal mothering by diesel exhaust PM(2.5)-exposed dams differentially program mouse energy metabolism. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2017, 14, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pan, B.; Chen, M.; Zhang, X.; Liang, S.; Qin, X.; Qiu, L.; Cao, Q.; Peng, R.; Tao, S.; Li, Z.; et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis mediates ambient PM(2.5) exposure-induced pulmonary inflammation. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2021, 208, 111464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thaver, S.; Bennett, E.J.; Foa, L.; Richards, S.M.; Lyons, A.B.; Zosky, G.R. Pregnancy protects against the pro-inflammatory respiratory responses induced by particulate matter exposure. Chemosphere 2019, 225, 796–802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robertson, S.; Gray, G.A.; Duffin, R.; McLean, S.G.; Shaw, C.A.; Hadoke, P.W.; Newby, D.E.; Miller, M.R. Diesel exhaust particulate induces pulmonary and systemic inflammation in rats without impairing endothelial function ex vivo or in vivo. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2012, 9, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nemmar, A.; Al-Maskari, S.; Ali, B.H.; Al-Amri, I.S. Cardiovascular and lung inflammatory effects induced by systemically administered diesel exhaust particles in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2007, 292, L664–L670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nemmar, A.; Al-Salam, S.; Dhanasekaran, S.; Sudhadevi, M.; Ali, B.H. Pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particles promotes cerebral microvessel thrombosis: Protective effect of a cysteine prodrug l-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Toxicology 2009, 263, 84–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baccarelli, A.; Zanobetti, A.; Martinelli, I.; Grillo, P.; Hou, L.; Giacomini, S.; Bonzini, M.; Lanzani, G.; Mannucci, P.M.; Bertazzi, P.A.; et al. Effects of exposure to air pollution on blood coagulation. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2007, 5, 252–260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nemmar, A.; Beegam, S.; Yuvaraju, P.; Yasin, J.; Tariq, S.; Attoub, S.; Ali, B.H. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles acutely promote thrombosis and cardiac oxidative stress and DNA damage in mice. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2016, 13, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ghio, A.J.; Kim, C.; Devlin, R.B. Concentrated ambient air particles induce mild pulmonary inflammation in healthy human volunteers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000, 162, 981–988. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lane, K.J.; Levy, J.I.; Scammell, M.K.; Peters, J.L.; Patton, A.P.; Reisner, E.; Lowe, L.; Zamore, W.; Durant, J.L.; Brugge, D. Association of modeled long-term personal exposure to ultrafine particles with inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. Environ. Int. 2016, 92–93, 173–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Seaton, A.; Soutar, A.; Crawford, V.; Elton, R.; McNerlan, S.; Cherrie, J.; Watt, M.; Agius, R.; Stout, R. Particulate air pollution and the blood. Thorax 1999, 54, 1027–1032. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Viehmann, A.; Hertel, S.; Fuks, K.; Eisele, L.; Moebus, S.; Möhlenkamp, S.; Nonnemacher, M.; Jakobs, H.; Erbel, R.; Jöckel, K.-H.; et al. Long-term residential exposure to urban air pollution, and repeated measures of systemic blood markers of inflammation and coagulation. Occup. Environ. Med. 2015, 72, 656–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rudez, G.; Janssen, N.A.; Kilinc, E.; Leebeek, F.W.; Gerlofs-Nijland, M.E.; Spronk, H.M.; ten Cate, H.; Cassee, F.R.; de Maat, M.P. Effects of ambient air pollution on hemostasis and inflammation. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117, 995–1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Inoue, K.I.; Takano, H. Effects of diesel exhaust particles on coagulation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2017, 174, 4199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nel, A.E.; Diaz-Sanchez, D.; Ng, D.; Hiura, T.; Saxon, A. Enhancement of allergic inflammation by the interaction between diesel exhaust particles and the immune system. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1998, 102, 539–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Weight After Intervention | PBS | DEP | WS | WIS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | |
