The Effect of Grandparenting on the Depression and Life Satisfaction among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Theoretical Framework
1.2. The Effect of Grandparenting on Depression
1.3. The Effect of Grandparenting on Life Satisfaction
1.4. The Current Study
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Dependent Variables
2.3. Explanatory Variables
2.4. Analytical Approach
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Association between Grandparenting, Depression, and Life Satisfaction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Full Sample | Grandparenting | Non-Grandparenting | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (Frequency) | SD (%) | Mean (Frequency) | SD (%) | Mean (Frequency) | SD (%) | ||
Dependent variables | |||||||
Depression | 9.04 | 6.69 | 8.62 | 6.37 | 9.46 | 6.98 | <0.001 |
Life satisfaction | 2.23 | 0.83 | 2.24 | 0.81 | 2.22 | 0.85 | 0.269 |
Explanatory variables | |||||||
Time spent on care (month) | 1.52 | 2.89 | 3.29 | 3.49 | |||
Number of grandchildren taken care of | 1.21 | 0.52 | 1.21 | 0.52 | |||
Living with children | |||||||
Yes | 2658 | 27.61 | 2658 | 59.52 | |||
No | 6969 | 72.39 | 1808 | 40.48 | |||
Control variables | |||||||
Gender | 0.571 | ||||||
Female | 5160 | 53.64 | 2379 | 53.33 | 2781 | 53.91 | |
Male | 4460 | 46.36 | 2082 | 46.67 | 2378 | 46.09 | |
Age | 64.85 | 10.09 | 61.02 | 7.89 | 68.16 | 10.61 | <0.001 |
Marital status | <0.001 | ||||||
Married | 7032 | 73.10 | 3693 | 82.78 | 3339 | 64.72 | |
Unmarried | 2588 | 26.90 | 768 | 17.22 | 1820 | 35.28 | |
Years of education | 5.06 | 4.06 | 5.71 | 4.02 | 4.51 | 4.01 | <0.001 |
Ethnic minority | 0.023 | ||||||
Yes | 734 | 7.63 | 370 | 8.29 | 364 | 7.06 | |
No | 8886 | 92.37 | 4091 | 91.71 | 4795 | 92.94 | |
Hukou | 0.032 | ||||||
Rural | 7736 | 80.79 | 3546 | 79.86 | 4190 | 81.60 | |
Urban | 1839 | 19.21 | 894 | 20.14 | 945 | 18.40 | |
Religious beliefs | 0.038 | ||||||
Yes | 1056 | 10.98 | 458 | 10.27 | 598 | 11.59 | |
No | 8564 | 89.02 | 4003 | 89.73 | 4561 | 88.41 | |
Monthly income (ln) | 4.24 | 2.95 | 4.00 | 3.15 | 4.45 | 2.74 | <0.001 |
Non-agricultural work | <0.001 | ||||||
Yes | 1938 | 20.18 | 1066 | 23.93 | 872 | 16.94 | |
No | 7666 | 79.82 | 3389 | 76.07 | 4277 | 83.06 |
Depression | Life Satisfaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coef. | Robust SE | Coef. | Robust SE |
Explanatory variables | ||||
Grandparenting (No = ref.) | ||||
Grandparenting, not living with children | −0.292 | 0.194 | 0.017 | 0.024 |
Grandparenting, living with children | −0.956 *** | −0.174 | 0.077 *** | 0.021 |
Control variables | ||||
Gender (Female = ref.) | −1.615 *** | −0.161 | 0.033 | 0.020 |
Age | −0.031 ** | −0.010 | 0.008 *** | 0.001 |
Marital status (Unmarried = ref.) | −1.154 *** | −0.189 | 0.070 ** | 0.023 |
Ethnic minority (No = ref.) | −0.048 | −0.325 | 0.104 ** | 0.038 |
Educational years | −0.222 *** | −0.021 | −0.001 | 0.003 |
Hukou (Rural = ref.) | −0.874 *** | −0.227 | 0.025 | 0.027 |
Religious believer (No = ref.) | −0.240 | 0.249 | 0.022 | 0.030 |
Monthly income (ln) | −0.119 *** | 0.029 | 0.006 | 0.004 |
Non-agricultural work (No = ref.) | −1.003 *** | 0.198 | 0.094 *** | 0.025 |
Constant | 16.067 *** | 0.750 | 1.550 *** | 0.090 |
Model statistics | ||||
n | 7778 | 8976 | ||
Log-likelihood | −25,363.614 | −10,960.212 | ||
AIC | 50,755.23 | 21,948.42 | ||
BIC | 50,852.65 | 22,047.86 |
Depression | Life Satisfaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Coef. | Robust SE | Coef. | Robust SE |
Explanatory variables | ||||
Time spent on care (months) | 0.098 *** | 0.030 | −0.009 * | 0.004 |
Number of grandchildren taken care of | −0.109 | 0.199 | 0.068 ** | 0.025 |
Living with children (No = ref.) | −0.731 *** | 0.203 | 0.047 | 0.026 |
Control variables | ||||
Gender (Female = ref.) | −0.845 *** | 0.222 | −0.008 | 0.028 |
Age | −0.021 | 0.016 | 0.005 * | 0.002 |
Marital status (Unmarried = ref.) | −1.279 *** | 0.289 | 0.042 | 0.036 |
Ethnic minority (No = ref.) | −0.002 | 0.414 | 0.107 * | 0.050 |
Years of education | −0.237 *** | 0.029 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Hukou (Rural = ref.) | −0.917 ** | 0.294 | −0.003 | 0.037 |
Religious believer (No = ref.) | −0.040 | 0.344 | 0.010 | 0.043 |
Monthly income (ln) | −0.123 ** | 0.038 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
Non-agricultural work (No = ref.) | −0.854 *** | 0.258 | 0.057 | 0.033 |
Constant | 14.873 *** | 1.102 | 1.767 *** | 0.138 |
Model statistics | ||||
n | 3891 | 4327 | ||
Log-likelihood | −12,510.52 | −5180.327 | ||
AIC | 25,051.04 | 10,390.65 | ||
BIC | 25,145.03 | 10,486.24 |
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Chen, L.; Li, Y.; Yang, Q. The Effect of Grandparenting on the Depression and Life Satisfaction among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10790. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710790
Chen L, Li Y, Yang Q. The Effect of Grandparenting on the Depression and Life Satisfaction among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10790. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710790
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Lijuan, Yiang Li, and Qiuyue Yang. 2022. "The Effect of Grandparenting on the Depression and Life Satisfaction among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10790. https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijerph191710790