Body weight | 27.14 | 23.52 | 30.97 | 26.92 | 24.70 | 27.82 | 27.60 | 25.03 | 29.09 | 26.95 | 24.26 | 28.83 |
Brain weight | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.47 |
Lung weight | 0.38 | 0.32 | 1.51 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 1.52 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 1.51 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 1.61 |
Blood Coagulation Parameters | PBS | DEP | WS | WIS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | |
PT (s) | 7.90 | 7.10 | 8.10 | 7.70 | 7.20 | 8.60 | 7.80 | 7.10 | 8.30 | 7.70 | 7.10 | 8.10 |
TT (s) | 14.60 | 13.00 | 15.90 | 14.75 | 13.40 | 16.80 | 14.75 | 13.50 | 16.90 | 14.00 | 12.90 | 15.20 |
APTT (s) | 25.45 | 21.50 | 27.40 | 24.45 | 21.70 | 28.20 | 24.10 | 21.30 | 27.30 | 24.50 | 22.30 | 27.10 |
FIB (g/L) | 249.50 | 168.00 | 692.00 | 253.00 | 188.00 | 332.00 | 214.50 * | 186.00 | 257.00 | 233.00 | 190.00 | 326.00 |
BT (s) | 238.50 | 201.00 | 280.00 | 230.00 | 163.00 | 272.00 | 218.00 * | 161.00 | 258.00 | 211.00 ** | 177.00 | 236.00 |
Hematology Parameters | PBS | DEP | WS | WIS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | Median | Min | Max | |
RBC (×1012/L) | 8.90 | 7.85 | 10.40 | 8.89 | 6.01 | 9.43 | 8.65 | 6.32 | 9.43 | 8.75 | 6.47 | 9.44 |
PLT (×109/L) | 539.00 | 165.00 | 877.00 | 544.00 | 264.00 | 733.00 | 545.50 | 351.00 | 692.00 | 477.00 * | 178.00 | 632.00 |
WBC (×109/L) | 5.18 | 1.98 | 7.96 | 5.84 | 3.93 | 8.66 | 5.72 | 3.52 | 9.00 | 5.31 | 2.05 | 8.24 |
NEUT (×109/L) | 0.75 | 0.30 | 2.00 | 0.75 | 0.40 | 2.80 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 2.90 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 1.30 |
LYMPH (×109/L) | 4.10 | 1.40 | 6.90 | 4.90 | 2.50 | 8.00 | 4.90 | 2.20 | 7.20 | 4.60 | 1.70 | 7.50 |
MONO (×109/L) | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
EO (×109/L) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 |
BASO (×109/L) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
HGB (g/L) | 130.50 | 111.00 | 145.00 | 128.00 | 84.00 | 134.00 | 128.00 | 91.00 | 134.00 | 126.00 | 90.00 | 136.00 |
MCH (pg) | 14.20 | 13.90 | 15.20 | 14.35 | 13.80 | 15.00 | 14.20 | 13.80 | 15.10 | 14.15 | 13.90 | 15.30 |
MCHC (g/L) | 287.50 | 277.00 | 304.00 | 287.50 | 273.00 | 303.00 | 290.00 | 280.00 | 305.00 | 289.00 | 284.00 | 306.00 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lei, J.; Li, Z.; Huang, X.; Li, X.; Zhang, G.; Kan, H.; Chen, R.; Zhang, Y. The Acute Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles and Different Fractions Exposure on Blood Coagulation Function in Mice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4136. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18084136
Lei J, Li Z, Huang X, Li X, Zhang G, Kan H, Chen R, Zhang Y. The Acute Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles and Different Fractions Exposure on Blood Coagulation Function in Mice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4136. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18084136
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Jian, Zhouzhou Li, Xingke Huang, Xin Li, Guangzheng Zhang, Haidong Kan, Renjie Chen, and Yuhao Zhang. 2021. "The Acute Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles and Different Fractions Exposure on Blood Coagulation Function in Mice" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8: 4136. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph18084136